Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River Laboratories seen from the Ottawa River
Established1944 (1944)
Research typeApplied
Field of research
Nuclear physics
Address286 Plant Road
LocationDeep River, Ontario, Canada
46°03′01″N 77°21′40″W / 46.050242°N 77.361002°W / 46.050242; -77.361002
Campus3,700 ha (9,100 acres)
AffiliationsAtomic Energy of Canada Limited, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
Operating agency
Canadian National Energy Alliance
2

Chalk River Laboratories (French: Laboratoires de Chalk River; also known as CRL, Chalk River Labs and formerly Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, CRNL) is a Canadian nuclear research facility in Deep River, about 180 km (110 mi) north-west of Ottawa.

CRL is a site of major research and development to support and advance nuclear technology, particularly CANDU reactor technology. CRL has expertise in physics, metallurgy, chemistry, biology, and engineering, and hosts unique research facilities. For example, Bertram Brockhouse, a professor at McMaster University, received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics for his pioneering work in neutron spectroscopy while at CRL from 1950 to 1962. Sir John Cockcroft was an early director of CRL and also a Nobel laureate. Until the shutdown of its nuclear reactor in 2018, CRL produced a large share of the world's supply of medical radioisotopes.[1] It is owned by the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories subsidiary of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and operated under contract by the Canadian National Energy Alliance, a private-sector consortium led by AtkinsRéalis.[2]

History

NRX and Zeep buildings, Chalk River Laboratories, 1945

The facility arose out of a 1942 collaboration between British and Canadian nuclear researchers which saw the Montreal Laboratory established under the National Research Council (NRC). By 1944, the Chalk River Laboratories (known as “Petawawa Works” of Defence Industries Limited during the early stages) were opened and, in September 1945, the facility saw the first nuclear reactor outside of the United States, ZEEP, become operational (see Lew Kowarski). In 1946, NRC closed the Montreal laboratory and focused its resources on Chalk River.

In 1952, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) was created by the government to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy. AECL also took over operation of Chalk River from the NRC. Since the 1950s, various nuclear research reactors have been operated by AECL for production of nuclear material for medical and scientific applications. At one point in time, the Chalk River Laboratories produced about one-third of the world's medical isotopes, and about half of the North American supply. Despite the declaration of peaceful use, from 1955 to 1985, Chalk River facilities supplied about 254.2 kilograms (560 lb) of plutonium, in the form of spent reactor fuel, to the U.S. Department of Energy to be used in the production of nuclear weapons.[3] (The bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, used about 6.4 kilograms (14 lb) of plutonium.)

Canada's first nuclear power plant, a partnership between AECL and Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, went online in 1962 near the site of Chalk River Laboratories. This reactor, Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD), was a demonstration of the CANDU reactor design, one of the world's safest and most successful nuclear reactors.

The Deep River neutron monitor operated once in Chalk river.[4]

1952 NRX incident

Chalk River was also the site of two nuclear accidents in the 1950s. The first incident occurred on December 12, 1952, when there was a power excursion and partial loss of coolant in the NRX reactor, which resulted in significant damage to the core. The control rods could not be lowered into the core because of mechanical problems and human errors. Three rods did not reach their destination and were taken out again by accident. The fuel rods were overheated, resulting in a meltdown. The reactor and the reactor building were seriously damaged by hydrogen explosions. The seal of the reactor vessel was blown up four feet, and 4,500 cubic metres (1,200,000 US gal) of radioactive water were found in the cellar of the building. This water was dumped in ditches around 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) from the border of the Ottawa River. During this accident some 10 kilocuries (400 TBq) of radioactive material was released.[5] Future U.S. president Jimmy Carter, then a U.S. Navy officer in Schenectady, New York, was part of a team of 26 men, including 13 U.S. Navy volunteers, involved in the hazardous cleanup.[6][7][8] Two years later the reactor was in use again.[9]

1958 NRU incident

The second accident, in 1958, involved a fuel rupture and fire in the National Research Universal reactor (NRU) reactor building. Some fuel rods were overheated. With a robotic crane, one of the rods with metallic uranium was pulled out of the reactor vessel. When the arm of the crane moved away from the vessel, the uranium caught fire and the rod broke. The largest part of the rod fell down into the containment vessel, still burning. The whole building was contaminated. The valves of the ventilation system were opened, and a large area outside the building was contaminated. The fire was extinguished by scientists and maintenance men in protective clothing running along the hole in the containment vessel with buckets of wet sand, throwing the sand down at the moment they passed the smoking entrance.[10]

Both accidents required a major cleanup effort involving many civilian and military personnel. Follow-up health monitoring of these workers has not revealed any adverse impacts from the two accidents.[11][12] However, the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, an anti-nuclear watchdog group, notes that some cleanup workers who were part of the military contingent assigned to the NRU reactor building unsuccessfully applied for a military disability pension due to health damages.[6]

Chalk River Laboratories remain an AECL facility to this day and is used as both a research (in partnership with the NRC) and production facility (on behalf of AECL) in support of other Canadian electrical utilities.

