Red Ball Garage in New York on East 31st Street
The Portofino Hotel (bottom right) in Redondo Beach, California

A Cannonball Run is an unsanctioned speed record for driving across the United States, typically accepted to run from New York City's Red Ball Garage to the Portofino Hotel in Redondo Beach near Los Angeles, covering a distance of about 2,906 miles (4,677 km).[1] As of October 2021, the overall record is 25 hours 39 minutes, with an average speed of 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), driven by Arne Toman and Doug Tabbutt.[2]

The average speeds achieved in reported runs are far in excess of speed limits anywhere in the United States. Successful record attempts have employed a variety of tactics for evading traffic law enforcement.

History

The cannonball run began as an unofficial, unsanctioned automobile race run five times in the 1970s from New York City and Darien, Connecticut, on the East Coast of the United States to the Portofino Inn[3] in the Los Angeles suburb of Redondo Beach, California. These races were called the Cannonball Baker Sea-To-Shining Sea Memorial Trophy Dash.[4]: 13 

Conceived by car magazine writer and auto racer Brock Yates and fellow Car and Driver editor Steve Smith, the first run was not a competitive race as only one team was running. The run was intended both as a celebration of the United States Interstate Highway System and as a protest against strict traffic laws coming into effect at the time. Another motivation was the fun involved, which showed in the tongue-in-cheek reports in Car and Driver and other auto publications worldwide. The initial cross-country run was made by Yates; his son, Brock Yates, Jr.; Steve Smith; and friend Jim Williams beginning on May 3, 1971, in a 1971 Dodge Custom Sportsman van called the "Moon Trash II."[4]: 13 

The race was run four more times: November 15, 1971;[4]: 61  November 13, 1972;[4]: 98  April 23, 1975;[4]: 144  and April 1, 1979.[4]: 202 

Format

The traditional start point is the Red Ball Garage on East 31st Street, Manhattan, and its finish is at the Portofino Hotel in Redondo Beach, California, a distance of just over 2,800 miles (4,500 km), depending on the route. A second starting point emerged for the 1979 running at the Goodwives Shopping Center in Darien, Connecticut. The route from this point is said to be approximately 48 miles farther than the Red Ball Garage starting point. Since the record is unsanctioned, there are no official limits imposed on cars, routes, technologies, or strategies used in record runs. Record-setting runs are typically self-verified by record-setters through witnesses, toll receipts, continuous video of the run, and GPS tracking. Contemporary record-setting runs are typically driven by a team of drivers and copilots in a high-performance, but inconspicuous car. Cars are commonly modified with auxiliary fuel tanks to extend range, and are frequently modified to increase performance and durability. Cars are also commonly modified to help evade police, using equipment such as police radio, radar and laser detectors and/or jamming, and cosmetic alterations that obscure the car's identity. Several attempts have also implemented police-spotting teams traveling ahead of the record-run in cars or even general-aviation aircraft.[5][6][7]

Legality and ethics

Record attempts are criticized for their illegality and disregard for public safety, as these attempts are not authorized by or in agreement with any law enforcement agency.[8]

List of records

Outright Cannonball record

On October 7–9, 2006, Alex Roy, Dave Maher and filmmaker Cory Welles set a transcontinental record of 31 hours 4 minutes from the Classic Car Club NYC to Santa Monica Pier using a modified 2000 BMW M5, averaging 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) with a top speed of 157 miles per hour (253 km/h).[9][10] A spotter plane was deployed for the daytime sections. This and the U.S. Express are depicted in the 2019 documentary APEX: The Secret Race Across America.[11]

In May 2007, Richard Rawlings and co-pilot Dennis Collins allegedly broke the 1979 Cannonball Run time during the 2007 Bullrun entry, driving a black Ferrari 550, modified with extra fuel tanks. Their final time was 31 hours and 59 minutes.[12]

In October 2013, a team led by Ed Bolian with Dave Black and Dan Huang set a transcontinental record of 28 hours 50 minutes in a modified 2004 Mercedes-Benz CL55 AMG, averaging 98 miles per hour (158 km/h) with top speed of 182 miles per hour (293 km/h).[13] Bolian and Black shared driving with Bolian serving as the primary driver while Huang served as spotter watching for police and obstructions such as deer or construction using image stabilized binoculars.[14][7]

