Chillicothe
City
Central business district
Central business district
Flag of Chillicothe
Flag
Official seal of Chillicothe
Seal
Nickname: 
Ohio's First Capital
Interactive map highlighting Chillicothe
Chillicothe is located in Ohio
Chillicothe
Chillicothe
Chillicothe is located in the United States
Chillicothe
Chillicothe
Coordinates: 39°20′11″N 82°59′2″W / 39.33639°N 82.98389°W / 39.33639; -82.98389
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyRoss
Government
 • MayorLuke Feeney (D)
Area
[1]
 • Total10.67 sq mi (27.62 km2)
 • Land10.50 sq mi (27.19 km2)
 • Water0.17 sq mi (0.43 km2)
Elevation
630 ft (190 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total22,059
 • Density2,100.86/sq mi (811.17/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code
45601
Area code(s)740, 220
FIPS code39-14184[2]
GNIS feature ID1060960[3]
Websitehttps://www.chillicothe.com/

Chillicothe (/ˌtʃɪlɪˈkɒθi/ CHIL-ih-KOTH-ee)[4] is a city in and the county seat of Ross County, Ohio, United States.[5] Located along the Scioto River 45 miles (72 km) south of Columbus, Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio. It is the only city in Ross County and is the center of the Chillicothe micropolitan area. The population was 22,059 at the 2020 census.[6] Chillicothe is a designated Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation.

History

The region around Chillicothe was the center of the ancient Hopewell tradition, which flourished from 200 BC until 500 AD. This Amerindian culture had trade routes extending to the Rocky Mountains. They built earthen mounds for ceremonial and burial purposes throughout the Scioto and Ohio River valleys.

Later Native Americans who inhabited the area through the time of European contact included Shawnees. Present-day Chillicothe is the most recent of seven locations in Ohio that bore the name, because it was applied to the main town wherever the Chalakatha settled. Other population centers named Chillicothe in Ohio at one time[7] include: one located at present-day Piqua, in Miami County; one located south of present-day Circleville, Pickaway County, on the Scioto River; a third about three miles (4.8 km) north of Xenia in Greene County, Ohio; a fourth at present-day Frankfort, Ross County, on Paint Creek; and a fifth also located in Ross County, at Hopetown, three miles north of modern Chillicothe.

In 1758 a settlement was established at this site by Shawnee Indians who had been forced to abandon their village of Lower Shawneetown after it was destroyed by floods in November of that year.[8] A group of Shawnees from Logstown also joined them.[9]

After the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 forced the Native Americans from most of Ohio, European settlers came to the area. Migrants from Virginia and Kentucky moved west along the Ohio River in search of land. The community Chillicothe was founded in 1796 by a party led by General Nathaniel Massie on his land grant. The town's name comes from the Shawnee Chala·ka·tha (Chillicothe in English), meaning "principal town", because it was the chief settlement of that division (one of five major divisions) of the Shawnee people.

In 1798, Ross County became incorporated with Chillicothe as the county seat. Chillicothe was named the capital of the remnant Northwest Territory in 1800, when Indiana Territory was split off, and the Northwest Territory was reduced to Ohio, eastern Michigan and a sliver of southeastern Indiana. In 1802 as Ohio moved toward statehood, the city hosted the Ohio Constitutional Convention. It served as the capital of Ohio from statehood in 1803 until 1810 then again from 1812 to 1816.[10][11]

Image of President Woodrow Wilson created by 21,000 standing soldiers at Camp Sherman in Chillicothe, 1918

Ohio was a free state, and early migrants to Chillicothe included free blacks, who came to a place with fewer restrictions than in the slave states. They created a vibrant community and aided runaway slaves coming north. As tensions increased prior to the breakout of the American Civil War, the free black community at Chillicothe maintained stations and aid to support refugees on the Underground Railroad. The Ohio River was a border with the slave states of the South, with slaves crossing the river to freedom, and then up the Scioto River to get more distance from their former homes and slave hunters. White abolitionists aided the Underground Railroad as well.