2007 shutdown

On November 18, 2007, the NRU, which made medical radioisotopes, was shut down for routine maintenance. This shutdown was extended when AECL, in consultation with the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), decided to connect seismically-qualified emergency power supplies (EPS) to two of the reactor's cooling pumps (in addition to the AC and DC backup power systems already in place), which had been required as part of its August 2006 operating licence issued by the CNSC. This resulted in a worldwide shortage of radioisotopes for medical treatments because Chalk River made the majority of the world's supply of medical radioisotopes, including two-thirds of the world's technetium-99m.[13]

On December 11, 2007, the House of Commons of Canada, acting on independent expert advice, passed emergency legislation authorizing the restarting of the NRU reactor and its operation for 120 days (counter to the decision of the CNSC), which was passed by the Senate and received Royal Assent on December 12. Prime Minister Stephen Harper criticized the CNSC for this shutdown which "jeopardized the health and safety of tens of thousands of Canadians", insisting that there was no risk, contrary to the testimony of then CNSC President & CEO Linda Keen. She would later be fired for ignoring a decision by Parliament to restart the reactor, reflecting its policy that the safety of citizens requiring essential nuclear medicine should be taken into account in assessing the overall safety concerns of the reactor's operation.[14][15][16][17][18] The NRU reactor was restarted on December 16, 2007.

2008 radioactive leakage

On December 5, 2008, heavy water containing tritium leaked from the NRU.[19] The leaked water was contained within the facility, and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) was notified immediately, as required.

In its formal report to the CNSC, filed on December 9, 2008 (when the volume of leakage was determined to meet the requirement for such a report) AECL mentioned that 47 litres (10 imp gal; 12 US gal) of heavy water were released from the reactor, about 10% of which evaporated and the rest contained, but affirmed that the spill was not serious and did not present a threat to public health.[20] The amount that evaporated to the atmosphere is considered to be minor, accounting for less than a thousandth of the regulatory limit.[21] The public was informed of the shutdown at the reactor, but not the details of the leakage, since it was not deemed to pose a risk to the public or environment. The leak stopped before the source could be identified, and the reactor was restarted on December 11, 2008 with the approval of the CNSC, after a strategy for dealing with the leak (should it reappear) was put in place.

In an unrelated incident, the same reactor had been leaking 7,001 litres (1,540 imp gal; 1,849 US gal) of light water per day from a crack in a weld of the reactor's reflector system. This water was being systematically collected, purified in an on-site Waste Treatment Centre, and eventually released to the Ottawa River in accordance with CNSC, Health Canada, and Ministry of the Environment regulations. Although the leakage was not a concern to the CNSC from a health, safety or environmental perspective,[22] AECL made plans for a repair to reduce the current leakage rate for operational reasons.

2009 NRU reactor shutdown

In mid-May 2009, the heavy water leak at the base of the NRU reactor vessel, first detected in 2008 (see above), returned at a greater rate and prompted another temporary shutdown that lasted until August 2010. The lengthy shutdown was necessary to first completely defuel the entire reactor, then ascertain the full extent of the corrosion to the vessel, and finally to effect the repairs - all with remote and restricted access from a minimum distance of 8 metres (26 ft) due to the residual radioactivity in the reactor vessel. The 2009 shutdown occurred at a time when only one of the other four worldwide regular medical isotope sourcing reactors was producing, resulting in a worldwide shortage.[23]

NRU shutdown in March 2018

The NRU reactor licence expired in 2016. However, the licence was extended to March 31, 2018.[24] The reactor was shut down for the last time at 7 p.m. on March 31, 2018,[25] and has entered a "state of storage" prior to decommissioning operations which will continue for many years within the scope of future operating or decommissioning licences issued by the CNSC.

