Citizens–Party of the Citizenry
Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía
Catalan nameCiutadans–Partit de la Ciutadania
AbbreviationCs
Secretary-GeneralAdrián Vázquez Lázara
FounderAlbert Rivera
Founded7 June 2005 (CC)
4 March 2006 (Cs) in Catalonia
Youth wingGroup of Young Citizens (J's)
Membership (2022)Decrease 7,642[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[11][12][13]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
Colours  Orange[14]
  Dark teal[14]
Congress of Deputies
0 / 350
Senate
0 / 266
European Parliament
6 / 59
Regional Parliaments
8 / 1,248
Local Government
392 / 67,611
Website
www.ciudadanos-cs.org

Citizens (Spanish: Ciudadanos [θjuðaˈðanos] listenⓘ; Catalan: Ciutadans [siwtəˈðans]; Basque: Hiritarrak; Galician: Cidadáns; shortened as Cs—C's until January 2017), officially Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía),[15] is a liberal[15][16][17][18][19] political party in Spain.

Founded in Catalonia in 2006, its political ideology was initially unclear beyond a strong opposition to Catalan independence and Catalan nationalism in general.[20][21][22] Citizens describes itself as postnationalist,[23][24] having used the motto "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" in its early days; however, it has been deemed by journalists and academics as professing a populist Spanish nationalist ideology.[8][9][10] The party has also been variously described as conservative-liberal,[25] populist,[26][27] and pro-European.[28]

Citizens initially presented itself as a left-of-centre party that promoted social democratic and progressive liberal positions,[29] but it removed any mention of social democracy from its platform in February 2017,[30] moving closer to the political centre. By 2018, it was judged by commentators to have drifted further away from the left, as its focus shifted to competing against both the People's Party (PP) and Vox as the leading party of the Spanish right.[31][32][33][34] This was concurred opinion polling and the research institute CIS at the time, who also deemed the party to be right-leaning.[35][36][37]

The party initially enjoyed growing support throughout the 2010s on a regional and national level, owing to its staunch opposition to Catalan independence as well as the PP's decline in popularity under then-Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. First entering the Congress of Deputies in 2015, it became the largest single party in the Parliament of Catalonia in 2017 and additionally entered government in multiple autonomous communities. Citizens reached its zenith of popularity at the April 2019 general election, where it became the third-largest party in the country and pulled ahead of the PP in several regions. This popularity did not last long: after refusing to form a coalition government with PSOE,[38] that year's November snap election saw Citizens lose 47 seats and become the country's smallest non-regional party, resulting in party leader Albert Rivera's resignation and departure from politics.[39] This proved to be the first of a succession of electoral defeats that Citizens would endure over the following years, with the party's declining fortunes mainly coming to the benefit of the PP and Vox.

In 2021, the party failed to pass a no-confidence vote against its own regional government with the PP in Murcia,[40] after which its coalition partner in the Assembly of Madrid triggered a snap election over fears of meeting the same fate — this resulted in Citizens losing all of its Madrilenian seats, having already lost lost 30 of its 36 seats in Catalonia earlier that year. The following year, the party lost all but one of its seats in the Cortes of Castile and León, as well as all of its seats in the Parliament of Andalusia. Its electoral collapse was cemented in the 2023 regional and local elections: save for a handful of smaller towns and cities, the party lost nearly all of its seats.[41] Shortly after, Citizens announced that it would not contest the 2023 Spanish general election.[42]

History

Citizens was formed in Catalonia in July 2006 in response to the call made in a manifesto by a group of well-known figures in Catalan civic society (among them Albert Boadella, Félix de Azúa, Francesc de Carreras and Arcadi Espada) in which they called for a new political force to "address the real problems faced by the general public". In this manifesto, they also warned that "the rhetoric of hatred promulgated by official Catalan government media against everything Spanish is more alarming than ever" and that "the (Catalan) nation, promoted as an homogenous entity, has taken over the space where an undeniably diverse society lived".[43]

In July 2005, this group of personalities, almost entirely based in Barcelona, formed a political platform called Ciutadans de Catalunya, or Citizens of Catalonia. They organised several round tables and conferences and by 2006 they had announced the formation of a new political party. In their first conference of 2006, Albert Rivera, a young lawyer from Barcelona, was elected president.