Geography

The Scioto River at Chillicothe in 2003

Chillicothe is located at 39°20′11″N 82°59′2″W / 39.33639°N 82.98389°W / 39.33639; -82.98389 (39.336525, −82.983822).[12] It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau.[13] It lies between the Scioto River and Paint Creek near their confluence.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.60 square miles (27.45 km2), of which 10.43 square miles (27.01 km2) is land and 0.17 square miles (0.44 km2) is water.[14]

The city is surrounded by farming communities, and Chillicothe residents describe the area as the foothills of the Appalachians

Climate

The climate is very similar to Columbus, if not the same.

Climate data for Columbus, Ohio (John Glenn Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[lower-alpha 1] extremes 1878–present[lower-alpha 2]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23)		 78
(26)		 85
(29)		 90
(32)		 96
(36)		 102
(39)		 106
(41)		 103
(39)		 100
(38)		 94
(34)		 80
(27)		 76
(24)		 106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.7
(15.9)		 64.1
(17.8)		 73.6
(23.1)		 81.6
(27.6)		 88.3
(31.3)		 93.1
(33.9)		 93.7
(34.3)		 92.8
(33.8)		 90.2
(32.3)		 83.2
(28.4)		 70.5
(21.4)		 62.5
(16.9)		 95.0
(35.0)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 37.1
(2.8)		 40.8
(4.9)		 51.1
(10.6)		 64.1
(17.8)		 74.1
(23.4)		 82.2
(27.9)		 85.4
(29.7)		 84.1
(28.9)		 77.8
(25.4)		 65.5
(18.6)		 52.3
(11.3)		 41.5
(5.3)		 63.0
(17.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.6
(−1.3)		 32.5
(0.3)		 41.6
(5.3)		 53.2
(11.8)		 63.3
(17.4)		 71.9
(22.2)		 75.4
(24.1)		 74.0
(23.3)		 67.2
(19.6)		 55.2
(12.9)		 43.6
(6.4)		 34.5
(1.4)		 53.5
(11.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 22.0
(−5.6)		 24.2
(−4.3)		 32.0
(0.0)		 42.2
(5.7)		 52.4
(11.3)		 61.6
(16.4)		 65.4
(18.6)		 63.9
(17.7)		 56.5
(13.6)		 44.8
(7.1)		 35.0
(1.7)		 27.4
(−2.6)		 43.9
(6.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 1.7
(−16.8)		 6.3
(−14.3)		 14.5
(−9.7)		 27.1
(−2.7)		 37.8
(3.2)		 48.6
(9.2)		 55.7
(13.2)		 54.3
(12.4)		 43.2
(6.2)		 31.1
(−0.5)		 20.6
(−6.3)		 11.0
(−11.7)		 −0.9
(−18.3)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30)		 −20
(−29)		 −6
(−21)		 14
(−10)		 25
(−4)		 35
(2)		 43
(6)		 39
(4)		 31
(−1)		 17
(−8)		 −5
(−21)		 −17
(−27)		 −22
(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.00
(76)		 2.41
(61)		 3.62
(92)		 3.85
(98)		 3.99
(101)		 4.33
(110)		 4.67
(119)		 3.74
(95)		 3.14
(80)		 2.90
(74)		 2.79
(71)		 3.13
(80)		 41.57
(1,056)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.5
(24)		 7.6
(19)		 4.1
(10)		 0.5
(1.3)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.2
(0.51)		 1.2
(3.0)		 5.1
(13)		 28.2
(72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 14.7 11.8 12.5 13.7 14.0 11.7 10.9 9.5 8.7 10.0 10.5 12.7 140.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 9.0 6.7 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 5.6 28.3
Average relative humidity (%) 71.4 69.5 64.5 62.5 66.5 68.5 70.6 72.8 72.8 69.3 71.8 74.1 69.5
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.1
(−7.7)		 20.5
(−6.4)		 28.6
(−1.9)		 37.4
(3.0)		 48.9
(9.4)		 58.3
(14.6)		 62.8
(17.1)		 61.7
(16.5)		 55.2
(12.9)		 42.6
(5.9)		 33.6
(0.9)		 24.3
(−4.3)		 41.0
(5.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 110.6 126.3 162.0 201.8 243.4 258.1 260.9 235.9 212.0 183.1 104.2 84.3 2,182.6
Percent possible sunshine 37 42 44 51 55 57 57 56 57 53 35 29 49
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source: NOAA (sun, relative humidity, and dew point 1961–1990)[15][16][17][18] and Weather Atlas[19]

