Celebratory gunfire is the shooting of a firearm into the air in celebration. It sometimes occurs in parts of the Balkans,[1] Russia, the Middle East, South Asia, Latin America, the United States, and Ethiopia, even where illegal.[2][3][4][5]

Common occasions for celebratory gunfire include New Year's Day as well as religious holidays.[6] The practice sometimes results in random death and injury from stray bullets. Property damage is another result of celebratory gunfire; shattered windows and damaged roofs are sometimes found after such celebrations.[7]

Injuries

Depending on the angle it is fired, the speed of a falling bullet changes. A bullet fired nearly vertically will lose the most speed,[8] usually falling at terminal velocity, which is much lower than its muzzle velocity. Despite this, people can still be injured or killed by bullets falling at this speed. If a bullet is fired at other angles, it maintains its angular ballistic trajectory and is far less likely to engage in tumbling motion; it therefore travels at speeds much higher than a bullet in free fall. Dense, small bullets achieve higher terminal velocities than lighter, larger bullets.

Between 1918 and 1920,[9] United States Army Ordnance Corps' Julian Hatcher conducted experiments to determine the velocity of falling bullets,[10][11][12][13] and calculated that .30 caliber rounds reach terminal velocities of 90 m/s (300 feet per second or 186 miles per hour).[13][14] According to computer models, 9mm handgun rounds reach terminal velocities of between 45 and 75 m/s (150 and 250 feet per second or 100 and 170 miles per hour).[15] A bullet traveling at only 61 m/s (200 feet per second or 135 miles per hour) to 100 m/s (330 feet per second or 225 miles per hour) can penetrate human skin.[16]

Any gunfire can damage hearing of those nearby without ear protection, and blank rounds fired in an unsafe direction can cause injuries or death from muzzle blast at close range, as in the case of actor Jon-Erik Hexum. Birdshot fired from a shotgun disperses and loses energy much faster than slugs, buckshot, or bullets fired from rifles and pistols. Although potentially lethal for many yards at a low angle, fired at a high angle, the main risk of injury from falling "shot rain" is shot landing in the eyes and causing scratches, particularly to persons looking upwards without eye protection.

A Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that 80% of celebratory gunfire-related injuries in Puerto Rico, on New Year's Eve 2003 were to the head, feet, and shoulders.[17] In Puerto Rico, about seven people have died from celebratory gunfire on New Year's Eve in the last 20 years. The last one was in 2012.[18] Between the years 1985 and 1992, doctors at the King/Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, treated some 118 people for random falling-bullet injuries. Thirty-eight of them died.[19]

In 2005, the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) ran education campaigns on the dangers of celebratory gunfire in Serbia and Montenegro.[20] In Serbia, the campaign slogan was "every bullet that is fired up, must come down."[21]

  • Philippine Health Secretary Francisco Duque III noted the drop in stray bullet injuries, in that country, during the 2005 year-end holiday period – from 33 cases to 19.[22]
  • The number of complaints regarding random shooting in Dallas, Texas, on New Year's Eve declined from approximately 1,000 in 1999 to 800 each in 2001 and 2002.[7]
  • In early 2008, increased partisanship in Lebanon led to the practice of firing celebratory gunfire in support of politicians appearing on local television, leading to multiple deaths and to calls from these leaders to end the practice.[23]

Notable incidents

Europe

  • On 7 January 2008, at about 9:30 pm, a Montenegro Airlines Fokker 100 (4O-AOK) was shot at while landing at Podgorica Airport. A routine inspection of the aircraft led to the discovery of a bullet hole in the aircraft's tail. The aircraft was carrying 20 passengers, but no one was injured. The reason for the incident is unknown; however, reports indicate that it may have been an inadvertent result of guns being fired during celebrations for Orthodox Christmas.
  • January 1, 2005: A stray bullet hit a young girl during New Year celebrations in the central square of downtown Skopje, North Macedonia. She died two days later. This incident led to the 2006 IANSA awareness campaign.[6]
  • October 12, 2003: Wedding guests in Belgrade, Serbia mistakenly shot down a small aircraft.[24]

Middle East

South America

South Asia

  • November 16, 2016: A self-proclaimed godwoman and her private guards went on a celebratory shooting spree at a wedding in Haryana's Karnal town in India, killing the groom's aunt and leaving three of his relatives critically wounded.[36]
  • June 6, 2013: a 42-year-old Pakistani woman was killed by a stray bullet from celebratory gunfire. The gunfire was attributed to celebrations for the election of Pakistan's prime minister Newaz Sharif. Her 19-year-old niece was also hit, and rushed to hospital in critical condition.[37]
  • February 25, 2007: Five people were killed by stray bullets fired at a kite festival in Lahore, Pakistan, including a six-year-old schoolboy who was struck in the head near his home in the city's Mazang area.[38]
  • December 1859: An autopsy showed that a native in India, who suddenly fell dead for no apparent reason, was mortally wounded from a bullet fired from a distance too far for the shot to be heard. The falling bullet had sufficient energy to pass through the victim's shoulder, a rib, a lung, his heart and his diaphragm.[39]