In the 2006 elections for the Parliament of Catalonia, Cs won 3% of the votes and returned three MPs. In the 2010 elections, a similar result was achieved (3.4%, 3 MPs). Mainly as a counter to the growing public support for independence in Catalonia, Cs grew substantially as one of its most outspoken opponents. In the 2012 snap elections, the number of votes more than doubled (7.6%, 9 MPs). All but one of these seats were in the Province of Barcelona. In the 2015 elections, Cs more than doubled its votes again (17.9%, 25 MPs), becoming the second largest faction in the Catalan parliament.

In 2013, the party started organising in the rest of Spain with a manifesto called "La conjura de Goya" ("Confederacy of Goya") that took place in the Congress Palace of Madrid. In the 2015 general elections, Cs entered parliament with 13.9% and 40 seats. As PP's Mariano Rajoy refused the mandate to form a government, Cs promised the second-largest party PSOE support in parliament in exchange for a number of political concessions. However, this pact would have needed the support of Podemos and finally did not gain a parliamentarian majority, paving the way for a repeat election. In the 2016 snap elections, Cs lost 0.8% of the popular vote and 8 seats due to Spain's electoral system. After these elections, Cs could strike a deal with the conservative PP in supporting its government in exchange for a number of political concessions. After a 10-month political deadlock, PP leader Mariano Rajoy was able to become Prime Minister thanks to Cs support and an abstention of PSOE.

In the 2014 European elections, the party received 3.16% of the national vote and elected two MEPs.[44] Both MEPs joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group. In the 2019 European elections the party obtained 12% of the vote, and won a total of 7 MEPs (which, post-brexit, has become 8 MEPs).[45]

The party was accepted into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party on 4 June 2016.[46]

Rivera resigned as party president on 11 November 2019 after the party lost 80% of its seats in the November 2019 general election. He was succeeded by Inés Arrimadas.[47]

In March 2021, Ciudadanos, together with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, presented a surprise no-confidence motion in the Region of Murcia against their own regional coalition government with the People's Party.[48] The motion failed due to defection of several Ciudadanos deputies, and triggered a "political earthquake" across the country, leading to a number of high-ranking members abandoning the party.[49] In the aftermath, Cs also lost all its 26 deputies in Madrid in the 2021 Madrilenian regional election, and fell in country-wide polls from ≈7% support (≈10 deputies) down to ≈3% (≈1 deputy).

Ideology

At first, Citizens branded itself as a centre-left party in its statement of principles (ideario). While Rivera refused to locate Citizens on the political spectrum for a time, he later placed Cs in the political centre.[50] Although some observers agreed with the party's ideario by describing Cs as centre-left[51][52][53][54][55][56] and others agree with Rivera's last definition by describing the party as centrist,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63] the vast majority of them have positioned Citizens on the centre-right.[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] In a 2014 interview, Congress spokesman Juan Carlos Girauta explicitly stated that he did not perceive any significant differences between Citizens, the centrist Union, Progress and Democracy and the far-right Spanish nationalist party Vox.[75] Federico Finchelstein identifies Citizens with a light brand of "neo-liberal populism".[76]

Official stance

Ideologically, Cs describes itself as a progressive,[77] secular, constitutional, European federalist and postnationalist political party.[24] Ciudadanos rejects the autonomous communities' right to self-determination outside of the Spanish state. As an originally Catalan party, it specifically opposes Catalan nationalism due to viewing it as an outdated, authoritarian and socially divisive ideology which fuels hatred among both Catalans and Spaniards.[20][21][22] Rivera uses the phrase "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to describe the party's ideology.