Modernization and decommissioning

The site remains in active use as of 2022. In 2016, 1.2 billion CAD was allotted over ten years to decommission 120 old buildings and build new ones.[26][27] The new buildings were completed starting in 2020, as the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Research Facilities.[28]

In May 2023, it was announced that the world's first micro-modular reactor, from Global First Power (GFP), is to be built at Chalk River Laboratories and will be used to power the CNL campus as a demonstration unit. It is then expected that multiple microreactors, each the size of a shipping container, will be built at CNL and transported to remote northern communities where they will replace the existing diesel generator infrastructure, saving some 200 million litres of fuel.[29][30]

Major facilities

  • ZEEP – Zero Energy Experimental Pile Reactor (1945–1973).
  • NRX – NRX Reactor (1947–1992).
  • NRU – National Research Universal 135 MW (thermal) Reactor (1957–2018).
    • CNBC – Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (ended operation along with NRU in 2018).
  • PTR – Pool Test 10 kW Reactor (1957–1990).
  • ZED-2 – Zero Energy Deuterium 200W Reactor (1960–present).
  • NPD – Nuclear Power Demonstration 20MW(e) reactor; located north of CRL in Rolphton, Ontario (1960–1987).
  • SLOWPOKE – Safe Low-Power Kritical Experiment 5 kW Reactor (1970–1976); moved to the University of Toronto in 1971.
  • TASCC – Tandem Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron (1986–1996).
  • MAPLE-1 – Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment Reactor (2000–2008; cancelled).
  • MAPLE-2 – Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment Reactor (2003–2008; cancelled).
  • CRIPT – Cosmic Ray Inspection and Passive Tomography

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chalk River makes 1st isotopes in 15 months". CBC.ca. August 18, 2010. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  2. ↑ Marowits, Ross (June 26, 2015). "SNC-Lavalin consortium chosen to run Chalk River nuclear lab". Ottawa Citizen. ISSN 0839-3222. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Canadian Plutonium Sold For American Bombs (letter from Dept. of Energy official, March 4, 1996)". Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  4. ↑ "DEEP RIVER Neutron Monitor Data Base". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
  5. ↑ Jedicke, Peter (1989). "The NRX Incident". Canadian Nuclear Society. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Reactor Accidents: The Human Fallout". www.ccnr.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  7. ↑ "Jimmy Carter timeline". pbs.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  8. ↑ "Jimmy Carter's exposure to nuclear danger". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  9. ↑ (in English) The Canadian Nuclear FAQ What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRX reactor in 1952? Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ The Canadian Nuclear FAQ What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958? Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionD.htm#nru1958 Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine What are the details of the accident at Chalk River's NRU reactor in 1958?
  12. ↑ "The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Section D: Safety and Liability". www.nuclearfaq.ca. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Archived April 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "Harper accuses Liberals of blocking isotope production". The Globe and Mail. December 11, 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  15. ↑ Ljunggren, David (2007-12-12). "Canadian parliament orders isotope reactor restart". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  16. ↑ "Much more at stake than medical isotopes | Toronto Star". Thestar.com. 2007-12-13. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  17. ↑ "Chalk River plant to begin making radioisotopes in a week - Canada - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 2007-12-13. Archived from the original on 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  18. ↑ Citizen, Ottawa (2008-01-16). "Harper government fires Linda Keen over isotope crisis". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  19. ↑ "Current Issues - CNSC Report to Minister of Natural Resources regarding recent events at National Research Universal (NRU) Reactor". Cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  20. ↑ "Agency says it was told of nuke leak within hours | CTV News". Ctv.ca. 2009-01-27. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2009-02-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ "News Releases". Cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  23. ↑ "'Patients will suffer' from Chalk River shutdown: medical imaging industry". CBC News, May 19, 2009
  24. ↑ "Canada's NRU reactor in Chalk River is being turned off for good - CBC News". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  25. ↑ "Canadian isotope reactor enters retirement - World Nuclear News".
  26. ↑ Huffman, Allison (1 July 2019). "Canadian Nuclear Laboratories: An Asset Management Journey - 19438". OSTI 23005335 – via OSTI.GOV. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ↑ Moore, M. A (2019). "Modern Integrated Decommissioning at Chalk River Laboratories - 19401". WM Symposia – via OMNI.
  28. ↑ Leland, Dadson (1 October 2021). "Innovation Hub: Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) Site Entrance Building, Support and Maintenance Facility, and Science Collaboration Centre, Chalk River, Ontario". Canadian Architect. 66 (7): 26–27.
  29. ↑ First power availability is slated for 2026.Dyson, Dylan (May 11, 2023). "World's first micro-modular reactor to be built in Chalk River, Ont". Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  30. ↑ "Canada's First Small Modular Reactor Project Achieves Licensing Milestone". May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.

Further reading

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