Cannes Film Festival
LocationCannes, France
Founded20 September 1946 (1946-09-20) (as International Film Festival)
Most recent2023 Cannes Film Festival
AwardsPalme d'Or, Grand Prix
Websitewww.festival-cannes.com
Cannes seen from Le Suquet

The Cannes Film Festival (/kæn/; French: Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (Festival international du film), is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.[1] The festival was formally accredited by the FIAPF in 1951.[2]

On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+, Pierre Lescure, took over as President of the Festival, while Thierry Frémaux became the General Delegate. The board of directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the Festival.[3][4]

It is one of the "Big Three" major European film festivals, alongside the Venice Film Festival in Italy and the Berlin International Film Festival in Germany, as well as one of the "Big Five" major international film festivals, which consists of the three major European film festivals, the Toronto International Film Festival in Toronto, Canada, and the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, United States.[5][6][7][8]

History

The early years

Note from 1939 with the French Government's decision not to participate at the Venice Film Festival anymore, but instead to host its own festival in Biarritz, Cannes or Nice

The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1938 when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of high-ranking official and historian Philippe Erlanger and film journalist Robert Favre Le Bret decided to set up an international cinematographic festival. They found the support of the Americans and the British.

Its creation can be largely attributed to the French desire to compete with the Venice Film Festival, which at the time was the only international film festival and had shown a lack of impartiality with its fascist bias during those years.[9] The political interference seemed evident in the 1937 edition when Benito Mussolini meddled to ensure that French pacifist film La Grande Illusion would not win.[10]

The last straw was in the 1938 event when Mussolini and Adolf Hitler respectively overruled the jury's decision in order to award the Coppa Mussolini (Mussolini Cup) for the Best film to Italian war film Luciano Serra, Pilot, produced under the supervision of Mussolini's son, and the Coppa Mussolini for the Best foreign film to Olympia, a German documentary film about the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics produced in association with the Nazi Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda despite the fact that the regulations at that time prohibited awarding a documentary.

Outraged by the decision and as a measure of protest, the French, British, and American jury members decided to withdraw from the festival with the intention of not returning.[11] This snub encouraged the French to found a free festival. Thus, on 31 May 1939, the city of Cannes was finally selected as the location for the festival over Biarritz and the town hall along with the French government signed the International Film Festival's official birth certificate with the name of Le Festival International du Film.[12]

The reason for deciding Cannes was because of its touristic appeal as a French Riviera resort town and also because the city hall offered to increase the municipality's financial participation, including the commitment of building a dedicated venue for the event.

Hollywood stars of the moment like Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, Tyrone Power, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Mae West, Norma Shearer, Paul Muni, James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, and George Raft arrived thanks to an Ocean liner chartered by MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). On 31 August, the opening night gala took place with the private screening of the American film The Hunchback of Notre Dame starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara and directed by William Dieterle. The next day, on 1 September, German troops invaded Poland. As a result, the festival was postponed for 10 days and it would be resumed if the circumstances allowed it.[12] However, the situation only worsened and on 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war against Germany, sparking the Second World War. The French government ordered a general mobilization and this prevented the festival from continuing so it was finally cancelled.[13]

In 1946, the festival was relaunched and from 20 September to 5 October 1946, twenty-one countries presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former Casino of Cannes.[14] In 1947, amid serious problems of efficiency, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 due to budgetary problems.

In 1949, the Palais des Festivals was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of La Croisette, although its inaugural roof, while still unfinished, blew off during a storm. In 1951, the festival was moved to spring to avoid direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn.[13]

1950s and 1960s

During the early 1950s, the festival attracted much tourism and press attention, with showbiz scandals and high-profile personalities' love affairs. At the same time, the artistic aspect of the festival started developing. Because of controversies over the selection of films, the Critics' Prize was created for the recognition of original films and daring filmmakers. In 1954, the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time. In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.[15]

In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce. Still, in the 1950s, some outstanding films, like Night and Fog in 1956 and Hiroshima, My Love in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns. Jean Cocteau, three times president of the jury in those years, is quoted to have said: "The Cannes Festival should be a no man's land in which politics has no place. It should be a simple meeting between friends."[16][17]

In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies. In 1965 Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the jury, while the next year Sophia Loren became president.[18]

The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France,[19] and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year.[20] In 1969 the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalisateurs), a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.[21]