The party opposes separatist movements such as the Catalan independence movement[78][79] and federating the autonomous communities. Even though Citizens is currently a supporter of European federalism,[80] it ran in the 2009 European Parliament election in coalition with the pan-European, Eurosceptic party Libertas.[81] Although reconsidering the current head of state is not a priority for the party, Rivera has said that Citizens is "a republican party which claims that Spanish citizens are who have to decide whether they prefer a once-modernized monarchy or a republic through a referendum in the context of a constitutional reform".[82][83][84]

According to its declared identity signs, Cs advocates four basic lines of action:

  1. Defence of individual rights
  2. Defence of social rights as well as the welfare state
  3. Uphold the State of Autonomies and Europe's unity
  4. Regeneration of democracy and of political life

Main tenets

Albert Rivera, former president of the party

Cs displays a political discourse mainly centered around opposition to Catalan nationalism,[85] to the extent that it has been frequently criticised for being a single-issue party, a label rejected by its members. In the 2006–2012 period, the number of Cs voters who had voted for centre-right parties in previous elections was similar to the number who had voted for centre-left parties, suggesting that the party's positions on general economic and social issues are not its main draw.[86] Cs criticises any sort of nationalism, "including the Spanish nationalism that Mr. Ynestrillas defends".[87]

One of the main issues raised by the party is the Catalan language policy which actively promotes the use of Catalan language as the sole working language of Catalan public administration.[88][89] The party challenges this policy and defends equal treatment of the Spanish and Catalan languages.[89] It also opposes the current language policy within the Catalan educational system in accordance with which all public schooling is delivered in Catalan. The party also supports strengthening the powers of the Spanish central institutions and curtailing the powers of regional administrations.[90]

Other topics include a thorough reform of the electoral system with the aim of creating greater proportionality that would give less weight to single constituencies. They also support some changes in the 1978 Constitution, especially regarding regional organisation. Regarding the chartered autonomous communities' tax regimes, the party respects and does not want to remove the Basque Country's and Navarre's chartered regimes because it believes that "they aren't discriminatory in and of themselves". However, it criticises what it calls the miscalculation of the quota or contribution which is negotiated between governments and has been causing significant differences that they regard as having become outrageous.[91] It proposes a review and a recalculation of the Basque and Navarrese Economic Agreements in order to stop the Basque Country and Navarre being "net beneficiaries".[92] Among other policies, they also support legalisation of marijuana, euthanasia, and gestational surrogacy.

Prominent meetings of the party have been reportedly picketed by Catalan separatist groups on several occasions.[93] Its leader Albert Rivera has received anonymous death threats urging him to quit politics. Two members of the ERC Youth were sentenced to prison for it.[94][95][96][97][98] Members of Ciudadanos have repeatedly taken part in violent attacks on Catalan targets[99][100][101][102] and far-right and ultranationalist groups are usually present in their demonstrations.[103][104] In one instance, a Telemadrid cameraman was assaulted, allegedly because he was mistaken for a member of Catalan broadcaster TV3.[105][106][107]

Policies

Citizens Headquarters in Barcelona, Spain

The Cs outlined some policies for the 2015 general election:

  • Lower corporation tax to 25%[108]
  • Lower and harmonise VAT to a rate between 16% and 19%
  • Cap the top-rate of income tax at 40%
  • Increase research and development spending to 3% of GDP
  • Abolish or merge municipalities with a population of less than 5,000
  • Reduce bureaucracy and red tape
  • More transparent party funding
  • Crack down on corruption
  • Reform or abolish the Senate.[109]
  • Instate an earned income tax credit to fight in-work poverty
  • "Austrian Backpack"[109] transferable unemployment compensation where a worker accumulates funds throughout their career which are accessible upon job loss or retirement
  • Devolve training to the citizens from employers associations and trade unions
  • Ease immigration policies to attract talent and investors
  • Legalize marijuana

Spanish nationalism

Although the party defines itself as postnationalist, it has been deemed by a variety of sources (including peer-reviewed expert texts)[8] to profess a populist Spanish nationalist ideology.[9][10] In a party conference held on 20 May 2018 to present its platform España Ciudadana, Rivera said in a hall filled with Spanish flags:

I do not see reds and blues, I see Spaniards. I do not see, as they say, urban people and rural people, I see Spaniards. I do not see young or old, I see Spaniards. I do not see workers and entrepreneurs, I see Spaniards. I do not see believers or agnostics, I see Spaniards. [...] So, compatriots, with Citizens, let's go for that Spain, let's feel proud of being Spaniards again.[110][111]

Controversy

Alternative views and past membership

In 2006, the newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya revealed that Rivera was a card-carrying member of the conservative People's Party (PP) between 2002 and 2006 and that he had left the PP only three months before running for election for the Citizen's Party. This was corroborated by El Mundo and El País.[112][113] Despite these revelations, Rivera denied having been a full member of PP and implied that he had voted for the PSOE until recently.[114] Past PP membership is common among Cs members. Former PSC activist Juan Carlos Girauta had joined the PP[115] and became a prolific contributor to conservative journalism from his Libertad Digital column[116] before becoming a Citizens member and candidate in the 2014 European election.[117] During his long tenure as Libertad Digital columnist and COPE debater, Girauta expressed strong sympathies for right-wing Zionism (to the point of calling then-President Zapatero an antisemite)[118] and lent credibility [119][120] to the now discredited book by Victor Farías[121] dismissing socialist politician Salvador Allende as a racist and a social Darwinist, without clarifying that the quotations about genetic determinism in Allende's doctoral dissertation were themselves quotations from other authors (mostly Cesare Lombroso) or the fact that Allende was highly critical of these conclusions in his thesis which was later published as a rebuttal to Farías' position.[122] Farías was later sued for this,[123] but Girauta never retracted his statements.

In 2015, a member of the Citizens electoral list for Gijón to the city council and regional elections posted pro-Falangist, pro-Blue Division and pro-Hitler Youth messages on Facebook.[124] Those same elections carried news of at least five other former card-carrying Falange and/or España 2000 members.[125]

An altercation took place in Canet de Mar on 21 Ma, 2018 between pro-independence local residents, who had planted yellow crosses on the beach to honor imprisoned and fugitive politicians; and anti-independence individuals who decided to remove said crosses. The altercation left at least three people wounded, including an 82-year-old man and a local CUP councilor who explicitly accused Citizens and Falange militants from across the whole region to be among the provocateurs. Citizens Member of Parliament Carlos Carrizosa dismissed the claim that either "councillors or party activists" from the party were involved in the incidents.[126][127][128] Four days later and despite admonishments and warnings by President of the Parliament Roger Torrent, Carrizosa himself removed a yellow ribbon from the seats reserved for absent Cabinet ministers, forcing the President to suspend the entire session.[129]

Relations with the media

During the 2006 Catalan election campaign, the party's president Albert Rivera appeared completely naked in a poster in order to attract publicity to the party.[130][131] In the beginning, the party frequently complained about an alleged boycott on the part of Catalan media. In their opinion, the party was given too little airtime to present its views on the Catalan public television.[132]

2009 European election internal dispute

In 2009, it was announced that Cs would run for the European election allied with the Libertas coalition. The party's association with Declan Ganley's Libertas platform raised some concern on account of the coalition formed by the latter with nationalist and ultranationalist parties in each of its local European chapters, seemingly at odds with the professed ideology of Cs.[133][134][135]

Several intellectuals that had participated in the formation of Ciutadans later withdrew their support. For example, Albert Boadella became one of the co-founders of the Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) party led by former Basque Socialist politician Rosa Díez.

