Carl Aldo Marzani
Born4 March 1912
Rome
DiedDecember 11, 1994(1994-12-11) (aged 82)
US
NationalityAmerican
EducationB.A., Williams College, 1935;
B.A., Oxford University, 1938
Occupation(s)Economist, intelligence analyst, film producer, author, publisher, landlord
Years active1936–1980s
Known forDocumentary films
Political partyCommunist Party GB, Communist Party USA
Criminal chargesDefrauding U.S. government
Spouse(s)Edith Eisner (Edith Emerson),
Charlotte Pomerantz
Children2 with Eisner, 2 with Pomerantz
Military career
Allegiance Spanish Republic 1936–1937
 United States of America (During WW II)
Service/branch International Brigades
Joint Chiefs of Staff
UnitLincoln Battalion
Durruti Column
Office of Strategic Services
Signature

Carl Aldo Marzani (4 March 1912 – 11 December 1994) was an Italian-born American political activist with a series of careers as a volunteer soldier in the Spanish Civil War, organizer for the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), United States intelligence official, documentary filmmaker with an Academy Award nomination, author, and publisher. During World War II he served in the federal intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and later the U.S. Department of State. He picked the targets for the Doolittle raid on Tokyo, which took place on April 18, 1942.[1] Marzani served nearly three years in prison for having concealed his former CPUSA membership when joining the US war effort in 1942.[2][3]

Background

Carl Aldo Marzani was born on March 4, 1912, in Rome, Italy.[4] The family immigrated to the United States in 1924 and settled in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Carl entered the first grade at the age of twelve, not knowing English. He graduated from high school in 1931 with a scholarship to Williams College. There, Marzani became a socialist and joined the League for Industrial Democracy. He began writing and became the editor of the school's literary magazine. In 1935, he graduated summa cum laude from Williams College with a BA in English.[1] Marzani thereupon moved to New York. In 1936 he received a Moody fellowship to Oxford University.[2]

Career

When the Spanish Civil War broke out, Marzani left Oxford to participate as a volunteer in the Spanish Republican Army. He served with the Durruti Column, a unit of the anarchist wing of the Republican forces, during late 1936 and early 1937. His advocacy of military discipline raised suspicion that he was a communist, and thereby an adversary of the anarchists in the Republican struggle. Slated for execution as a communist threat to the anarchist unit, he left for Barcelona. In Spain, Marzani was impressed by what he had seen of the communists, but not by the anarchists.[5]

In 1937 Marzani returned to Oxford and married Edith Eisner (stage name Edith Emerson). Then Abraham Lazarus brought him into the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB),[5] which Eisner joined with him. Marzani became CPGB's treasurer of the South Midlands district. Returning to university studies, he received a BA in Modern Greats, (Philosophy, Politics, Economics) from Oxford in June 1938.[1]

That summer, Marzani and his wife hitch-hiked around the world, visiting India, Indochina, China, Japan, and Europe. Through Communist Party contacts, they were able to meet Jawaharlal Nehru and other radical figures.[1] Marzani later wrote that the immediate effect of his conversation with Nehru "was to broaden my horizons, show me the relationship between the industrial revolution and colonialism, revise my understanding of both, and give me a solid grounding in the economics of imperialism."[6]

After their world tour, the Marzanis returned to the United States, and went on relief, the New Deal term for government assistance. Soon they got jobs with the New Deal program, the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The WPA assigned Marzani to teach economics at New York University. Marzani joined the CPUSA 25 August 1939, two days after the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed,[7][8] under the alias Tony Wales. An informant wrote that he was also known later by this name "in party circles".[9]

While a WPA instructor at New York University, he served as district organizer for the Communist Party on the Lower East Side of New York. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in mid 1941, Marzani became director of a popular front anti-fascist organization, and resigned from the Communist Party in August 1941.[1]

In early 1942 after the United States became involved in World War II, Marzani went to Washington, D.C. to help in the war effort. As an economist, he soon found his way to the Economic Division of the Research and Analysis branch of the Coordinator of Information. Both the head of the Economics Division and his assistant knew of Marzani from Williams College days. The same year, this group was renamed the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). It was the predecessor organization of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Marzani did not hide his Marxist orientation but stated that he had left CPUSA, which satisfied enough of his OSS colleagues.[8]