Southeast Asia

  • In 26 December 1819, several Bugis people were on a gunfire spree to celebrate the wedding of their chief Arung Belawa happening in Tanjungpinang, Penyengat Island (present-day Indonesia). However, Dutch officials led by recently elected Resident G.E. Königsdorffer detained some of these men which escalated to the murder of five men including a chief named Raja Ronggik, his death led to an all-out war between the Bugis and the Dutch on January 1820, with many Bugis civilians fleeing to Singapore in the ensuing aftermath.[40]

United States

  • December 31, 2023: 3-year-old Brayden Smith was with his family New Year's Eve when a bullet passed through their Memphis apartment window, striking the toddler during what police believe was “celebratory gunfire.” Brayden was rushed to the hospital, but died around 6 a.m. Jan. 3. [41]
  • January 1, 2023: Two people, a 40-year-old man and 35-year-old man, died after celebratory gunfire was discharged at a party in Lawrence Township, Michigan. A 62-year-old man was arrested at the scene.[42][43]
  • December 31, 2021 and January 1, 2022: Multiple people in Durham, North Carolina, were struck by celebratory bullets, including one woman who was killed.[44][45] In Canton, Ohio a man firing celebratory bullets was shot and killed through his wooden fence by police.[46]
  • January 1, 2020: A patron who was eating dinner at The Big Catch restaurant in St. Petersburg, Florida, on New Year’s Day was struck by a celebratory bullet.[47]
  • December 31, 2019: Texas nurse, 61-years-old Philippa Ashford shot to death on New Year's Eve, likely by celebratory gunfire, police say.[48]
  • January 1, 2017: Armando Martinez, a Texas state Representative, was wounded in the head by a stray bullet during a New Year's celebration.[49]
  • January 1, 2015: A 43-year-old man, Javier Suarez Rivera, was struck in his head and killed while watching fireworks with his family in Houston.[50][51]
  • July 4, 2013: A 7-year-old boy, Brendon Mackey, was struck in the top of his head and killed while walking with his father shortly before 9 p.m. amid a large crowd prior to the fireworks display over the Swift Creek Reservoir, outside Richmond, Virginia.[52]
  • January 1, 2013: A 10-year-old girl, Aaliyah Boyer, collapsed after being struck in the back of the head while watching the neighborhood fireworks in Elkton, Maryland. She died two days later of her injuries.[53]
  • July 4, 2012: A 34-year-old woman, Michelle Packard, was struck in the head and killed while watching the fireworks with her family. The police believe the shot could have come from a mile away.[54]
  • January 1, 2010: A four-year-old boy, Marquel Peters, was struck by a bullet and killed inside his church The Church of God of Prophecy in Decatur, GA. It is presumed the bullet may have penetrated the roof of the church around 12:20AM.[55]
  • In March 2008, Chef Paul Prudhomme was grazed by a .22-caliber stray bullet while catering the Zurich Classic of New Orleans golf tournament. He at first thought a bee had stung his arm, required no serious medical attention, and within five minutes was back to cooking for the golf tournament. It was thought to have been a falling bullet.
  • December 28, 2005: A 23-year-old U.S. Army private on leave after basic training fired a 9mm pistol into the air in celebration with friends, according to police, one of the bullets came through a fifth-floor apartment window in the New York City borough of Queens, striking a 28-year-old mother of two in the eye. Her husband found her lifeless body moments later. The shooter had been drinking the night before and turned himself in to police the next morning when he heard the news. He was charged with second-degree manslaughter and weapons-related crimes,[56][57] and was later found guilty and sentenced to 4 to 12 years in prison.[58]
  • June 14, 1999: Arizona, A 14-year-old girl, Shannon Smith, was struck on the top of her head by a bullet and killed while in the backyard of her home.[59] This incident resulted in Arizona enacting "Shannon's Law" in 2000, that made the discharge of a firearm into the air illegal.
  • January 1, 1999: Joseph Jaskolka of Wilmington was visiting family members in Philadelphia for New Years when he was struck in the head by a stray bullet as he walked with family members on Fernon Street headed to festivities on South 2nd Street in South Philadelphia. The incident is believed to be from gunfire celebrating the New Year. The bullet remains lodged in Jaskolka's brainstem and he was left paralyzed on the right side of his body due to his injury.[60]
  • December 31, 1994: Amy Silberman, a tourist from Boston, was killed by a falling bullet from celebratory firing while walking on the Riverwalk in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Police Department there has been striving to educate the public on the danger since then, frequently making arrests for firing into the air.[61]
  • July 4, 1950: Bernard Doyle was killed in his seat while attending a New York Giants game at the Polo Grounds. The bullet was determined to have been fired by Robert Peebles, a juvenile, from an apartment building some distance away on Coogan's Bluff, presumably in celebration of Independence Day.[62][63][64]

