The trajectory followed by Apollo 13
Sketch of a circumlunar free return trajectory (not to scale).

In orbital mechanics, a circumlunar trajectory, trans-lunar trajectory or lunar free return is a type of free return trajectory which takes a spacecraft from Earth, around the far side of the Moon, and back to Earth using only gravity once the initial trajectory is set.

History

The first spacecraft to fly a circumlunar trajectory was Luna 3. Circumlunar trajectories were also used by Apollo missions prior to lunar orbit insertion,[1] to provide a free return to Earth in the event of a propulsion system malfunction on the way to the Moon. This was used on Apollo 13, when an oxygen tank rupture necessitated return to Earth without firing the Service Module engine, although a number of course corrections using the Lunar Module descent engine were used to refine the trajectory.[2]

A number of proposed, but not flown, crewed missions have been planned to intentionally conduct circumlunar flybys, including the Soviet Soyuz 7K-L1 or Zond programme, and several US proposals, including Gemini-Centaur and an early Apollo proposal.[3]

The latest circumlunar mission was 2022 NASA Artemis 1.

Planned

The dearMoon project is planned as a circumlunar flight using the SpaceX Starship to carry approximately 10 tourists on a multiday flight to the Moon and back.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The launch and mission trajectory". Apollo 13 Mission Report. Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
  2. ↑ Turnhill, Reginald. "Apollo 13 on Free Return Trajectory". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
  3. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Manned Circumlunar". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2015-02-11.
  4. ↑ How SpaceX's 1st Passenger Flight Around the Moon with Yusaku Maezawa Will Work Archived 2020-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. Tariq Malik, Space.com, 18 September 2018, accessed 25 August 2019.


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