According to some members of Cs, the negotiations prior to this electoral pact were led personally and secretly by the party leader Albert Rivera. This alienated the other two MPs (besides Rivera himself) and a significant part of the party from his leadership.[136] In turn, the official stance of Cs is that the critics are using the dispute as a pretext to canvass support for the ideologically similar UPyD.[137]

Position in the political spectrum

On June 24, 2019, the party's economics spokesman, Toni Roldán, announced that he was leaving Citizens and renouncing his seat in the Spanish parliament in protest at the party's drift to the right and its willingness to enter alliances with the far right after regional and municipal elections.[138] Following Roldán's resignation, MEP Javier Nart and the Asturian leader Juan Vázquez stepped down as well, leaving their political offices in the party's committee and the Asturian Parliament, respectively.[139][140]

Some days later, Francesc de Carreras, one of the party's founders, and Francisco de la Torre, MP and economist, also announced that they would leave the party due to its stances against the PSOE and inclination to alliances with the far right.[141][142]

This crisis came after President of France Emmanuel Macron's government sent a warning to Citizens, with which his En Marche! party shares membership of a group in the EU Parliament, over its willingness to work with the far right.[143]

Funding

A credit was requested for party funding in 2015 to Banco Popular Español, up to 2017 an IBEX 35 member.[144]

In 2017, the Court of Audit found irregularities in the accounting books of several political groups, Citizens among them. In respect of Citizens, the irregularities included illegal expenses for advertising on local television in 2015.[145][146]

Cs member Jorge Soler appeared in December 2017 on the TV3 debate Preguntes Freqüents, during which journalist Beatriz Talegón addressed him about the 2.1 million euros spent by Cs in the 21-D Catalan election campaign—higher than the budget spent by any other party on that election. Talegón inquired about the sources of this funding. Soler replied that this ample budget could be ascribed to the austerity of their party.[147]

European representation

In the European Parliament, Ciudadanos sits in the Renew Europe group with six MEPs.[148][149][150][151][152][153]

Electoral performance

Cortes Generales

Cortes Generales
Election Leading candidate Congress Senate Government
Votes  % Seats +/– Seats +/–
2008 Albert Rivera 46,313 0.18 (#13)
0 / 350
 0
0 / 208
 0 No seats
2015 3,514,528 13.94 (#4)
40 / 350
 40
0 / 208
 0 Snap election
2016 3,141,570 13.06 (#4)
32 / 350
 8
0 / 208
 0 Opposition
Apr. 2019 4,155,665 15.87 (#3)
57 / 350
 25
4 / 208
 4 Snap election
Nov. 2019 1,650,318 6.80 (#5)
10 / 350
 47
0 / 208
 4 Opposition
2023 Did not contest
0 / 350
 10
0 / 208
 0 No seats

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election Leading candidate Votes  % Seats +/–
2009 Miguel Durán Within Libertas
0 / 54
 0
2014 Javier Nart 497,146 3.16 (#8)
2 / 54
 2
2019 Luis Garicano 2,731,825 12.18 (#3)
8 / 59
 6

Regional parliaments

Region Election Votes  % Seats +/– Government
Andalusia 2022 121,567 3.30 (#6)
0 / 109
 21 No seats
Aragon 2023 8,595 1.28 (#9)
0 / 67
 12 No seats
Asturias 2023 4,774 0.92 (#8)
0 / 45
 5 No seats
Balearic Islands 2023 6,035 1.35 (#8)
0 / 59
 5 No seats
Basque Country 2020 Within PP+Cs
2 / 75
 2 Opposition
Canary Islands 2023 3,409 0.39 (#12)
0 / 70
 2 No seats
Cantabria 2023 7,527 2.32 (#6)
0 / 35
 3 No seats
Castile and León 2022 54,721 4.50 (#5)
1 / 81
 11 Opposition
Castilla–La Mancha 2023 10,885 1.00 (#5)
0 / 33
 4 No seats
Catalonia 2021 158,606 5.58 (#7)
6 / 135
 30 Opposition
Ceuta 2023 236 0.69 (#6)
0 / 25
 1 No seats
Extremadura 2023 5,463 0.89 (#6)
0 / 65
 7 No seats
Galicia 2020 9,719 0.75 (#6)
0 / 75
 0 No seats
La Rioja 2023 1,473 0.88 (#7)
0 / 33
 4 No seats
Madrid 2023 52,394 1.56 (#6)
0 / 136
 0 No seats
Melilla 2023 Did not contest
0 / 25
 1 No seats
Murcia 2023 10,234 1.53 /#6)
0 / 45
 6 No seats
Navarre 2023 1,209 0.38 (#10)
0 / 50
 3 No seats
Valencian Community 2023 36,146 1.50 (#6)
0 / 99
 18 No seats