Penalties

  • In the Republic of North Macedonia, a person found guilty of firing off a gun during celebrations faces a jail sentence of up to ten years.[6]
  • In Italy, under art.703 of the Penal Code (Dangerous ignitions and explosions), a person found guilty of firing a gun without permission in an inhabited place or nearby, is sentenced to a fine of up to €103, while if they commit the act in a crowded place the sentence may go as high as up to a month in prison. The law also applies to fireworks, rockets, hot air balloons and, in general, "dangerous ignitions and explosions".[65]
  • In Pakistan, section 144 of the Pakistan Penal Code is imposed to prevent aerial firing during celebrations if harm is caused, and an FIR may be registered against a person who does so. However, many cases of aerial firing go unreported.[3]
  • In the United States, crime classifications vary from a misdemeanor to a felony in different states:
    • In Arizona, firing a gun into the air was raised from a misdemeanor to a felony by Shannon's law, in response to the death of a 14-year-old from a stray bullet in 1999.[66]
    • In California, discharging a firearm into the air is a felony punishable by three years in state prison. If the stray bullet kills someone, the shooter can be charged with murder.[67][68]
    • In Minnesota, it is illegal to discharge a firearm over a cemetery, or at or in a public transit vehicle. Additionally, local governments may regulate the discharge of a weapon within their jurisdictions.[66]
    • In Ohio, discharging a firearm or a deadly weapon in a public place is classified as disorderly conduct, a Class B misdemeanor, punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine of up to $2,000.[69]
    • In Texas, random gunfire is a Class A misdemeanor, punishable by a maximum one year in jail and $4,000 fine. Anyone who injures or kills someone with a stray bullet could face more serious felony charges.[7]
    • In Wisconsin, criminal charges for this type of offense range from "endangering safety by use of a dangerous weapon" to "reckless homicide" in the event of a death, with penalties ranging from nine months to 25 years in prison."[70]

Cultural references

The non-fiction U.S. cable television program MythBusters on the Discovery Channel covered this topic in Episode 50: "Bullets Fired Up" (original airdate: April 19, 2006). Special-effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman conducted a series of experiments to answer the question: "Can celebratory gunfire kill when the bullets fall back to earth?"

Using pig carcasses, they worked out the terminal velocity of a falling bullet and had a mixed result, answering the question with all three of the show's possible outcomes: Confirmed, Plausible and Busted.[71] They tested falling bullets by firing them from both a handgun and a rifle, by firing them from an air gun designed to propel them at terminal velocity, and by dropping them in the desert from an instrumented balloon.