In November 2019, the driving team of Arne Toman and Doug Tabbutt, with spotter Berkeley Chadwick, set a transcontinental record of 27 hours 25 minutes.[15][16] The team averaged 103 miles per hour (166 km/h) and reached a top speed of 193 miles per hour (311 km/h) on the trip covering 13 states. The 2015 Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG was modified to provide 800 horsepower and fitted with an additional fuel tank in the trunk providing 67 US gallons (250 L; 56 imp gal) enabling the team to stop just four times for fuel for a total of just over 22 minutes.[7] The car was also equipped with police scanner, CB radio, a thermal camera to help the team spot police on the ground and in the air as well as a laser jammer.[16] The team left early November ahead of Thanksgiving travel traffic and chose a route based on weather forecasts which provided dry weather through the entire trip.[17]

During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The record was broken multiple times during the COVID-19 pandemic, taking advantage of a reduction in both road users and law enforcement presence.[18]

In April 2020, an anonymous crew traveled from the Red Ball Garage[19] on the east side of Manhattan to the Portofino Hotel[20] in Redondo Beach, California—a total of 2,825.3 miles (4,546.9 km)—in 26 hours 38 minutes.[21][22] The team averaged 106 miles per hour (171 km/h). The record was completed in a 2019 Audi A8L with additional fuel tanks in the rear storage.[23][18]

In May 2020, Arne Toman, Doug Tabbutt, and spotter Dunadel Daryoush set the new cannonball record of 25 hours and 39 minutes in a modified 2016 Audi S6 disguised to look like a Ford Taurus police interceptor. Police-evasion modifications included brake light kill-switches, radar detectors, laser diffusers, CB-radio, and a roof-mounted thermal camera. Performance modifications included a trunk-mounted 67-gallon auxiliary fuel tank sourced from the car used in Toman and Tabbutt's 2019 cannonball run, modified turbochargers, an upgraded heat-exchanger, and custom ECU tuning that allowed for engine-mapping to be changed on-demand to suit either 91 or 93-octane fuel; allowing the car to generate an estimated 600 horsepower. The run achieved an overall average speed of 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), with average speeds upwards of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) across some states, and which at no time exceeded 175 miles per hour (282 km/h).[24][25][26][27]

In early June 2020, as reported by Road & Track, Fred Ashmore allegedly completed a solo run in 25 hours and 55 minutes.[28] The claim has now been cast into doubt by Road & Track after further investigation revealed that the evidence to support the claim had been doctored.[29]

Double transcontinental record

Also in May 2020, the team of Chris Clemens and Mark Spence in a highly modified Mercedes SL500 followed the Toman/Tabbutt team out of New York, drove from the Red Ball Garage in New York to the Portofino Inn in LA and then turned around and went back to the Red Ball Garage in 74 hours and 5 mins.[30]

In April 2022, the team of Nik Krueger, Mark Spence and Wesley Vigh drove from the Red Ball Garage in New York to the Portofino Hotel and Marina in LA, then back to the Red Ball Garage in 65 hours and 28 minutes, shattering the prior record by nearly eight and a half hours. The team used a modified 2008 Saab 9-5.[31] Mark Spence remains the only person in Cannonball Run history since Brock Yates to challenge their own record and beat it. Current Coast-to-Coast-to-Coast Cannonball Run Record: 65 hours and 19 minutes by Bennett Wilson, Chris Ruppman, and Grady Leno in a 2012 Mercedes S500 in April 2022.

Diesel record

On April 4, 2020, the three-man team consisting of Sean G. Petr, Jason Adkins, and Mark Spence piloted a 2014 Volkswagen Passat TDI SE from Goodwives Shopping Center in Darien, Connecticut to the Portofino Hotel and Marina in Redondo Beach, California in 28 hours and 30 minutes beating both the previous diesel record and Darien-Redondo time by more than 3 hours. The team averaged both 25.5 mpg and 100.07 mph over the 2,852-mile journey.[32]

Motorcycle record

Motorcycle between New York and Los Angeles 1917 to Present:

  1. Alan T Bedell drove a Henderson 4-cylinder motorcycle from LA to NYC in 7 days, 16 hours, and 16 minutes on June 13, 1917.[33]
  2. Erwin "Cannonball" Baker drove his Ace motorcycle from LA to NYC in 6 days, 22 hours, 52 minutes in 1922.[34]
  3. Wells Bennet rode an Excelsior/Henderson in 1922 to cross NYC to LA in 6 days, 16 hours, 13 minutes.[35]
  4. Earl Robinson in 1935 did the run in 3 days, 6 hours, 53 minutes.[36]
  5. Rody Rodenberg set his record of 71 hours 20 minutes during June 17–20, 1936, on a 1936 Indian Scout. This was disputed by Dot Robinson.[37]
  6. John Penton (of Penton racing fame) set a time of 52 hours 11 minutes for the solo LA-to-NYC motorcycle run in 1959. The trek was made on a BMW R69S.[38]
  7. Tibor Sarossy, at the time a college student, set a record in 1968 of 45 hours 41 minutes. Tibor used a homemade fuel tank made of jerry cans, which allowed for a reported four fuel stops. He also claims he never slept, although he did pass out from a diet of Hershey Bars and coffee at a produce inspection station in California. He averaged 58.7 mph on a BMW R69S.[39]
  8. Fred Boyajian set a new time of 42 hours 6 minutes on October 11, 1969. Fred used a beer keg to provide extra fuel. Evidence was Western Union telegrams at New York City and Los Angeles.[40]
  9. Carl Reese left from West Valley Cycle Sales BMW Dealership in Winnetka, California, at 3:15 a.m. PST on August 28, 2015. Reese arrived at BMW Motorrad dealership in Manhattan, New York City, at 9:04 p.m. EST the next day, travelling 2,829 miles in 38 hours 49 minutes (average speed 72.88 MPH) on a K1600GT BMW motorcycle. The trip was documented by notaries at both start and finish.[41]
  10. Adam Frasca posted a time of 37 hours and 7 minutes. Frasca departed Manhattan, NYC at 12:03 am EDT Tuesday, April 9, 2019, and arrived Redondo Beach, LA at 10:10 am PDT.[42]
  11. Calvin Cote completed the run in a time of 35:06:00, departing the Portofino Hotel and Marina on April 20, 2019 at 3:00 am (PDT) and arriving at the Red Ball Garage on April 21, 2019 at 5:06 pm (EDT). The 2,772 miles (4,461 km) run was completed on a 2012 BMW K1600 GTL equipped with a 15-US-gallon (57 L) auxiliary fuel tank, radar detector, and radar/lidar absorbing paint.[43][44]
  12. Alex Jones set a new benchmark of 32:52:00 atop his 2014 Yamaha FJR1300. The bike was equipped with a 7-US-gallon (26 L) auxiliary fuel tank, radar detector, laser jammers, and additional lighting. Jones left the Red Ball Garage on October 17, 2017 at 6:24 am (EDT) and arrived at Portofino Hotel on October 18, 2017 at 12:16 pm (PDT), covering more than 2,800 mi (4,500 km) with stops only to refuel.[45]
  13. Felix Hofmann set a new record of 32:27:42 on October 1, 2023. The German professional motorcycle rider drove the 2,884 miles (4,642 km) on a 2023 BMW M1000RR, which was equipped with a radar detector and a 25-liter tank. Furthermore, 8 team members were involved as spotters and refueling stops to enable the average speed of 88.85 mph (143 kmh) and a journey with only stops for refueling.

Electric vehicle record

In 1968, the Great Transcontinental Electric Car Race was held between student groups at Caltech and MIT.[46][47] The Caltech team, led by EV pioneer Wally Rippel, converted a 1958 VW Microbus powered by lead cobalt batteries from Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation of Detroit. The MIT team converted a 1968 Chevrolet Corvair powered by NiCad batteries. The MIT team raced from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Pasadena, California, while the Caltech team raced the opposite direction. A network of 54 charging locations was set up along the 3,311-mile route, spaced 21 to 95 miles apart.[48] The race began on August 26, 1968, and ended on September 4. Although the MIT team reached Pasadena first, they were towed part of the way. After assessing penalty points, Caltech was declared the winner with a corrected time of 210 hours 3 minutes.[49]

With the introduction of long-range EVs, such as the Tesla Roadster (2008) and, in particular, the Tesla Model S, coast-to-coast travel became more feasible. In January 2014, Tesla Motors completed the first coast-to-coast corridor in their supercharging network for the Model S. A team of 15 from Tesla Motors completed a 3,427-mile route from Los Angeles to New York City run in 76 hours, 5 minutes. (Time included 60 hours, 8 minutes driving, and 15 hours, 57 minutes charging.)[50] In July 2014, a team from Edmunds completed a slightly shorter 3,331.9-mile route in 67 hours, 21 minutes. (Time included 52 hours, 41 minutes driving, and 14 hours, 40 minutes charging.)[51]