1970s and 1980s

During the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new president, and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate. He introduced important changes in the selection of the participating films, welcoming new techniques, and relieving the selection from diplomatic pressures, with films like MASH, and later Chronicle of the Years of Fire marking this turn. In some cases, these changes helped directors like Andrei Tarkovsky overcome problems of censorship in their own country.[22] Also, until that time, the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the festival. Yet, in 1972, Bessy created a committee to select French films, and another for foreign films.[23]

In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate, introducing the Caméra d'Or award, for the best first film of any of the main events, and the Un Certain Regard section, for the non-competitive categories. Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, thus reducing the number of selected films; also, until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.[24]

In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival, while the Directors' Fortnight remained in the old building. The new building was nicknamed "The Bunker", provoking much criticism, especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems occurred.[25] In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival.[26] In his term, the Festival started including films from more countries, like Philippines, China, Cuba, Australia, India, New Zealand and Argentina. In 1987, for the first time of the Festival, a red carpet was placed at the entrance of the Palais. In 1989, during the first Cinéma & liberté forum, hundred directors from many countries signed a declaration "against all forms of censorship still existing in the world".[27]

Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.

1990s to present

In 1998, Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: la Cinéfondation, aiming to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities.[28] The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence, where young directors could refine their writing and screenplays, and in 2005, L'Atelier, which helps twenty directors per year with the funding of their films. Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary President in 2000, and in 2002, the Festival officially adopted the name Festival de Cannes.[29][30]

During the 2000s, the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film world, especially the digital techniques. In 2004, the restored historical films of the Festival were presented as Cannes Classics, which included documentaries. In 2007, Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate. In 2009, he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires, as La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes, and in 2010, he created the Cannes Court Métrage for the Short Film competition.

On 20 March 2020, organizers announced the postponement of the Cannes Film Festival 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the festival was later cancelled outright.[31] Spike Lee, director of Do The Right Thing and BlacKkKlansman, had been chosen to lead the jury panel. In 2019, the jury panel had been led by Alejandro González Iñárritu, director of Birdman.[32] Lee was later invited to head the jury of the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, held in July of that year.

In 2022, the festival denied press accreditation to Russian journalists associated with outlets who are not opposed to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war.[33] On the opening night of the festival, the president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, made a video appearance where he talked about the war and the role of cinema in it.[34]

Controversies

In recent years, a number of gender and sexual controversies have surrounded the Cannes Film Festival. These include "Heelgate" in which numerous female attendees of a red carpet premiere were stopped from entering in 2015 for wearing flat soled shoes instead of high heels.[35] The incident caused numerous female celebrities to wear flat soled shoes or no shoes at all to other red carpet premiers in a show of solidarity and protest.[36]

As a result of the past sexual controversies and the #MeToo movement that arose out of the Harvey Weinstein scandal, in 2018, Cannes Film Festival officials announced the creation of a telephone hotline during the festival in which victims could report incidents of sexual harassment and other crimes.[37] The hotline is in collaboration with the French government.[38]

General Delegate Thierry Frémaux reportedly 'banned' selfies on the red carpet of the festival in 2015.[39]

In 2017, along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival, the issue of changing the rules on theatrical screening caused controversy.[40] In 2018, the enforcement of theatrical screening in France resulted in Netflix withdrawing their films from the festival.[41]

Festival team

Year President General Delegate General Secretary
1949 – – Jean Touzet
1952 Robert Favre Le Bret
1972 Robert
Favre Le Bret		 Maurice Bessy
1978 Gilles Jacob
1984 Pierre Viot
1985 Michel P. Bonnet
1991 François
Erlenbach
2001 Gilles Jacob General Director
Véronique Cayla		 Artistic Delegate
Thierry Frémaux
2005 Catherine Démier
2007 Thierry Frémaux
2014 Pierre Lescure
2017

The President of the Festival, who represents the Festival in front of financial partners, the public authorities and the media, is elected by the board of directors of the Festival, officially named the "French Association of the Film Festival".

The Board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema, as well as of public authorities which subsidize the event. The President has a renewable 3-year mandate and appoints the members of his team, including the General Delegate, with the approval of the board of directors.[42] Sometimes a President, after his last term, becomes the Honorary President of the Festival.

The General Delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events. When Gilles Jacob passed from General Delegate to the position of the President, in 2001, two new positions were created to take over his former post, the General Director to oversee the smooth running of the event, and the artistic director, responsible for the selection of films. However, in 2007, the Artistic Director Thierry Frémaux, became again the General Delegate of the Festival.