At the OSS, Marzani worked under Colonel William J. Donovan from 1942 to 1945 in the Analysis Branch. A 1943 Venona Project decryption of Soviet espionage cable traffic reported on an American code-named Kollega ("Colleague"), recruited by Eugene Dennis, who later became CPUSA General Secretary. The message described Kollega as working at the "Photographic Section Pictural Devision [sic]", interpreted by the U.S. analysts as "probably the Pictures Division of the News and Features Bureau of the Office of War Information" (OWI).[10] Several authors have speculated that Kollega was Marzani,[11][12] though it has been disputed.[13] Another posited code name for Marzani was NORD.[8] In 1945 Marzani transferred to the Department of State, where he worked as the deputy chief of the Presentation Division of the Office of Intelligence.[14] Marzani handled the preparation of top secret reports.[1]

After the war, the OSS was split up. Marzani's branch was moved to the State Department, where he was the deputy chief of the Presentation Division of the Office of Intelligence.[8]

In 1946 Marzani founded and directed Union Films, a film documentary company that had contracts with the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE) and other unions to do documentaries. One film entitled Deadline for Action, was released in September 1946, five weeks before Marzani resigned from the State Department. The film "severely criticized powerful corporations such as General Electric and Westinghouse", whose workers the UE had organized.[3]

In January 1947 Marzani was indicted for defrauding the government by receiving government pay while concealing CPUSA membership; specifically, for having made false and fraudulent statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of an agency of the United States Government in violation of Section 80 of Title 18 of the United States Code Annotated.[14] An unsympathetic account of his case, written by one of the participants in both the events and his trial, appeared in the anticommunist magazine Plain Talk.[15] He was convicted on 22 June 1947.[16]

Arthur Garfield Hays represented Marzani pro hac vice with Allan R. Rosenberg with Charles E. Ford and Warren L. Sharfman. Following conviction, Belford V. Lawson Jr. filed a brief on behalf of the National Lawyers Guild and Joseph Forer filed a brief on behalf of the Civil Rights Congress as amicus curiae urging reversal.[14] Nine counts were overturned on appeal, while the Supreme Court split 4-4 on a rare rehearing of the last two charges. Marzani served all but four months of a thirty-six-month sentence.[16]

In July 1947, Emile Despres vouched for Marzani's loyalty.[17] In August 1947, Despres again "testified emphatically" for his loyalty before the House Committee on Un-American Activities.[18]

In December 1947, Time magazine reported Marzani among other "unwelcome guests" to speak at six US colleges, whether "Republicans, Democrats, Communists, Buchmanites, Zoroastrians, or ecdysiasts". The article mentioned Gerhart Eisler and Marzani ("dismissed by the State Department for concealing his Communist card") together and that it was the University of Wisconsin which had barred him.[19]

Despite the adversity of this period, Marzani continued actively making documentaries through his Union Films organization. In 1948, he made some dozen political campaign films for the Progressive Party presidential candidate, Henry A. Wallace, as well as a film for the American Labor Party incumbent candidate for Congress, Vito Marcantonio of East Harlem.[3]

Marzani entered prison in March 1949.[20] He later wrote of serving time in Danbury Federal Prison with former House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) chairman J. Parnell Thomas, as well as Ring Lardner, Jr. and Lester Cole of the Hollywood Ten, who had been convicted for refusing to testify at HUAC hearings. In prison, Marzani began work on a book blaming President Harry S. Truman for starting the Cold War. W.E.B. DuBois summarized its argument in his introduction, dated August 17, 1952:

The unquestioned desire of the American people for peace can be translated into action only by basic knowledge of how the present crisis has come about and how Roosevelt's peace policy became the Cold War. This book brings the reader undisputed proof of Truman's apostacy to the New Deal; of Churchill's machiavellian plans against the Soviet Union and of the sinister roles of Forrestal, Harriman, Dulles, Byrnes and Vandenberg, and of the murderous conspiracy which started the Korean War.[21]

Caught attempting to smuggle the manuscript out of prison in 1950, Marzani was placed in solitary confinement. Soon after, the authorities transferred him to Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary where he was held in isolation for six months.[3] The book was published in 1952, after his release, as We Can Be Friends: Origins of the Cold War.[21]

