Caupo of Turaida
King of Livonia
Monument to Caupo at Krimulda Castle
ReignUntil 21 September 1217
Born12th century
Died(1217-09-21)21 September 1217
Near Viljandi

Caupo of Turaida, or Kaupo (died 21 September 1217) was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what is now part of Latvia and Estonia. He is sometimes called a 'King of Livonia', the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia refers to him as quasi rex, 'like a king'.[1]

Biography

Caupo was the first prominent Livonian to be christened.[2] He was probably baptized around 1191 by Theoderic of Turaida, a preacher who would later become the abbot of Daugavgrīva Abbey. [3] He became an ardent Christian and a friend of Albert of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Riga, who, in 1203–1204, took him on a journey to Rome and introduced him to Pope Innocent III. The Pope was impressed by the converted pagan chief and presented him a Bible and a hundred gold pieces. When he returned from the journey, his tribe rebelled against him and Caupo took part in a siege of his former fortress in Turaida in 1212. The wooden fort was rebuilt two years later out of brick and stone, closer to its present surviving form.[4]

Caupo participated in a crusader raid against the still pagan Estonians and was killed in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day in 1217, fighting against the troops of the Estonian leader Lembitu of Lehola. Caupo had no male successors, as his son Bertold had been killed 1210 in the Battle of Ümera. He left his inheritance to the church, but the Lieven and Koskull families later claimed female-line descent from him.[5]

Modern Estonians, Latvians, and remaining Livonians do not have a singular view about the historical role of Caupo. Baltic nationalists generally consider him a negative figure and a traitor to his people, however, such claims are typically dismissed by scholars as applying a modern viewpoint to a medieval chieftain.[6] Some Latvian folk tales name him "Kaupo the accursed, the scourge of the Livs,... Kaupo who has sold his soul to the foreign bishops."[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stephen Turnubll, Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (2 ed.), Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-17-80-96218-4
  2. ↑ Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae, Henricus (de Lettis) ed., Olion, 1982, p.43.
  3. ↑ "Teoderihs". Historia.lv. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  4. ↑ DK, DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, 2015, ISBN 978-02-41-23971-1, p.192.
  5. ↑ Marek Tamm; Linda Kaljundi; Carsten Selch Jensen (1 November 2011). Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-0-7546-6627-1. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  6. ↑ Zemītis, Guntis (1993). "Kaupo — nodevējs vai laikmeta pretrunu upuris? Pārrunu kārtībā". Latvijas Zinātņu Akadēmijas Vēstis. 11: 27–33.
  7. ↑ Urch, R.O.G. Latvia—Country and People. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1938.
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