Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly on chest X-ray with a pacemaker
SpecialtyCardiology
TypesAthletic heart syndrome,[1] Ventricular hypertrophy, Atrial enlargement
CausesDilated cardiomyopathy,[2][3][4][5] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.[1][6][7][8][9]
Diagnostic methodHypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening[10][11]

Cardiomegaly (sometimes megacardia or megalocardia) is a medical condition in which the heart becomes enlarged. It is more commonly referred to simply as "having an enlarged heart". It is usually the result of underlying conditions that make the heart work harder, such as obesity, heart valve disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), and coronary artery disease. Cardiomyopathy is also associated with cardiomegaly.[12]

Cardiomegaly can be serious and can result in congestive heart failure. Recent studies suggest that cardiomegaly is associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death.[13]

Cardiomegaly may diminish over time, but many people with an enlarged heart (dilated cardiomyopathy) need lifelong medication.[14] Having a family history of cardiomegaly may indicate an increased risk for this condition.[15]

Lifestyle factors that can help prevent cardiomegaly include eating a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure, exercise, medications, and not abusing alcohol and cocaine.[15]

Signs and symptoms

For many people, cardiomegaly is asymptomatic. For others, if the enlarged heart begins to affect the body's ability to pump blood, then symptoms associated with congestive heart failure may arise, including:[15]

  • Heart palpitations – the irregular beating of the heart, usually associated with a valve
  • Severe shortness of breath (especially when physically active)
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing, when lying down
  • Fatigue
  • Leg swelling
  • Increased abdominal girth
  • Weight gain
  • Edema – swelling[16]
  • Fainting[15]

Causes

The causes of cardiomegaly are not well understood and many cases have no known cause. Lifestyle-related risk factors include tobacco use and high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Non-lifestyle risk factors include a family history of cardiomegaly, coronary artery disease (CAD), congenital heart failure, atherosclerotic disease, valvular heart disease, exposure to cardiac toxins, sleep-disordered breathing (such as sleep apnea), sustained cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal electrocardiograms, and cardiomegaly on chest X-ray.

Research and the evidence of previous cases link the following (below) as possible causes of cardiomegaly.

The most common causes of cardiomegaly are congenital (patients are born with the condition based on a genetic inheritance), high blood pressure (which can enlarge the left ventricle causing the heart muscle to weaken over time), and coronary artery disease. In the latter case, the disease creates blockages in the heart's blood supply, leading to tissue death which causes other areas of the heart to work harder, causing the heart to expand in size.

Other possible causes include:

In recent years, a consistent theme has occurred in rock and metal drummers dying of drug overdoses and later revealed via Autopsy that they were suffering from Cardiomegaly, which may have been worsened by a mix of drug use and the toll such physical exercise takes on the heart, examples of such cases include Jimmy ‘The Rev’ Sullivan (Avenged Sevenfold) and Taylor Hawkins (Foo Fighters).

Mechanism

Within the heart, the working fibers of the myocardial tissue increase in size. As the heart works harder the actin and myosin filaments experience less overlap which increases the size of the myocardial fibers. If there is less overlap of the protein filaments within the sarcomeres of the muscle fibers, they will not be able to effectively pull on one another. If the heart tissue gets too big and stretches too far, then those filaments cannot effectively pull on one another to shorten the muscle fibers, impacting the heart's sliding filament mechanism. If fibers cannot shorten properly and the heart cannot contract properly, then blood cannot be effectively pumped to the lungs to be re-oxygenated or to the body to deliver oxygen to the working tissues of the body.

An enlarged heart is more susceptible to forming blood clots in the heart lining. These clots can form elsewhere in the body, potentially disrupting blood supply to other organs.

Diagnosis

Many techniques and tests are used to diagnose an enlarged heart. These tests can be used to see how efficiently the heart is pumping, determine which chambers of the heart are enlarged, look for evidence of prior heart attacks and determine if a person has congenital heart disease.

Cardiothoracic ratio =
where:[23]
MRD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to right heart border
MLD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to left heart border
ID = internal diameter of chest at level of right hemidiaphragm
  • Chest X-ray: X-ray images help to visualize the condition of the lungs and heart. If the heart is enlarged on an X-ray, other tests will usually be needed to find the cause. A useful measurement on X-ray is the cardio-thoracic ratio, which is the transverse diameter of the heart, compared with that of the thoracic cage.[24] These diameters are taken from PA chest x-rays using the widest point of the chest and measuring as far as the lung pleura, rather than lateral skin margins. If the ratio is greater than 50%, pathology is suspected.[25] The measurement was first proposed in 1919 to screen military recruits. A newer approach to using these x-rays for evaluating heart health takes the ratio of heart area to chest area and has been called the two-dimensional cardiothoracic ratio.[26]
  • Electrocardiogram: This test records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes attached to the skin. Impulses are recorded as waves and displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. This test helps diagnose heart rhythm problems and assess the damage to a person's heart from a heart attack.
  • Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to produce a video image of the heart. With this test, the four chambers of the heart can be evaluated.
  • Stress test: A stress test, also called an exercise stress test, provides information about how well the heart works during physical activity. It usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while heart rhythm, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored.
  • Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These techniques create images of the heart for inspection.
  • Blood tests: Blood tests may be ordered to check the levels of substances in the blood that may show a heart problem. Blood tests can also help rule out other conditions.
Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.
Weight of the heart versus the body[27]
  • Cardiac catheterization and biopsy: In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart, where a biopsy of the heart can be extracted for laboratory analysis.[15]
  • Autopsy: Cardiomegaly is indicated if the heart weighs more than >399 grams in women and >449 grams in men.[28]

Classification

Cardiomegaly can be classified by the main enlarged location of the heart, and/or by the structure of the enlargement.