Union Films went out of business during his stay in prison. After his release in 1951, Marzani edited UE Steward for the United Electrical Workers until 1954. The same year he joined Cameron Associates and partnered with Angus Cameron to run Liberty Book Club. Liberty Book Club eventually became Marzani & Munsell which operated the Library-Prometheus Book Club. The two book clubs, with some 8,000 members, published and distributed many books following their progressive ideology.[8] In this phase of his career Marzani was a contact for the Soviet secret police agency, the KGB, and the KGB subsidized his publishing house in the 1960s, according to allegations made in 1994 by Oleg Kalugin, a retired KGB officer.[22] The amounts were $15,000 in 1960, then a two-year grant in 1961 of $55,000.[8]

In 1957, Marzani published the first American translation of writings by Antonio Gramsci, The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci.[23] It was one of the first two translations in English of this seminal political theorist. Marzani's translation comprised about half of the book, while his introduction and annotations supplied the other half. A contemporaneous reviewer found Marzani's translation "remarkably fine" but disapproved both the format, with Marzani's interspersed annotations, and occasionally his comments' tone as well.[24] A 1992 review of a later academic biography of Gramsci adopts Marzani's title of 35 years previous as the review's own. Opening with a discussion of Marzani's book, it quotes Marzani's introduction:

To speak of Gramsci as a Marxist with an open mind may strike many people as a contradiction in terms, because the behavior of a considerable number of Marxists has bolstered ruling class propaganda that Marxism is a dogma. Marxism is not a dogma though there are Marxists who are dogmatists, just as science is not dogma though there are scientists who are dogmatists. Marx himself made this point when he averred that he was no "Marxist."[25]

Marzani traveled to Europe and the Soviet Union in September 1960, returning to New York in January. He was working on a Spanish translation of We Can Be Friends for publication in Cuba. Cuba's UN delegation arranged for him to visit Havana the following month. While he was there, Cedric Belfrage, a British friend from Marzani's OSS days, introduced him to Jacobo Árbenz, the former President of Guatemala overthrown by the CIA in 1954. Another OSS friend arranged a meeting with Che Guevera, with whom Marzani anticipated a US invasion of Cuba, six weeks before the US-financed, US-directed Bay of Pigs Invasion. These experiences provided background for Cuba Versus CIA, cowritten with Robert E. Light, an associate editor with Belfrage's newspaper, the National Guardian.[26] This book was one of the first to list major covert CIA operations, including against Guatemala, and overthrowing the Mossadegh government in Iran in 1953.[8]

In 1961, Marzani attended a Williams College alumni reunion where fellow alumnus Richard Helms spoke. Marzani quoted from Helms' speech and subsequent discussions in a 1966 book, A Text for President X, that was never published, as both Helms and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. disliked. Helms stated in correspondence with Marzani that he did not want more attention for the CIA; and Schlesinger did not like Marzani's suggestion that the late President Kennedy planned a second Cuba invasion. Marzani continued to correspond with his intelligence contacts as late as 1979, keeping abreast of their views of foreign affairs including the Iranian Revolution and developments in China.[8] He was still active in the early 1980's, going on a lecture tour to discuss his 1980 book, The Promise of Eurocommunism.[1]

The Marzani and Munsell publishing house "was destroyed in a mysterious fire" in December 1968, ending the run of books, pamphlets, broadsheets and reprints chronicled in the Bibliography below. His publishing career at an end, Marzani purchased four Manhattan brownstones which he renovated and rented, while residing in one of them.[8]

Marzani was one of the interviewees in Vivian Gornick's 1977 book, The Romance of American Communism.[27] Like the other interviewees, Marzani was concealed by a pseudonym; his was "Eric Lanzetti".[16][28] Gornick described the impression he made on her while she was researching this work, in her review of the first volume of his autobiography:

At the age of 62 he talked longer, harder, faster than anyone I'd ever met. As he talked he smoked, drank, cut the air with his hands, leaped up from his chair, paced the floor, grasped the arm of his listener. His dark eyes grew darker, his brows came together in (mock) ferocity, his white spade beard made him look now a patriarch, now an intellectual, now a con man. He was the most integrated Communist I had met. Everything he had learned in a long eventful life--about himself, others, the nature of human experience--seemed to flow into his politics. He had paid attention to the evidence of his senses. That evidence, apparently, had influenced his response--as a Marxist--to the world around him. His politics in turn had undoubtedly shaped the character of his emotional life, tempered his daily judgments, widened the scope of his relationships, made all things human interesting to him. For Marzani, Marxism was a philosophic perspective, not a political doctrine.[29]