They found that while bullets traveling on a perfectly vertical trajectory tumble on the way down, creating turbulence that reduces terminal velocity below that which would kill, it was very difficult to fire a bullet in this near-ideal vertical trajectory. In practice, bullets were likely to remain spin-stabilized on a ballistic trajectory and fall at a potentially lethal terminal velocity. They also verified cases of actual deaths from falling bullets.[72]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Dragan Obrenović | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia". www.icty.org.
  2. ↑ "Nurse and Adjunct Professor, 61, Killed by Celebratory Gunfire in Texas on New Year's Day". lawandcrime.com. January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  3. 1 2 Shaikh, Hassan Latif (29 June 2012). "Celebratory gunfire". Dawn. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  4. ↑ Polly Mosendz; Seung Lee (December 31, 2015). "Falling Bullets Fall: Los Angeles's Deadly Tradition of Celebratory New Year's Gunfire". Newsweek.
  5. ↑ Jason Miles (January 1, 2021). "'It's maddening': Celebratory gunfire results in multiple injuries again on New Year's Eve in Houston". KHOU 11.
  6. 1 2 3 Stojanovska, Marina (2006-01-27). "Campaign in Macedonia raises awareness of dangers posed by gunfire". Southeast European Times. Archived from the original on 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  7. 1 2 3 "New Year's Eve gunfire may bring jail time". United Press International. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  8. ↑ Siegel, Ethan (July 2, 2020). "The Science Of Why Firing Your Gun Up Into The Air Can Be Lethal". Forbes. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  9. ↑ Petzal, David E.; Bourjaily, Phil (2 May 2007). "What Goes Up. . ". Field & Stream. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  10. ↑ "Records of the office of the Chief of Ordnance". National Archives. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  11. ↑ "The History of Ordnance in America". U.S. Army Ordnance Corps. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  12. ↑ Abdali, Husain A.; Hoz, Samer S.; Moscote-Salazar, Luis Rafael (April 2018). "Cranial Gravitational (Falling) Bullet Injuries: Point of View". Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 09 (2): 278–280. doi:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_498_17. PMC 5912041. PMID 29725186.
  13. 1 2 The Ballistician (March 2001). "Bullets in the Sky". W. Square Enterprises, 9826 Sagedale, Houston, Texas 77089. Archived from the original on 2008-03-31.
  14. ↑
    • Hatcher, Julian Sommerville (1962). Hatcher's Notebook (PDF). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-8117-0795-4. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
    • Hatcher, Julian Sommerville (1962). Hatcher's Notebook. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 514. ISBN 0-8117-0795-4.
  15. ↑ Palmer, Brian (30 March 2011). "Can falling bullets kill you?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  16. ↑ Stewart, Michael J. (2005). Head, Face and Neck Trauma: Comprehensive Management. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. p. 189. ISBN 1-58890-308-7.
  17. ↑ Rodriguez, I; Mirabal-Colon, B; Alonso-Echanove, J; Rodriguez, C; Rullan, J; Crosby, A; Arias, I; Alvarado-Ramy, F; Balaban, V; Cauthen, B. "New Year's Eve Injuries Caused by Celebratory Gunfire — Puerto Rico, 2003". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  18. ↑ "Art. 703 codice penale - Accensioni ed esplosioni pericolose". Brocardi.it.
  19. ↑ Incorvaia, A.N.; Poulos, D.M.; Jones, R.N.; Tschirhart, J.M. (2007-01-01). "Can a Falling Bullet Be Lethal at Terminal Velocity? Cardiac Injury Caused by a Celebratory Bullet". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 83 (1): 283–4. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.046. PMID 17184680. Archived from the original (abstract) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  20. ↑ "Shooting in the air: turning celebration into tragedy". International Action Network on Small Arms. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  21. ↑ "Serbs Told To Keep Guns Quiet On New Year's Eve – RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  22. ↑ Javellana-Santos, Julie. "3 Killed, Over 600 Injured in Philippine Year-End Revelry". Arab News. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  23. 1 2 Ayed, Nahlah (2008-04-15). "Mideast Dispatches: Deadly merriment, the fallout from celebratory gunfire". CBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  24. ↑ Price, Matthew (12 October 2003). "Serbia wedding guests 'down plane'". BBC News.
  25. ↑ Gopalakrishnan, Raju (September 4, 2021). "At least 17 killed in celebratory gunfire in Kabul - reports". Reuters. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  26. ↑ "Three MEA Aircraft Damaged By Bullets Falling From The Sky". Simple Flying. 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  27. ↑ "INCIDENT Bullets fired during the New Year celebration have damaged Middle East Airlines aircraft". AIRLIVE. 2021-01-02. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  28. ↑ Mohammed Zaatari (2014-04-07). "Sidon demands security after stray-bullet death". The Daily Star, Lebanon. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-14.
  29. ↑ "Man killed by celebratory gunfire in Gaza". Ma'an News Agency. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012.
  30. ↑ "Celebratory gunfire at Saudi wedding cuts cable, 23 electrocuted". Reuters. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  31. ↑ "Jordanian King Goes to War Over Celebratory Gunfire". Green Prophet. 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  32. ↑ Burton, Randy (2007-07-31). "Raining bullets in the Middle East". The StarPhoenix. Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  33. ↑ "Gunshots celebrate Iraq soccer win, leave four dead". AM New York. Associated Press. 2007-07-30. p. 9.