Carl J. Reese and co-drivers Rodney Hawk and Deena Mastracci took advantage of a newly opened corridor on Interstate 70 to drive the 3,011-mile route from the City Hall in Los Angeles to the City Hall in New York City in 58 hours and 55 minutes during April 16–19, 2015, a new record for EVs in a 2015 Tesla Model S P85D. The drivers stopped 24 times for electric charging, with a total charge time of 12 hours 48 minutes. As proof, Reese presented 16 documents notarized on both ends, identifying drivers and three eyewitnesses: Matt Nordenstrom, Johnnie Oberg Jr., and Anthony Alvarado. Complete GPS logs recorded by GPSInsight (a fleet tracking company) were sent to Jalopnik and the Guinness Book of World Records. GPSInsight provided GPS tracking equipment to the team to verify the event.[52]

On October 18–21, 2015, Deena Mastracci and Reese were joined by Alex Roy. They set a new record for an LA–NYC run in an electric vehicle with a total time of 57 hours, 48 minutes.[53]

On August 24–27, 2016, the LA–NYC record was broken again by a team comprising Alex Roy, Righthook CEO Warren Ahner, and StreetWars founder Franz Aliquo, who completed the run in 55 hours flat in a 2016 Tesla Model S 90D.[54] GPS logs were recorded by US Fleet Tracking, and Comma.AI's Chffr data logger, and data was shared with The Drive.[55]

In December 2017, with an early-production Tesla Model 3, which are delivered to California-based customers only, Alex Roy and co-driver Dan Zorrilla broke the eastbound Electric Cannonball Run record again, driving 2,860 miles from the Portofino Inn to the Red Ball Garage in 50 hours and 16 minutes.[56] Their drive took place December 28–31 of 2017. GPS data was captured using the GPS Tracks application, and video evidence was shared on YouTube.[57]

In July 2019 a family team of Robin Jedi Thomsen, and her parents Lars Thomsen and Betty Legler set a record of 48 hours 10 minutes driving westbound for 2,835 miles (4,562 km) in a Long-Range Rear-Wheel-Drive Tesla Model 3 between 12 and 14 July 2019.[58]

In August 2019, Kyle Conner and Matthew Davis set a record of 45 hours and 16 minutes driving westbound from New York City to Los Angeles in a Long-Range Rear-Wheel-Drive Tesla Model 3 which had been modified, including lowering the car for better aerodynamics.[59]

At the end of 2020, Kyle Conner, Drew Peterson and Tijmen Schreur lowered the EV record to 44:26 despite winter conditions in an Out of Spec Motoring Porsche Taycan with the large battery, aerodynamic wheels, and massaging seats, using Electrify America CCS chargers with up to 350 kW.[60][61]

In October 2021, the EV record was broken twice in the same rented 2021 Tesla Model S Long Range.[62] The first drive, from Los Angeles to New York City, by Ryan Levenson and Will Wood, lowered the EV record to 42:52.[63] The second drive occurred on October 22, 2021, leaving from the Red Ball Garage in Manhattan at 11:00 am and arriving at the Portifino Inn in Redondo Beach, CA 42 hours, 17 minutes later. The second drive was piloted by a driver team of Ryan Levenson and Josh Allan. The only modification made to the stock Tesla was to replace the factory 21-inch wheels with the more efficient Tesla 19-inch wheels and to over-inflate the tire pressure to 47 psi (3.2 bar) for the second drive.[64]

In April 2023, Kyle Conner attempted another record with the Out of Spec Motoring team, using a Lucid Air. This time the trip ended in 44 hours 32 minutes, which does not set a new record. However, their lead car Polestar 1 set a new Plug-In Hybrid record with 45 hours and 38 minutes.[65]

Semi-autonomous vehicle record

In April 2015, the first coast-to-coast autonomous record was set by employees of Delphi. Delphi engineers covered 3,400 miles, San Francisco to New York City, over a span of nine days.[66]

In October 2015, Carl J. Reese, Deena Mastracci, and Alex Roy set a new coast-to-coast record using Tesla's new Autopilot function. The trio made the 2,995-mile journey in 57 hours, 48 minutes after departing from Redondo Beach, California on October 18 at 9:15 p.m. PST, and arriving at Red Ball Garage in New York on October 21 at 10:03 a.m. EST.[67] The trip was completed with fewer than 14 hours of charging and 96 percent of the driving done by Tesla's Autopilot system. This record was a first outside of manufacture testing, proving that automated systems can deliver people coast to coast safely in record time.[68]