Economy

As the only city in the area, Chillicothe is a hub for economic activity. Malls, hospitals, prisons and a college campus are among the largest employers. One of the most visible is the Pixelle paper mill, formerly known as Glatfelter, and Mead Paper, that has been in operation for over 100 years.[20][21]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18202,426—
18302,84617.3%
18403,97739.7%
18507,10078.5%
18607,6267.4%
18708,92017.0%
188010,93822.6%
189011,2883.2%
190012,97615.0%
191014,50811.8%
192015,8319.1%
193018,34015.8%
194020,1299.8%
195020,1330.0%
196024,95724.0%
197024,842−0.5%
198023,420−5.7%
199021,923−6.4%
200021,796−0.6%
201021,9010.5%
202022,0590.7%
Sources:[2][22][23][24][25][26]

[27]

2020 census

As of the census[6] of 2020, there were 22,059 people, 9,576 occupied housing units, and 5,589 families residing in the city. Of the 9,576 households, 2,856 were occupied by a married couple family, 191 had a male householder with no spouse present, and 545 had a female householder with no spouse present. Of the 5,589 families, 37.7% were married couple families living together, 36.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 17.1% had a male householder with no spouse present. The average family size was 2.95.

Of the 22,059 people, 18,892 were White, 1,348 were Black or African American, 88 were American Indian and Alaska Native, 155 were Asian, 351 were Hispanic or Latino, 6 were Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders, 1,419 were two or more races, and 151 were other races.

The median age in the city was 41.4 years. 7.0% of resident were under the age of 5; 21.1% were under the age of 18; 78.9% were 18 years and over; and 20.6% were 65 years of age or older.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,251, and the median income for a family was $66,224. About 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, with 25.5% of them being under 18 years old, 18.4% being 18 to 64 years old, and 9.5% being 65 years and over.

2010 census

As of the census[28] of 2010, there were 21,901 people, 9,420 households, and 5,559 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,099.8 inhabitants per square mile (810.7/km2). There were 10,600 housing units at an average density of 1,016.3 per square mile (392.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.1% White, 7.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 9,420 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, 5.0% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 41.0% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 41.5 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

Government

Ross County Courthouse

Public officials

Chillicothe is governed by a mayor–council structure in which the mayor is elected separately from the members of the city council. Chillicothe's mayor is Luke Feeney (D).[29] The members of the city council are:

WardCity Council Member
First Ward Lisa Bennett (R)
Second Ward Kathy Payne (R)
Third Ward Deidra Nickerson (D)
Fourth Ward Steve Barnes (R)
Fifth Ward Greg Mckeever (R)
Sixth Ward Dan Demint (R)
At Large Jeff Creed (R)
At Large Dustin Proehl (D)
At Large Allison Henderson (R)

Other elected officials

Officer
Mayor Luke Feeney (D)
Council President Kevin Shoemaker (D)
Treasurer Jeremy Siberell (R)
Auditor Kristal Spetnagel (D)

Public services

Parks and recreation

Chillicothe has several public parks, including Yoctangee Park, Patrick Park, Poland Park, Strawser Park, Manor Park, Goldie Gunlock Park, Pine Street Park, Veterans Memorial Park, and Western View Park.

The biggest park, Yoctangee Park, consists of numerous baseball /softball fields, tennis courts, basketball courts, and playground equipment. There is also a skatepark within Yoctangee park called Henry Good skatepark, which was constructed with help from a generous donation of $65,000 from Henry Good, a local Chillicothe citizen.