Results timeline

Year Spain
ES		 European Union
EU		 Andalusia
AN		 Aragon
AR		 Asturias
AS		 Canary Islands
CN		 Cantabria
CB		 Castilla–La Mancha
CM		 Castile and León
CL		 Catalonia
CT		 Ceuta
CE		 Extremadura
EX		 Galicia (Spain)
GL		 Balearic Islands
IB
RI		 Community of Madrid
MD		 Melilla
ML		 Region of Murcia
MC		 Navarre
NC		 Basque Country (autonomous community)
PV		 Valencian Community
CV
2006 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2007
2008 0.2 0.1
2009 [lower-alpha 1]
2010 3.4
2011 N/A 0.2 0.2
2012 N/A 7.6
2013
2014 3.2
2015 13.9 9.2 9.4 7.1 5.9 6.9 8.6 10.3 17.9 6.0 4.4 5.9 10.4 12.2 6.8 12.6 3.0 12.5
2016 13.1 3.4 2.0
2017 25.4
2018 18.3
2019 15.9 12.2    16.7 14.0 7.4 7.9 11.4 14.9 4.5 11.1 9.9 11.5 19.5 5.6 12.0 [lower-alpha 2] 17.7
6.8             
2020 0.8 [lower-alpha 3]
2021 5.6 3.6
2022 3.3 4.5
2023 N/A 1.3 0.9 0.4 2.3 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.6 N/A 1.5 0.4 1.5
Year Spain
ES		 European Union
EU		 Andalusia
AN		 Aragon
AR		 Asturias
AS		 Canary Islands
CN		 Cantabria
CB		 Castilla–La Mancha
CM		 Castile and León
CL		 Catalonia
CT		 Ceuta
CE		 Extremadura
EX		 Galicia (Spain)
GL		 Balearic Islands
IB
RI		 Community of Madrid
MD		 Melilla
ML		 Region of Murcia
MC		 Navarre
NC		 Basque Country (autonomous community)
PV		 Valencian Community
CV

Bold indicates best result to date.
  To be decided
  Present in legislature (in opposition)
  Junior coalition partner
  Senior coalition partner