As of August 27, 2016, the semi-autonomous (Level 2) driving record stands at 55 hours, set during the electric cross-country record run by Franz Aliquo, Warren Ahner, and Alex Roy in a Tesla Model S 90D, whose "Autopilot" function was engaged 97.7% of the way.[69]

Cannonball record progression

Time (hrs:mins) Year Team members Vehicle Notes
271:15 1915 Erwin Baker Stutz Bearcat[70] 50 mph (80 km/h) average
184:16 1917 Alan T Bedell Henderson 4 cylinder motorcycle[71]
53:30 1933 Erwin Baker Graham-Paige model 57 Blue Streak 8[72]
48:09 1964 Stanley Rosenthal, Skip Jaehne 1964 Sunbeam Imp Sport, 875cc Rootes/Coventry Climax
  • Distance: 3,011 mi (4,846 km)
  • Average speed: 62.7 mph (100.9 km/h)
  • Overall fuel economy: 35.6 mpg‑US (6.61 L/100 km; 42.8 mpg‑imp)
  • Fuel capacity 6.6 US gal (25 L; 5.5 imp gal)
  • Unmodified Car. Holland Tunnel Toll to LA city line.[73]: 40–45 
40:51 1971 Brock Yates Sr, Brock Yates Jr, Steve Smith, Jim Williams 1971 Dodge Custom Sportsman
35:54 1971 Dan Gurney, Brock Yates Ferrari Daytona Redball to Portofino
35:53 1975 Jack May, Rick Cline 1973 Ferrari Dino 246GTS Redball to Portofino
32:51 1979 Dave Heinz, Dave Yarborough 1978 Jaguar XJS Final Cannonball race – Goodwives (Darien, CT) to Portofino
32:07 1983 David Diem, Doug Turner Ferrari 308 US Express Race[14]
31:04 2006 Alex Roy, Dave Maher 2000 BMW M5 91 mph (146 km/h) average, 31 minutes stopped. 34 US gal fuel capacity[74]
28:50 2013 Ed Bolian, Dave Black, Dan Huang 2004 Mercedes-Benz CL55 AMG 98 mph (158 km/h) average, 46 minutes stopped. 67 US gal (250 L) fuel capacity[75][76]
27:25 2019 Arne Toman, Doug Tabbutt, and Berkeley Chadwick 2015 Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG 103 mph (166 km/h) average, 22 minutes stopped, 67 US gal (250 L) fuel capacity[76][77][7]
26:38 2020 Chris Allen, James Allen, and Kale Odhner 2019 Audi A8 106 mph (171 km/h) average. Marine fuel tanks 65.7 gallon fuel capacity. [78][79]
25:39 2020 Arne Toman, Doug Tabbutt, and Dunadel Daryoush 2016 Audi S6 110 mph (180 km/h) average, 31 minutes stopped, 65 US gal (250 L) fuel capacity.[24][25][26][27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Roberts, Rich (22 April 1987). "Cannonball of Today Is a Far Cry from Original : From a Totally Illegal Dash Across the Country, It's Become Just Another Rally". Los Angeles Times. eISSN 2165-1736. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. Late one November night in 1971 an unlikely band of about 35 race drivers and other adventurers assembled quietly in the Red Ball Garage on 37th Street in Manhattan. [...] Their goal: To reach the Portofino Inn in Redondo Beach, Calif., as fast as possible, by any route.
  2. ↑ Sorokanich, Bob (20 August 2020). "Another Cannonball Record: 25 Hours, 39 Minutes from N.Y.C. to L.A." Road & Track. ISSN 0035-7189. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. There's a new record in Cannonball land: Drivers Arne Toman and Doug Tabbutt announced today that they completed the cross-country drive from New York City to Los Angeles in 25 hours, 39 minutes, narrowly beating a claimed "sub-26-hour" record publicized in May and besting their own record of 27 hours, 25 minutes that was announced in November 2019.
  3. ↑ Now (as of January 2021) called the Portofino Hotel, the building is located at 260 Portofino Way, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, 33°50′43.9″N 118°23′50.1″W / 33.845528°N 118.397250°W
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yates, Brock (August 2003). Cannonball! World's Greatest Outlaw Road Race. Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-1633-7. OCLC 62175939. OL 8011277M.
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  7. 1 2 3 4 Preston, Benjamin (2019-12-03). "These Guys Just Drove an E63 AMG Across America in a Record 27 Hours 25 Minutes". Road & Track. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
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  14. 1 2 Antics, Arne's (2019-12-03). "My Journey to the Fastest Drive in History". Arne's Antics. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