Chillicothe's floodwall, protecting the city from floods of the Scioto River, has a 5.0-mile-long paved bike path. This path connects to the Tri-County Triangle Trail which currently is 30.3 miles long, measured from Bridge St. (SR 159) in Chillicothe, passing through Frankfort and then to Christman Park near Washington Court House in Fayette County, Ohio. The Tri-County Triangle Trail's goal is to connect Chillicothe and Greenfield. This same former railroad continues to Jamestown and Xenia, but those connections are a long range plan.

Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is found on the north end of the city. The park is administered by the National Park Service and has a large concentration of Native American earthworks.

Education

A branch of Ohio University, Ohio University Chillicothe is a public four-year institution that offers 13 associate degree programs and 12 bachelor's degree programs. About 2,000 students are enrolled each year.

The city of Chillicothe provides education for pre-school through grade 12 students. The Chillicothe City School District includes the following facilities: Chillicothe Primary School; Chillicothe Intermediate School; Chillicothe Middle School; and Chillicothe High School Zane Trace k-12. Additionally, Bishop Flaget Catholic School, the parish school of St. Mary's and St. Peter's Catholic Churches, offers an academic program with the faith-based component to both Catholic and non-Catholic families for students in Prekindergarten through 8th grade. There was once a school called Wesley-Taylor Preparatory Academy which offered a private education, but it shut down in 2014 due to unpaid bills.[30] Ross County Christian Academy was formed in 2007 and now offers K through 12th grade at two sites.[31]

Chillicothe is the home of Pickaway-Ross Career & Technology Center, located at 895 Crouse Chapel Road. Founded in 1974, Pickaway-Ross Career & Technology Center (or Pickaway-Ross) is the operational arm of the Pickaway-Ross Joint Vocational School District. Pickaway-Ross offers 20 high school tech-prep programs to students from 10 high schools in Ross and Pickaway counties. High school students attend Pickaway-Ross their junior and senior years, and can earn a Career Passport in addition to a diploma from their home schools. The high school (or secondary education) side of Pickaway-Ross serves approximately 600 students on its main campus and another 1,500 students in off-campus (or satellite) programs housed in affiliated high schools. School districts affiliated with Pickaway-Ross include: Adena, Chillicothe, Huntington, Paint Valley, Southeastern, Unioto, and Zane Trace in Ross County, and Circleville, Logan Elm and Westfall in Pickaway County. In addition to high school programs, Pickaway-Ross boasts a full-service Adult Education Division, offering a wide array of programs in skilled trades, public safety and medical services fields, to name a few. Pickaway-Ross is a regional leader in career tech education.

Chillicothe is also home to the Recording Workshop, an audio engineering school.

Chillicothe city is served by the main branch and Northside branch of Chillicothe & Ross County Public Library.

Culture

The south side of West Main Street. The square building left of center is a replica of Ohio's first capitol building and serves as the office of the Chillicothe Gazette.

Majestic Theatre

Chillicothe is home to the 158-year-old continuously operating Majestic Theatre. Its stage has been graced by such greats as Laurel and Hardy, Milton Berle, George Arliss, Sophie Tucker, Bob Hope and many others. In 1853 the Masonic Hall was built, as the first incarnation of what is now the Majestic Theatre. The two-story brick building was a combination lodge room, dance hall, and theater. Stock companies stayed for as long as a month, performing a repertory of plays. In 1876 the Masons appointed a building committee to enlarge their building. The original building was 40 ft × 100 ft (12 m × 30 m) and was later extended to 50 ft × 120 ft (15 m × 37 m). Upon completion in December 1876 it was announced that the Masonic Opera House was one of the finest theaters in the state. After the remodeling and with the completion of the Clough Opera House across the city, theater offerings were tremendous, and varied drama, comedy, farce, minstrel shows, and operas were presented.