Specific subtypes include athletic heart syndrome, which is a non-pathological condition commonly seen in sports medicine in which the heart is enlarged, and the resting heart rate is lower than normal.

By enlarged location

Structure of enlargement

Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomegaly. In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of the heart become thin and stretched.[29]

In the other types, the heart's left ventricle becomes abnormally thick. Hypertrophy is usually what causes left ventricular enlargement. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is typically an inherited condition.[30]

Treatment

Treatments include a combination of medications and medical/surgical procedures. Below are some of the treatment options:

Medications

Devices to regulate heartbeat

  • Pacemaker: Coordinates contractions between ventricles. In people at risk of arrhythmias, drug therapy or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
  • ICDs: Small devices implanted in the chest to monitor heart rhythm and deliver electrical shocks to control abnormal heartbeats. The devices can also work as pacemakers.

Surgical procedures

  • Valve surgery: If an enlarged heart is caused by a problem with a heart valve, surgery can remove the valve and replace it with either an artificial valve or a tissue valve from a pig, cow or deceased human donor. If blood leaks backward through a valve (valve regurgitation), the leaky valve may be surgically repaired or replaced.
  • Coronary bypass surgery: to address coronary artery disease, which can lead to an enlarged heart.
  • Left ventricular assist device: (LVAD): to help a weak heart pump, potentially while waiting for a heart transplant or as a long-term treatment for heart failure.
  • Heart transplant: to provide a final option after other treatments fail.[15]

Consequences

The exact mortality rate for people with cardiomegaly is unknown. However, many people live for a long time with an enlarged heart and, if detected early, treatment can help improve the condition and prolong their lives.[15]

  • Heart failure: One of the most serious types of enlarged heart, an enlarged left ventricle, increases the risk of heart failure. In heart failure, the heart muscle weakens, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't pump blood efficiently throughout the body.
  • Blood clots: If clots enter the bloodstream, they can block blood flow to vital organs, possibly causing a heart attack or stroke. Clots that develop on the right side of the heart may travel to the lungs, a dangerous condition called a pulmonary embolism.
  • Heart murmur: Two of the heart's four valves – the mitral and tricuspid valves – may become dilated and not close properly, leading to a backflow of blood. This flow creates sounds called heart murmurs.
  • Cardiomegaly may be a temporary condition that can resolve on its own.
  • Smoking cessation
  • Limiting alcohol and caffeine intake
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Increasing fruits and vegetables in a daily diet
  • Limiting consumption of high-fat and/or high-sugar foods
  • Getting adequate restful sleep