Notes

References

  1. ↑ "'Yo sigo siendo afiliado de Ciudadanos'". 15 October 2023.
  2. ↑ "Parties and Elections in Europe". www.parties-and-elections.eu.
  3. ↑ "Spaniens Liberale ziehen in den Kampf gegen die Regierung". Die Welt. 12 March 2015 – via www.welt.de.
  4. ↑ "La nueva hoja de ruta de Ciudadanos: "enfatizar" la etiqueta "liberal" y desplazar la de "centro"". 12 May 2021.
  5. ↑ "Lessons from Ciudadanos: How liberal parties struggle to deal with the radical-right". 5 July 2019.
  6. ↑ "Elections in Spain 2019: the progressive majority wins". 5 October 2019.
  7. ↑ [2][3][4][5][6]
  8. 1 2 3 Anduiza, Eva; Guinjoan, Marc; Rico, Guillem (2018). "Economic Crisis, Populist Attitudes, and the Birth of Podemos in Spain". In Giugni, Marco; Grasso, Maria T. (eds.). Citizens and the Crisis: Experiences, Perceptions, and Responses to the Great Recession in Europe. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-319-68960-9.
  9. 1 2 3 "Nacionalismo y cinismo". Ara.cat. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 "¿Adónde va el nacionalismo español?". Eldiario.es. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  11. ↑ Georgia Mavrodi; Michalis Moutselos (2017). "Is Spain Becoming a Country of Emigration Again? Data Evidence and Public Responses". In Jean-Michel Lafleur; Mikolaj Stanek (eds.). South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis. Springer. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-319-39763-4.
  12. ↑ Bonnie N. Field; Caroline Gray (2019). "The Spanish Parliament in Context". In Jorge M. Fernandes; Cristina Leston-Bandeira (eds.). The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-351-06520-7.
  13. ↑ Marta Fraile; Enrique Henández (2020). "Determinants of Voting Behaviour". In Diego Muro; Ignacio Lago (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-19-882693-4. Ciudadanos…competes with the PP in the centre-right of the ideological continuum.
  14. 1 2 "Manual de Estilo" (PDF). 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  15. 1 2 Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  16. ↑ Barcelona (12 March 2015). "Spaniens Liberale ziehen in den Kampf gegen die Regierung". DIE WELT. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  17. ↑ "La nueva hoja de ruta de Ciudadanos: "enfatizar" la etiqueta "liberal" y desplazar la de "centro"". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 12 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "Lessons from Ciudadanos: How liberal parties struggle to deal with the radical-right". EUROPP. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Office, Vera Bartolomé & Amelia Martínez Lobo, RLS Madrid Liaison (5 October 2019). "Elections in Spain 2019: the progressive majority wins – RLS Brüssel". www.rosalux.eu. Retrieved 22 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. 1 2 día, Salamanca RTVE al. "Albert Rivera: "El nacionalismo es una ideología obsoleta"".
  21. 1 2 "Albert Rivera, a los que le llaman facha: "En Cataluña, lo más progresista es facha"". cuatro. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  22. 1 2 "Catalexit?". The Economist. Vol. January 7th-13th. 2017. p. 19.
  23. ↑ Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía. "Citizens' Ideario" (PDF). ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2016. Tercera, por el vacío de representación que existía en el espacio electoral de ultra-derecha no nacionalista
  24. 1 2 Diari de Terrassa (9 April 2009). "Javier González: 'Nuestro objetivo es impulsar una tercera vía política en España". ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2016. Somos postnacionalistas y no queremos luchar contra un nacionalismo con otro. Vamos sin banderas, casi desnudos, abriendo camino sin fronteras desde la Constitución
  25. ↑ Caroline Close (2019). "The liberal party family ideology: Distinct, but diverse". In Close, Caroline; van Haute, Emilie (eds.). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. pp. 338–339. ISBN 9781351245487.
  26. ↑ Marco Damiani (2020). Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe: Equality and Sovereignty. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-351-02264-4.
  27. ↑ Leonardo Morlino; Francesco Raniolo (2017). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies. Springer. p. 50. ISBN 978-3-319-52371-2.
  28. ↑ Niall Walsh (2 January 2018). "Catalonia: The rise of Ciudadanos". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  29. ↑ "Albert Rivera, la cara visible de Ciutadans". laSexta. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015. Somos un partido de tradición socialdemócrata y liberal-progresista
  30. ↑ Mateo, Juan José (4 February 2017). "Ciudadanos elimina la socialdemocracia de su ideario y abraza el liberalismo progresista". El País.
  31. ↑ Juliá, Santos (20 April 2019). "Derechas". El País.
  32. ↑ Torres, Diego (3 May 2018). "All-out war on the Spanish right". Politico.
  33. ↑ "Spain's open election highlights its polarisation problem". Financial Times. 20 April 2019.
  34. ↑ Jones, Sam (3 December 2018). "Far-right success in Andalucía reflects Spain's fragmented politics". The Guardian.