  34. ↑ "Soccer underdogs unite Iraqis". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  35. ↑ "Bala perdida mata a una niña de tres años". Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  36. ↑ "Sadhvi Deva Thakur booked as celebratory firing kills woman". Indian Express. 2016-11-16.
  37. ↑ "Celebratory gunfire kills woman". IOL News. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  38. ↑ "11 Dead At Pakistani Kite Festival, Metal Kite Strings, Stray Celebratory Gunfire Claim Lives At Annual Event, More Than 100 Injured". CBS News. 2007-02-26. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  39. ↑ Longmore, Thomas (1895). Gunshot Injuries, Their History, Characteristic Features, Complications, and General Treatment. Longmans, Green.
  40. ↑ Khoo, Benjamin J.Q. (Jul–Sep 2022). "A Royal Wedding Gone Wrong: The 1820 Uprising in Riau That Brought the Bugis to Singapore". BiblioAsia. Vol. 18, no. 2. National Library of Singapore. pp. 4–9.
  41. ↑ "Boy, 3, Killed by Stray Bullet from 'Celebratory Gunfire' on New Year's Eve". Peoplemag. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  42. ↑ "Police identify 2 killed by shots fired at New Year's party in West Michigan". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  43. ↑ "2 dead from 'celebratory gunfire' at New Year's Eve party in Van Buren County". FOX 17 West Michigan News (WXMI). 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  44. ↑ Brea Hollingsworth (January 2022). "Neighbor speaks out after woman killed by Durham celebratory gunfire on New Year's Eve". CBS 17 Local News. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  45. ↑ Kayla Morton (January 2022). "1 dead, 5 shootings, 6 victims reported in Durham as city heads into New Year". CBS 17 Local News. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  46. ↑ Levenson, Michael (7 January 2022). "Ohio Officer Shoots Through Fence, Killing a Man Who Was Firing a Gun". New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  47. ↑ Rojas, Josh (2020-01-08). "Exclusive: St. Petersburg Celebratory Gunfire Strikes Restaurant Patron". Bay News 9.
  48. ↑ "Texas nurse shot to death on New Year's Eve, likely by celebratory gunfire, police say". NBC News.
  49. ↑ "'Stray' bullet hits Texas legislator in the head at New Year's celebration". CNN. 2 January 2017.
  50. ↑ "Celebratory gunfire blamed in Houston man's death". Texas Star-Telegram. 2015-01-01. Archived from the original on 2015-01-04.
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  52. ↑ Shulleeta, Brandon (2013-07-06). "Police seek person who fired shot that killed boy". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  53. ↑ Blanchfield, Patrick (29 December 2015). "The Sometimes Deadly Celebratory Gunshots Fired on New Year's Eve". The Trace.
  54. ↑ Rowe, Kellie (2012-07-08). "Student shot at fireworks show, died next morning". The State News. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  55. ↑ "Falling Bullet Kills 4-Year-Old Boy In DeKalb". wsbtv.com. 2010-01-02. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  56. ↑ "Stray bullet kills S Asian expat". BBC News. 2005-12-31. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  57. ↑ Kilgannon, Corey (2005-12-31). "Soldier Charged in Shooting Death of Woman at Window". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  58. ↑ Meenan, Mick (2006-06-01). "Metro Briefing : New York: Queens: Ex-Private Gets 4 To 12 Years For Manslaughter". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  59. ↑ "Help Center - the Arizona Republic". Archived from the original on November 5, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Survivor Story: Joseph B. Jaskolka". 16 September 2012. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  61. ↑ "History Of The New Orleans Police Department". Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  62. ↑ "Mystery Bullet Kills Baseball Fan In Midst of Crowd at Polo Grounds". The New York Times. July 5, 1950. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  63. ↑ "Mystery Shot Kills Baseball Fan in Crowd of 49,000". Chicago Tribune. July 5, 1950. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Boy Confesses Firing Shot into Polo Grounds". The Day (New London). July 8, 1950. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  65. ↑ [It] Art. 703 of Italian Penal code: https://www.brocardi.it/codice-penale/libro-terzo/titolo-i/capo-i/sezione-iii/art703.html
  66. 1 2 "Celebratory Gunfire". Citizens For A Safer Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2006-11-16. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  67. ↑ "4th of July Gunfire Reduction Program". Official web site of the Los Angeles Police Department. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  68. ↑ "New Years' Eve Gunfire Can Be Deadly". MyMotherLode.com News. Clarke Broadcasting Corporation. 2002-12-31. Archived from the original on 2006-11-30.
  69. ↑ "WTAW News Talk 1620 – News Archives". Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  70. ↑ Abdul-Alim, Jamaal (2005-12-29). "JS Online: Hold the gunfire". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  71. ↑ "Discovery Channel :: Mythbusters: Episode Guide". StarPhoenix. CanWest Interactive. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  72. ↑ "Annotated Mythbusters: Episode 50: Bullets Fired Up, Vodka Myths III". Retrieved 2007-08-01.

Further reading

  • "Falling bullets: terminal velocities and penetration studies", by L. C. Haag, Wound Ballistics Conference, April 1994, Sacramento, California.
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