References

  1. 1 2 "Enlarged heart". Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-29. Types...Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), Intense, prolonged athletic training
  2. ↑ Hershberger, Ray E; Morales, Ana; Siegfried, Jill D (22 September 2010). "Clinical and genetic issues in dilated cardiomyopathy: A review for genetics professionals". Genetics in Medicine. 12 (11): 655–667. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181f2481f. PMC 3118426. PMID 20864896.
  3. ↑ Luk, A; Ahn, E; Soor, G S; Butany, J (18 November 2008). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: a review". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 62 (3): 219–225. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.060731. PMID 19017683. S2CID 28182534.
  4. ↑ "What Is an Enlarged Heart (Cardiomegaly)?". WebMD. 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
  5. ↑ Lee, Ji Eun; Oh, Jin-Hee; Lee, Jae Young; Koh, Dae Kyun (2014). "Massive Cardiomegaly due to Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causing Bronchial Obstruction in an Infant". Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 22 (2): 84–7. doi:10.4250/jcu.2014.22.2.84. PMC 4096670. PMID 25031799.
  6. ↑ Marian, Ali J.; Braunwald, Eugene (15 September 2017). "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy". Circulation Research. 121 (7): 749–770. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311059. PMC 5654557. PMID 28912181.
  7. ↑ Maron, Martin S (1 February 2012). "Clinical Utility of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy". Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 14 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-14-13. PMC 3293092. PMID 22296938.
  8. ↑ Almog, C; Weissberg, D; Herczeg, E; Pajewski, M (1 February 1977). "Thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly: a clinicopathological rarity". Thorax. 32 (1): 116–120. doi:10.1136/thx.32.1.116. PMC 470537. PMID 138960.
  9. ↑ Hou, Jianglong; Kang, Y. James (September 2012). "Regression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy: Signaling pathways and therapeutic targets". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 135 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.006. PMC 3458709. PMID 22750195.
  10. ↑ Luis Fuentes, Virginia; Wilkie, Lois J. (September 2017). "Asymptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" (PDF). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 47 (5): 1041–1054. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.05.002. PMID 28662873.
  11. ↑ Maron, Barry J; Maron, Martin S (January 2013). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". The Lancet. 381 (9862): 242–255. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60397-3. PMID 22874472. S2CID 38333896.
  12. ↑ "Overview of Cardiomyopathies". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  13. ↑ Tavora F; et al. (2012). "Cardiomegaly is a common arrhythmogenic substrate in adult sudden cardiac deaths and is associated with obesity". Pathology. 44 (3): 187–91. doi:10.1097/PAT.0b013e3283513f54. PMID 22406485. S2CID 25422195.
  14. 1 2 "What Is an Enlarged Heart (Cardiomegaly)?". WebMD.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Enlarged heart - Symptoms and causes". mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Mayo Clinic Staff (January 16, 2020). "Enlarged heart". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Overview of Cardiomyopathies". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  18. ↑ "Pulmonary Hypertension". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  19. ↑ "Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  20. ↑ "Hereditary Hemochromatosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  21. ↑ Bestetti, Reinaldo B. (Nov 2016). "Chagas Heart Failure in Patients from Latin America". Card Fail Rev. 2 (2): 90–94. doi:10.15420/cfr.2016:14:2. PMC 5490952. PMID 28785459.
  22. ↑ http://www.ddcmultimedia.com/doqit/Care_Management/CM_HeartFailure/L1P4.html%5B%5D
  23. ↑ "Chest Measurements". Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  24. ↑ "cardiothoracic ratio". thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  25. ↑ Justin, M; Zaman, S; Sanders, J.; Crook, A. M; Feder, G.; Shipley, M.; Timmis, A.; Hemingway, H. (1 April 2007). "Cardiothoracic ratio within the 'normal' range independently predicts mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography". Heart. 93 (4): 491–494. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101238. PMC 1861494. PMID 17164481.
  26. ↑ Browne, Ronan F. J.; O'Reilly, Geraldine; McInerney, David (18 February 2004). "Extraction of the Two-Dimensional Cardiothoracic Ratio from Digital PA Chest Radiographs: Correlation with Cardiac Function and the Traditional Cardiothoracic Ratio". Journal of Digital Imaging. 17 (2): 120–123. doi:10.1007/s10278-003-1900-3. PMC 3043971. PMID 15188777.
  27. ↑ Kumar, Neena Theresa; Liestøl, Knut; Løberg, Else Marit; Reims, Henrik Mikael; Mæhlen, Jan (2014). "Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer". Cardiovascular Pathology. 23 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001. ISSN 1054-8807. PMID 24121021.
  28. ↑ Tracy, Richard Everett (2011). "Association of Cardiomegaly with Coronary Artery Histopathology and its Relationship to Atheroma". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 18 (1): 32–41. doi:10.5551/jat.5090. PMID 20953090.
  29. ↑ "Dilated Cardiomyopathy". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  30. ↑ "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  31. ↑ "Cor Pulmonale". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. October 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  32. ↑ Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia. Elsevier. 2018. doi:10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0. ISBN 978-0-323-49798-5. Mechanisms of Action:ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting one of several proteases responsible for cleaving the decapeptide Ang I to form the octapeptide Ang II. Because ACE is also the enzyme that degrades bradykinin, ACE inhibitors increase circulating and tissue levels of bradykinin (Fig. 8.4).
  33. ↑ "Management of Hypertension in Chronic Heart Failure". Today on Medscape. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  34. ↑ Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (June 1999). "beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis". BMJ. 318 (7200): 1730–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730. PMC 31101. PMID 10381708.
  35. ↑ "Digoxin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  36. ↑ "Anticoagulant medicines". nhs.uk. 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2020-01-23.

Further reading

  • Amin, Hina; Siddiqui, Waqas J. (2019). "Cardiomegaly". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31194436.
  • Ampanozi, Garyfalia; Krinke, Eileen; Laberke, Patrick; Schweitzer, Wolf; Thali, Michael J.; Ebert, Lars C. (1 September 2018). "Comparing fist size to heart size is not a viable technique to assess cardiomegaly". Cardiovascular Pathology. 36: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2018.04.009. PMID 29859507. S2CID 44086023.
  • Agostoni, PierGiuseppe; Cattadori, Gaia; Guazzi, Marco; Palermo, Pietro; Bussotti, Maurizio; Marenzi, Giancarlo (1 November 2000). "Cardiomegaly as a possible cause of lung dysfunction in patients with heart failure". American Heart Journal. 140 (5): A17–A21. doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.110282. PMID 11054632.
  • Luedde, Mark; Katus, Hugo; Frey, Norbert (1 January 2006). "Novel Molecular Targets in the Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy". Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. 1 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2174/157489006775244290. PMID 18221071.
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