  35. ↑ "Numerosos comentarios por cómo define a Ciudadanos un periódico francés". El HuffPost. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  36. ↑ Gasquez, Antoine (20 April 2018). "Catalogne: le parti d'extrême-droite Ciudadanos propose à Manuel Valls d'être candidat à Barcelone". Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  37. ↑ "Ciudadanos: del centro a la derecha según el CIS". El Español. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  38. ↑ "El 28A deriva en una batalla campal entre las tres derechas a menos de un mes de otras elecciones". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 3 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  39. ↑ "Lessons from Ciudadanos: How liberal parties struggle to deal with the radical-right". EUROPP. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
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  41. ↑ Marcos López, Minerva (28 May 2023). "Ciudadanos certifica su casi total extinción de las instituciones tras su debacle en las municipales y autonómicas" [Citizens certifies its near total extinction from institutions of power after its debacle in the municipal and autonomous community elections]. Cadena SER. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
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  43. ↑ Manifesto signed by some intellectuals which preceded the formation of the party Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  44. ↑ "Official Gazette" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  45. ↑ Abellán, Lucía (27 May 2019). "Socialist Party wins the European elections in Spain". El País. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
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  51. ↑ Delgado Ramos, David (2011). "Elecciones al Parlament 2010: fin de ciclo en Cataluña" (PDF). Revista de Derecho Político (in Spanish). UNED. 80. Retrieved 28 May 2015. El incremento se produjo a costa del PSC, donde en algunos de sus tradicionales «feudos» su electorado optó por votar a Ciutadans como opción «españolista» y de centro-izquierda más adecuada para no votar a su otra opción, el Partido Popular, más alejada ideológicamente de sus postulados.
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  54. ↑ Díez, Anabel (9 February 2015). "Latest poll shows support for new party Podemos leveling out". El País. Retrieved 5 May 2015. new left-wing party Podemos and the center-left non-nationalist Catalan formation Ciudadanos are faring well in the polls
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  59. ↑ "Spain's centrist Ciudadanos are on the march". The Economist. 10 February 2018. His party was formed by disillusioned Catalan Socialists who disliked temporising with nationalists. Last year Mr Rivera repositioned it as a centrist, progressive liberal party.
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  64. ↑ Medda-Windischer & Carlà 2015, p. 178: «It should be said that not all political parties and social entities signed the Agreement: the People's Party (center-right) and Ciutadans (center-right, recently-created pro-Spanish party in the Catalan Parliament) rejected the Agreement on the basis that it had been conceived in a clearly nationalist fashion, whereas the NGO SOS-Racisme and the Trade Union Commissions Obreres considered the document not progressive enough».
  65. ↑ Ancelovici, Dufour & Nez 2016, p. 86: «The voters have been turning to either Podemos, a new radical left-wing party that grew out of the Indignados movement, or to Ciudadanos, a new center-right party that originated in Catalonia but has mobilized more broadly in recent years».
  66. ↑ Ferrán & Hilbink 2016, p. 144: «Ciudadanos is a center-right political party launched in Catalonia in 2006 by a group of self-styled intellectuals (who had published a “manifesto” in 2005) that extended across Spain after the Catalan elections of 2012».
  67. ↑ Butler 2016, p. 24: «On the centre-right of the political continuum, the Ciudadanos ('Citizens') party had less impact in the Basque Country or Navarre».
  68. ↑ Cohen & Muñoz 2016, p. 6: «A center-right party in Spain also emerged, which is called Ciudadanos (“Citizens”), whose base is primarily young and urban and whose focus for addressing income disparity and unemployment is by concentrating on growing the innovation economy in cities throughout the country».
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  71. ↑ Buck, Tobias (24 February 2015). "Rajoy promises jobs and growth as fringe parties gain ground". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2015. On the center-right, Ciudadanos is winning backing from former supporters of the PP, suggesting the ruling party's stranglehold on the conservative camp is drawing to an end
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  73. ↑ Gómez Fortes, Braulio; Urquizu, Ignacio (23 September 2015). "Political Corruption and the End of two-party system after the May 2015 Spanish Regional Elections". Regional and Federal Studies. Routledge. 25 (4): 379–389. doi:10.1080/13597566.2015.1083013. ISSN 1743-9434. S2CID 153736868. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Yet the real change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two new political forces in all the regional parliaments—one leftist party, Podemos, and one centre-right party, Ciudadanos—which have accounted for 20% of the regional vote and proved decisive in forming regional governments in the 17 autonomous communities, whether via coalition pacts, investiture agreements or legislative pacts
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