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  16. 1 2 Romine, Taylor (2019-12-04). "Team claims it set a 'Cannonball Run' record". CNN Travel. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  17. ↑ "With Perfect Weather, Cannonball Team Races from New York to Los Angeles in Under 27.5 Hours". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  18. 1 2 Lauer, Alex (2020-04-13). "Empty Roads Mean More Street Racing - And Speeding Tickets". InsideHook. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  19. ↑ The Red Ball Garage is located at 142 E 31st St, New York, NY 10016, 40°44′38.9″N 73°58′48.9″W / 40.744139°N 73.980250°W
  20. ↑ The Portofino Hotel is located at 260 Portofino Way, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, 33°50′43.9″N 118°23′50.1″W / 33.845528°N 118.397250°W
  21. ↑ Melluso, Angelo (2020-04-09). "A Team Exploited the Coronavirus Pandemic to Set a 26-Hour 38-Minute Cross-Country Record". Road & Track. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  22. ↑ Branch, John (2020-04-11). "Whoosh! That Car That Just Soared by Might Be Heading for the Coast". New York Times. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  23. ↑ Gastelu, Gary (2020-04-10). "Team allegedly sets new 'Cannonball Run' record on empty highways during coronavirus lockdowns". Fox News. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  24. 1 2 "We built a car that's INVISIBLE to cops in 3 days!". YouTube. VINwiki. August 1, 2020.
  25. 1 2 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: We set an UNBEATABLE Cannonball Record. YouTube.
  26. 1 2 "The secret team that set an illegal high-speed Cannonball record has been revealed". Whichcar. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  27. 1 2 "Current Cannonball Run Record Holder". Arne's Antics. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  28. ↑ Melluso, Angelo (2020-06-19). "A Man Drove Solo Across America in 25 Hours 55 Minutes in A rental mustang GT". Road & Track. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  29. ↑ Preston, Benjamin (January 28, 2022). "The 25:55 Solo Cannonball Record May Have Been Faked". Road & Track.
  30. ↑ Melluso, Angelo (2021-07-20). "Two Guys Drove from N.Y.C. to L.A. and Back in 74 Hours and 5 Minutes". Road & Track. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  31. ↑ "A Saab 9-5 Aero Sets a Record in the Cannonball!". 4 May 2022.
  32. ↑ "Cannonball Run Record: A Guide to America's Ultimate Illegal Street Race". GearJunkie. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  33. ↑ "Fort Wayne Journal". The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette. June 24, 1917. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Motorcycle Mark Broken: Erwin G. "Cannonball" Baker Again Puts a Crimp in Trying Transcontinental Trip". Los Angeles Times. 2 October 1922. p. 32. eISSN 2165-1736. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237. Retrieved 11 June 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
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  37. ↑ Robinson, Dot (June 1999). "Riding with Rody". American Motorcyclist: 8–11. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  38. ↑ "John Penton profile". motorcyclemuseum.org. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  39. ↑ Motor Cycle News. November 7, 1968. p. 9.
  40. ↑ "Tale Of Two Cannonball Record-Holders". Ride CT & Ride New England. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
  41. ↑ "How To Race A Motorcycle Across The U.S. In A Record 39 Hours Straight". Wired. February 2016.
  42. ↑ "New Record Set for Solo Cannonball Run on Motorcycle from NYC to LA". PRWeb.
  43. ↑ Orlando, Alex. "Man breaks cross-country motorcycle mark". Half Moon Bay Review. OCLC 1035055545. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  44. ↑ Cote, Calvin (20 May 2019). Cannonball Coast to Coast Record 2019 by Calvin Cote. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023 – via YouTube.
  45. ↑ Huffman, John Pearley (25 October 2021). "There's a New Cross-Country Cannonball Motorcycle Record". Road & Track. ISSN 0035-7189. OCLC 1764416. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  46. ↑ "Cambridge or Bust – Pasadena or Bust" (PDF). Engineering & Science. October 1968.
  47. ↑ "Godfather of the Hybrid" (PDF). Engineering & Science. Caltech. October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-10.
  48. ↑ "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation. 1 January 1969. pp. 106–108 – via Google Books.