Personal life and death

In 1937, Marzani married his first wife, Edith Eisner, an actress whose stage name was Edith Emerson. They had two children, Anthony Marzani and Judith Cutler.[2] They divorced in 1966. The same year, he married Charlotte Pomerantz, a children's writer and journalist. They also had two children, Daniel Marzani and Gabrielle Marzani.[30] Pomerantz's father was a well-known lawyer, Abraham Pomerantz, a former Nuremberg Trials prosecutor whom Congressman George A. Dondero alleged to have communist sympathies.[31]

Carl Marzani died age 82 on December 11, 1994, in Manhattan.[2]

Publications

In later years, Marzani seems to have moved away from his Old Left roots. In 1972 he authored Wounded Earth,[32] a well-respected book on environmental matters, at that time an unusual interest for a man associated with orthodox Marxism. In a 1976 article for the periodical In These Times,[33] he spoke respectfully of the Club of Rome, a think-tank formed by a group of Italian industrialists in 1968; "it is a highly sophisticated group, the most thoughtful representatives of European capitalism". In a note appended to the article he commented "I have only two claims to fame: that I was the first political prisoner of the Cold War and that I wrote the first revisionist history of it." He continued to propound his later revisionism of a different sort, in his 1981 book The Promise of Eurocommunism.[34]

Books by or co-written by Marzani

  • John Gore, miner; a tragedy in 3 acts (1936)[35]
  • We Can Be Friends (1952)[36]
  • The Survivor: A Novel (1958)[37]
  • Dollars and Sense of Disarmament (1960)[38]
  • Cuba versus CIA (1961)[39]
  • The Shelter Hoax and Foreign Policy (1962)[40]
  • The Conscience of the Senate on the Vietnam War (1965)[41][42]
  • Withdraw!: From an Indochina War That Dishonors Our Country and Threatens Nuclear Disaster (1970)[43]
  • The Wounded Earth; an Environmental Survey (1972)[44]
  • The Threat of American Neo-Fascism: A Prudential Inquiry (1972)[45]
  • "Towards Eurocapitalism" (1976)[33]
  • The Promise of Eurocommunism (1980)[46]
  • Beyond 1984: Spain, Orwell and the Neo-Orwellians (1984)[47]
  • On Interring Communism and Exalting Capitalism[48]
  • The Education of a Reluctant Radical[49]
    • Book 1: Roman Childhood (1992)
    • Book 2: Growing Up American (1993)
    • Book 3: Spain, Munich and Dying Empires (1994)
    • Book 4: From Pentagon to Penitentiary (1995)
    • Book 5: Reconstruction. Monthly Review Press, 2001

Translated by Marzani

  • The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci (1957)[50]
  • Inside the Khrushchev Era (1960)[51]

Published by Marzani & Munsell

Books by Marzani
  • Cuba Versus CIA (1961)[52]
  • Dollars and Sense of Disarmament (1961)[53]
  • The Shelter Hoax and Foreign Policy (1962)[40]
  • The Military Background to Disarmament (1962)[54]
  • The Conscience of the Senate on the Vietnam War (1965)[55]
Books by other authors

See Marzani & Munsell

Filmography

A number of these are available for online viewing. See External links, below, for those.