In 1904 A. R. Wolf bought the Masonic Opera House. Mr. Wolf remodeled the theater and enlarged the stage. He replaced all the windows in the front of the building with stained glass. The Masonic Opera House continued under Wolf's managerial abilities until he sold it to the Myers Brothers in 1914. They again made some improvements and repairs and installed a movie screen and equipment. The Myers Brothers changed the name to the Majestic Theatre. They occasionally had live theater productions on the stage but finally switched exclusively to motion pictures. In July 1971, Harley and Evelyn Bennett became the new owners of the Majestic Theatre. They did careful restoration with reference to the original wall painting. Three Chillicothe businessmen (Robert Evans, Robert Althoff and David Uhrig) bought the theater as a non-profit organization in 1990. All new wiring throughout the theater, fire safety, and security systems were installed.

Fairs and festivals

Chillicothe's Story Mound State Memorial

Chillicothe, rich in Native American history, hosts the annual Feast of the Flowering Moon Festival. Started in 1984, the May festival draws crowds of approximately 85,000. Yoctangee Park, in the historic downtown, is the setting for this family-oriented, three-day event featuring Native American music, dancing, traders and exhibits, a mountain men encampment, rendezvous with working craftsmen and demonstrations, and an extensive arts and crafts show with more than 80 crafters and commercial exhibits. The main stage has a schedule of family-friendly entertainment, such as local school bands and performers. The streets are lined with food booths and games/contests. Events are free to the public.

Athletic events

The Chillicothe Paints are a baseball team that was established in February 1993. The team was previously a member of the Frontier League, playing there from its founding until 2008. They were one of the original teams in the league. The Paints are now a member of the summer collegiate Prospect League, The Paints play their home games at V.A. Memorial Stadium, which opened in 1954.

V.A. Memorial Stadium has hosted a number of other events, including the Mid-American Conference baseball tournament from 2008 to 2011, along with high soccer and baseball playoff games for the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA).

Notable people

Sister city

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ↑ Official records for Columbus were kept downtown from July 1878 to December 1947, and at John Glenn Int'l since January 1948. For more information, see Threadex

References

  1. ↑ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  2. 1 2 "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ↑ "A Pronunciation Guide to Places in Ohio". E.W.Scripps School of Journalism. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. 1 2 "Chillicothe city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  7. ↑ "Ohio History Central, "Chillicothe, Ohio"". Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  8. ↑ Hanna, Charles Augustus (1911). Charles Augustus Hanna, The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1, Putnam's sons, 1911. G. P. Putnam's sons. ISBN 9780598504005. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  9. ↑ James Everett Seaver, Charles Delamater Vail A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison: The White Woman of the Genesee, American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, 1918.
  10. ↑ tfd. "Zanesville definition of Zanesville in the Free Online Encyclopedia". Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  11. ↑ tfd. "Chillicothe definition of Chillicothe in the Free Online Encyclopedia". Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  12. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Level III Ecoregions of Ohio". National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
  14. ↑ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Station: Columbus Port Columbus INTL AP, OH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  16. ↑ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Records for Columbus". National Weather Service. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  18. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for COLUMBUS WSO AP, OH 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Columbus, Ohio, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  20. ↑ Paper mill problems cause smell to travel north Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Chillicothe Gazette, October 31, 2014
  21. ↑ No longer 'Mayberry': A small Ohio city fights an epidemic of self-destruction Archived May 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Achenbach, Joel, The Washington Post December 29, 2016
  22. ↑ "Population: Ohio" (PDF). 1910 U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Population: Ohio" (PDF). 1930 US Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  27. ↑ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chillicothecityohio/PST045219
  28. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ↑ Berman, David. "Wesley-Taylor chief explains closure". Chillicothe Gazette. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Ross County Christian Academy | Chillicothe, Ohio".
  32. ↑ "Ed Cook". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
  33. ↑ https://www.historylink.org/file/9823
  34. ↑ Johnson, Anne (1914). Notable women of St. Louis, 1914. St. Louis, Woodward. p. 250. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  35. ↑ "Historia".
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