  49. ↑ "Diary of a Race". ev online. Stanford. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  50. ↑ McKenzie, Hamish. "UPDATE - TRIP COMPLETE: Tesla Model S Coast-to-Coast Road Rally Play-by-Play Update". InsideEVs.
  51. ↑ "Edmunds.com Tesla Drivers Set Record for Cross-Country Travel in Electric Vehicle". Edmunds.
  52. ↑ Patrick George (April 24, 2015). "Article on Team "Uber Qik" Record-Setting Cross-Country Run".
  53. ↑ Patrick George."Alex Roy And Two Members Of The Tesla Record Team Just Broke That Coast-To-Coast Record With Autopilot". Jalopnik. 21 October 2015.
  54. ↑ "Cannonballing coast-to-coast in a Tesla 90D: Alex Roy sets a new record". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  55. ↑ "How We Broke the Electric and Autonomous Cannonball Run Records". 23 September 2016.
  56. ↑ Estrada, Zac (2 January 2018). "Tesla Model 3 driven from LA to New York in 50 hours". The Verge. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  57. ↑ "New Record Set for Solo Cannonball Run on Motorcycle from NYC to LA".
  58. ↑ Alvarez, Simon (2019-07-31). "Tesla Model 3 sets new EV Cannonball Run record at 48 hrs 10 mins". Teslarati.
  59. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (2019-08-05). "The electric vehicle Cannonball Run record was broken twice in one month". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  60. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Beating The Electric Cannonball Record In A Porsche Taycan 4S. YouTube.
  61. ↑ "Porsche Taycan Beats Electric Cross-Country Cannonball Record".
  62. ↑ Hogan, Mack (29 October 2021). "A Rented Tesla Model S Just Shattered the EV Cannonball Record". Road & Track. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  63. ↑ @klwtts (October 29, 2021). "The first record (42hrs 52min) was set by Ryan and his cousin Will in a 2021 Long Range Model S that was completely factory stock" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  64. ↑ @klwtts (October 29, 2021). "The second attempt & now the fastest EV to ever make the run, was piloted by @RyanHLevenson & @QuickshoeRacing. The only difference between this record and the previous was the drivers, route, day of the week, and over-pressurized the tires (47psi)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  65. ↑ Lucid Air Cannonball Record Attempt! Non-Stop EV Road Trip Across The USA From NYC to Los Angeles.
  66. ↑ "Delphi self-driving car goes coast-to-coast, autonomously - ExtremeTech". www.extremetech.com.
  67. ↑ Patrick George (October 21, 2015). "Alex Roy And Two Members Of The Tesla Record Team Just Broke That Coast-To-Coast Record With Autopilot". Jalopnik.com. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  68. ↑ Roy, Alex (29 October 2015). "We Set A Cross-Country Record In A Tesla That Drove Itself".
  69. ↑ "Cannonballing coast-to-coast in a Tesla 90D: Alex Roy sets a new record". 22 September 2016.
  70. ↑ "Cannonball Baker driving Stutz Bearcat roadster near Bisbee, Arizona, 1915 transcontinental trip | DPL DAMS". digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  71. ↑ "Automotive News". Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette. June 24, 1917.
  72. ↑ Bach, Mark (2017-08-18). "California Man Discovers Rare 1935 Graham Blue Streak, 54 Years Ago". eBay Motors Blog. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  73. ↑ Rosenthall, Stanley (March 1965). "New York City to Los Angeles in 48 Hours". American Rodding. pp. 40–45. OCLC 317500166.
  74. ↑ Graeber, Charles (2007-10-16). "The Pedal-to-the-Metal, Totally Illegal, Cross-Country Sprint for Glory". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. ↑ "Meet The Guy Who Drove Across The U.S. In A Record 28 Hours 50 Minutes". Jalopnik. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  76. 1 2 McLaughlin, Eliott C. (31 October 2013). "Atlanta man shatters coast-to-coast 'Cannonball Run' speed record". CNN. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  77. ↑ "We broke the Cannonball Record". YouTube. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  78. ↑ "There is a new Cannonball record*". YouTube. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  79. ↑ "New 26:38 Cannonball Record Allegedly Set with America on Pause over COVID-19". 9 April 2020.
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