See also

Notes

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Guide to the Carl Aldo Marzani Papers TAM 154". The Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. New York University Libraries. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
    2. 1 2 3 4 "Carl Marzani, 82, 'Loyalty' Case Defendant, Dies". The New York Times. December 14, 1994.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Musser, Charles (2009). "Carl Marzani and Union Films: Making Left-Wing Documentaries during the Cold War, 1946–53" (PDF). The Moving Image. University of Minnesota Press: 104–160, 114-115 (Deadline for Action). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
    4. ↑ Kimball, W. (2016). America Unbound: World War II and the Making of a Superpower. Springer. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-137-06963-4.
    5. 1 2 Murtha, Robert A. (27 February 2018). "Letter to the Editor". The Volunteer. Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
    6. ↑ Rosengarten, Frank (1997). "Carl Marzani: A Radical American Life". Science & Society. 61 (3): 396–402. JSTOR 40403646.
    7. ↑ Brazil, Percy (March 1995). "Memories of Carl Marzani". Monthly Review. 46 (10): 34–43. doi:10.14452/MR-046-10-1995-03_4. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
    8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Aldrich, Richard J. (2013). "CIA History as a Cold War Battleground: The Forgotten First Wave of Agency Narratives". In Moran, Christopher R.; Murphy, Christopher J. (eds.). Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US: Historiography Since 1945. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 31–38. ISBN 978-0748677566. OCLC 854711000. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
    9. ↑ Budenz, Louis F. (1950). Men Without Faces: The Communist Conspiracy in the USA. Harper and Row. p. 252. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
    10. ↑ "Garbled status reports of several agents" (PDF). National Security Agency Central Security Service. National Security Agency. Retrieved 14 February 2021. Cited from "Venona Documents – June 1943". National Security Agency Central Security Service. National Security Agency. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
    11. ↑ Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. Yale, 2000. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
    12. ↑ The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors by Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel. Regnery, 2001. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
    13. ↑ "They Led Two Lives", book review by Maurice Isserman. The New York Times, May 9, 1999. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
    14. 1 2 3 "Marzani v. United States, 168 F.2d 133 (D.C. Cir. 1948)". Justia US Law. 21 June 1948. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
    15. ↑ Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1953). Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
    16. 1 2 3 Cannistraro, Philip V.; Meyer, Gerald (2003). The Lost World of Italian American Radicalism: Politics, Labor, and Culture. Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 0275978915. OCLC 470208735.
    17. ↑ "Testimony on the Papers of Harry Dexter White: Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments". US GPO. 30 August 1955. pp. 28 (citing Washington Star page 2A). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
    18. ↑ "Testimony on the Papers of Harry Dexter White: Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments". US GPO. 30 August 1955. pp. 28 (citing HUAC hearing and page 627). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
    19. ↑ "Education: Unwelcome Guests". Time. 22 December 1947. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
    20. ↑ "The Education of a Reluctant Radical: Book 5". Monthly Review. Monthly Review Foundation. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    21. 1 2 Marzani, Carl (August 1952). We Can Be Friends: Origins of the Cold War. Topical Books Publishers. pp. 7 (introduction), 14 (jail with Thomas). Retrieved 31 December 2019.
    22. ↑ Kalugin, Oleg (2009). Spymaster: My Thirty-Two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0786743667. OCLC 488564977. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
    23. ↑ Gramsci, Antonio (1957). The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci. Translated by Marzani, Carl. New York: Cameron. OCLC 612098526.
    24. ↑ Mins, Henry F. (1958). "Reviewed work: The Modern Prince and Other Writings, Antonio Gramsci; the Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci, Carl Marzani". Science & Society. 22 (3): 283–286. JSTOR 40400590.
    25. ↑ Buttigieg, Joseph A. (1992). "The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci". The Review of Politics. 54 (1): 177–180. doi:10.1017/S0034670500017320. JSTOR 1407941. S2CID 145367432.
    26. ↑ Light, Robert E.; Marzani, Carl (1961). Cuba versus CIA (PDF). New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 924365158. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
    27. ↑ Gornick, Vivian (2020). The Romance of American Communism. London Brooklyn, NY: Verso. ISBN 978-1788735506. OCLC 1101510980.
    28. ↑ Terrill 1978
    29. ↑ Gornick, Vivian (March 16, 1992). "The Education of a Reluctant Radical: Roman Childhood". The Nation. 254 (10). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
    30. ↑ Genzlinger, Neil (August 15, 2022). "Charlotte Pomerantz, Inventive Children's Book Author, Dies at 92". New York Times. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    31. ↑ "Ex-Army Men Hit as 'Red' Backers" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 July 1947. p. 13.
    32. ↑
      • Marzani, Carl (1972). The Wounded Earth; an Environmental Survey. Reading, Mass: Young Scott Books. ISBN 0201094126. OCLC 918357806.
    33. 1 2 Marzani, Carl (December 1976). "Towards Eurocapitalism". In These Times.
    34. ↑ Marzani, Carl; Cammett, John M (1980). The promise of Eurocommunism. Westport, Conn: L. Hill. ISBN 0882081101. OCLC 611343494.
