François Gaston de Lévis | |
|---|---|
| 1st Duke of Lévis | |
.jpg.webp) The Duke of Lévis represented with the baton of the Marshals of France. | |
| Governor of Artois | |
| Tenure | 22 September 1764 – 20 November 1787 |
| Predecessor | Position established |
| Successor | Adrien-Louis de Bonnières |
| Born | 20 August 1719 Ajac, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 26 November 1787 (aged 68) Arras, Kingdom of France |
| Spouse(s) | Gabrielle Augustine Michel |
| Issue | Augustine Gabrielle Françoise de Lévis Pierre-Marc-Gaston de Lévis, Duke of Lévis Marie Gabrielle de Lévis Henriette Françoise de Lévis |
| Father | Jean de Lévis, Seigneur of Ajac |
| Mother | Joan of Maguelonne |
| Signature |  |
| Occupation | Soldier |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of France |
| Service/ | French Royal Army |
| Years of service | 1735–1787 |
| Rank | Marshal of France |
| Unit | Marine Regiment |
| Commands held | Commander-in-chief, New France |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit Knight of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis Knight of the Royal, Military, and Hospitaller Orders of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem |
François-Gaston de Lévis, 1st Duke of Lévis (20 August 1719 – 20 November 1787), styled as the Chevalier de Lévis until 1785, was a nobleman and a Marshal of France. He served with distinction in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession. During the Seven Years' War, he was second-in-command to Louis-Joseph de Montcalm in the defense of New France and then, after the surrender of New France in 1760, he served in Europe. After the war, he was appointed Governor of Artois, and in 1783 he was made a Marshal of France.
North American military service
In 1756, the Marquis de Vaudreuil was informed that King Louis XV of France was sending the Marquis Louis-Joseph de Montcalm to take over French forces in North America, with Lévis as second in command. Vaudreuil wrote back that there was no need to send another general, as Vaudreuil disliked the tactics of most "municipal" French generals. When Montcalm arrived despite Vaudreuil's protest, the two men developed a dislike for each other. Lévis diplomatically cultivated good relations with both men, and managed to avoid getting dragged into the feuds between the two.
Lévis led the vanguard of the French expedition to Fort William Henry in 1757, and laid siege to it until Montcalm's arrival.
During French planning for the 1758 campaign in the French and Indian War the disputes between Vaudreuil and Montcalm continued. Vaudreuil prevailed, and Montcalm was sent to Fort Carillon to defend it against an expected British attack. Lévis was initially slated to lead an expedition to the western forts, leading about 500 French metropolitan troops and a large seasoned French-Canadian militia. Vaudreuil, however, had second thoughts, and dispatched Lévis and his metropolitan troops to support Montcalm at Carillon. Lévis arrived at Carillon on the evening of July 7, as a British army was arriving before the fort. The next day, in a stroke of good fortune for the defenders, the 16,000 strong British army under the command of General James Abercrombie decided to frontally attack the French defenses protected by about 4,000 soldiers, without the benefit of artillery support. In the Battle of Carillon, the British were decisively defeated, with Lévis leading the defense on the French right flank.
When the forces of James Murray arrived to begin the Siege of Quebec, Lévis participated in the early defenses, including the Battle of Beauport. He was then sent to organize the defense of Montreal, and so was not present when Quebec fell. Following Montcalm's death in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Lévis was appointed commander of French forces in North America. Wintering at Montreal, Lévis managed to rally his troops and train them for a spring offensive to recapture Quebec in 1760. Marching downstream with the first breaking of the ice, Lévis met the forces of James Murray at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, where Lévis' army won a victory in one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on Canadian soil.[1] This forced Murray to retreat behind Quebec's walls and a siege began. The lack of artillery and siege equipment precluded any assault on the fortifications of Quebec and Lévis held back, awaiting reinforcements from Europe. With the arrival of a British squadron which then destroyed his support ships on the Saint Lawrence, Lévis was obliged to retreat to Montreal, where Vaudreuil eventually surrendered New France to Amherst's army, which had advanced down the Saint Lawrence River that summer, in early September. Lévis, unhappy with the terms of capitulation, which did not include the traditional "honors of war", decided to burn the regimental colors rather than turning them over to the British.
His various letters for this period were later collected and published by Beauchemin in 1889;[2] letters to him for this period were published by the Abbe Casgrain, a professor at Universite Laval, in 1895;[3] Casgrain had already published in 1891 Les français au Canada : Montcalm et Lévis.[4]
Retirement
Lévis returned to France on parole, and was released for service in Europe by William Pitt. He served in the German campaigns of 1762, and retired from active military service when the war ended in 1763 with the Peace of Paris. He was appointed governor of Artois in 1765. He was promoted to Marshal of France in 1783, and was raised to the inheritable title Duc de Lévis in 1784.
He died in 1787 in Arras, France, and was succeeded as duke of Lévis by his son Pierre-Marc-Gaston, who escaped to England during the French Revolution. In 1794 his widow and two of his three daughters were sent to the guillotine during the French Revolution.
He left his name to Lévis, Quebec, across the river from Quebec City.
References
- ↑ Stephen Brumwell Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755-1763 (NY: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 259
- ↑ gallica.bnf.fr: "Lettres du chevalier de Lévis concernant la guerre du Canada (1756-1760)"
- ↑ gallica.bnf.fr: "Lettres de divers particuliers au chevalier de Lévis / publ. sous la dir. de l'abbé H.-R. Casgrain"
- ↑ gallica.bnf.fr: "Les français au Canada : Montcalm et Lévis / par l'abbé H.-R. Casgrain"
Bibliography
- Carillon 1758, Osprey Publishing
- Quebec 1759, Osprey Publishing
External links
- Eccles, W.J. (1979). "Lévis, François de, Duc de Lévis". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- 1759 From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham (Virtual exhibition)
- Lettre du Maréchal de Lévis à A M. le Maréchal de Belle-Isle
- Lévis, François-Gaston de, duc de Lévis
- Lévis, François-Gaston de, duc de Lévis Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- François-Gaston, duc de Lévis Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
- Archives of François Gaston de Lévis (Fonds François Gaston de Lévis, R6935) are held at Library and Archives Canada (in French)