    35. ↑ Library of Congress, Copyright Office. Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [C] Group 3. Dramatic Composition and Motion Pictures. New Series. p. 320. hdl:2027/uc1.b3421235. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
    36. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1952). We Can Be Friends. Foreword by W. E. B. DuBois. New York: Topical Books. ISBN 0824002946. OCLC 981054470. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    37. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1958). The Survivor: A Novel. New York: Cameron Associates. OCLC 917055311. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    38. ↑ Marzani, Carl; Perlo, Victor (1960). Dollars and Sense of Disarmament. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 574398435. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    39. ↑ Light, Robert E.; Marzani, Carl (1961). Cuba versus CIA (PDF). New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 924365158. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    40. 1 2 Marzani, Carl (1962). The Shelter Hoax and Foreign Policy. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 4417974.
    41. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1965). The Conscience of the Senate on the Vietnam War. Excerpts from the Congressional Record; includes Marzani's 1965 broadsheet, "McNamara's War", as the introduction. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 10764500.
    42. ↑ Lopez, Ken. "Vietnam War Literature: a Catalog" (PDF). Ken Lopez Bookseller. OCLC 1004917878. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
    43. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1970). Withdraw!: From an Indochina War That Dishonors Our Country and Threatens Nuclear Disaster. New York: American Documentary Films. OCLC 33399527.
    44. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1972). The Wounded Earth; an Environmental Survey. Reading, Mass: Young Scott Books. ISBN 0201094126. OCLC 918357806.
    45. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1972). The Threat of American Neo-Fascism: A Prudential Inquiry. New York: American Documentary Films. OCLC 3237144.
    46. ↑ Marzani, Carl; Cammett, John M (1980). The Promise of Eurocommunism. Westport, Conn: L. Hill. ISBN 0882081101. OCLC 611343494.
    47. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1984). Beyond 1984: Spain, Orwell and the Neo-Orwellians. OCLC 20505574.
    48. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1990). On Interring Communism and Exalting Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press. OCLC 29631725.
    49. ↑ Marzani, Carl. The Education of a Reluctant Radical. New York: Topical Books. OCLC 25050923.
    50. ↑ Gramsci, Antonio (1957). The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci. Translated by Marzani, Carl. With annotations by Marzani. New York: Cameron. OCLC 612098526. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
    51. ↑ Boffa, Giuseppe (1960). Inside the Khrushchev Era. Translated by Marzani, Carl. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 837045483.
    52. ↑ Light, Robert E.; Marzani, Carl (1961). Cuba Versus CIA (PDF). New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 924365158. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
    53. ↑ Marzani, Carl; Perlo, Victor (1960). Dollars and Sense of Disarmament. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 574398435. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
    54. ↑ Blackett, Baron Blackett, P. M. S.; Marzani, Carl; Huberman, Leo; Sweezy, Paul M. (1962). The Military Background to Disarmament. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 37914589.
    55. ↑ Marzani, Carl (1965). The Conscience of the Senate on the Vietnam War. New York: Marzani & Munsell. OCLC 10764500.
    56. ↑ "The 16th Academy Awards 1944". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
    57. ↑ Musser, Charles (6 June 2020). "Rediscovering Another Lost Union Films Production: The Case of the Fishermen (1947)". Orphan Film Symposium. New York University. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
    58. ↑ "The Case of the Fishermen". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Union Films. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
    59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Marzani, Carl; Crowdus, Gary; Rubenstein, Lenny (1976). "UNION FILMS: An Interview with Carl Marzani". Cinéaste. 7 (2): 33–35. JSTOR 42683496.
    60. ↑ "A People's Convention". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archive. 1948. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
    61. 1 2 Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series, Volume 3, Parts 11-12, Number 1: Motion Pictures. Library of Congress. January–June 1949. p. 93. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
    62. ↑ Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series, Volume 3, Parts 11-12, Number 1: Motion Pictures. Library of Congress. January–June 1949. p. 100. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
    63. ↑ Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series, Volume 3, Parts 11-12, Number 1: Motion Pictures. Library of Congress. January–June 1949. p. 116. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

    Further reading

    • Cannistraro, Philip V. and Gerald Meyer. 2003. The Lost World of Italian American Radicalism. Greenwood Publishing Group.
    • Griffin, Fariello (2008). Red Scare : Memories of the American Inquisition: An Oral History (1312016849 ed.). W. W. Norton. pp. 152–159. ISBN 9780393335040. OCLC 1036832113. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
    • Haynes, John Earl and Harvey Klehr. 1999. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press.
    • Kalugin, Oleg with Fen Montaigne. 1994. The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West New York: St. Martin's Press.
    • Gettleman, Marvin E. 1978. Review of Vivian Gornick, The Romance of American Communism. The American Historical Review, December 1978, 83(5):1360–1361.
    • Committee in Defense of Carl Marzani. "The Case of Carl Marzani". Historic Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh Library System. Retrieved 19 February 2021.

    Films

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