The general secretary is responsible for the reception of works and other practical matters.

Programmes

The Cannes Film Festival is organised in various sections:[43]

  • The Official Selection – The main event of the festival.
    • In Competition – The films competing for the Palme d'Or. They are projected in the Théâtre Lumière.
    • Un Certain Regard – Films selected from cultures near and far; original and different works. They are projected at the Salle Debussy.
    • Out of Competition – These films are also projected in the Théâtre Lumière but do not compete for the main prize.
    • Special Screenings – The selection committee chooses for these films an environment specially adapted to their particular identity.
    • Cinéfondation – About fifteen shorts and medium-length motion pictures from film schools over the world are presented at the Salle Buñuel.
    • Short Films – The shorts competing for the Short Film Palme d'Or are presented at Buñuel and Debussy theatres. There are approximately 10 films in this competition.
    • Cannes Classics – It celebrates the heritage of film, aiming to highlight works of the past, presented with brand new or restored prints.
    • Cinéma de la Plage – Screening of Cannes Classics and Out of Competition films for the mass public on Macé beach, preceded by a programme dedicated to film music.
  • Parallel Sections – These are alternative programmes dedicated to discovering other aspects of cinema.
    • International Critics' Week – Since 1962, it has focused on discovering new talents and showcasing first and second feature films by directors from all over the world.
    • Directors' Fortnight – Since 1969, it has cast its lot with the avant-garde, even as it created a breeding ground where the Cannes Festival would regularly find its prestigious auteurs.
    • ACID (Association for Independent Cinema and its Distribution)
    • Tous les Cinémas du Monde – It showcases the vitality and diversity of cinema across the world. Each day, one country is invited to present a range of features and shorts in celebration of its unique culture, identity and recent film works.
  • Events
    • Marché du Film – The busiest film market in the world.
    • Masterclasses – Given in public by world-renowned filmmakers.
    • Tributes – Honors internationally renowned artists with the presentation of the Festival Trophee following the screening of one of their films.
    • Producers Network – An opportunity to make international co-productions.
    • Exhibitions – Each year, an artist, a body of work or a cinematographic theme becomes the focus of an exhibition that diversifies or illustrates the event's programme.
    • 60th Anniversary – Events organised in 2007 dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Festival.

Juries

Prior to the beginning of each event, the Festival's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award. Jurors are chosen from a wide range of international artists, based on their body of work and respect from their peers.[44] The appointment of the President of the Jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and submitted to the Festival's board of directors for validation.[45]

  • Feature Films – An international jury composed of a President and various film or art personalities, who determine the prizes for the feature films in Competition.
  • Cinéfondation and Short Films – Composed of a President and four film personalities. It awards the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the three best films of the Cinéfondation.
  • Un Certain Regard – Composed of a President, journalists, students in cinema, and industry professionals. It awards the Un Certain Regard Prize for best film and can, moreover, honour two other films.
  • Caméra d'Or – Composed of a President, as well as film directors, technicians, and French and international critics. They award the best film in any category.

The jury meets annually at the historic Villa Domergue to select the winners.[46]

Awards

Palme d'Or awarded to Apocalypse Now at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival
In 2013, Léa Seydoux and Adèle Exarchopoulos became the first and only cast members to receive the Palme d'Or for Blue Is the Warmest Colour in an "unprecedented move", alongside the director Abdellatif Kechiche.

The most prestigious award given at Cannes is the Palme d'Or ("Golden Palm") for the best film.

Impact

The festival has become an important showcase for European films. Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue in European Cinema: An Introduction (ISBN 0333752104), that Cannes "became...extremely important for critical and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the basis of their artistic quality" (page 20).[50] Forbes and Street also point out that, along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival, Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular country's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that European cinema is "art" cinema.[50]

Additionally, given massive media exposure, the non-public festival is attended by many stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe.

Cannes Film Festival in fiction

Though most of the media attention the festival receives is journalistic in nature, the festival has been explored from the standpoint of fiction by novelists over the years.

J. G. Ballard's Super-Cannes is about the European elite who live in a closed society by the festival. Michael Grothaus' Epiphany Jones is a social satire about the festival and film industry and explores sex trafficking that occurs during the festival. The book was named one of the best Hollywood novels of all time by Entertainment Weekly.[51] Iain Johnstone's Cannes: The Novel is a dystopian tale about terrorists holding the festival hostage.

In addition to fictional works, the festival has been examined in contexts ranging from the cultural to the historical in a host of non-fiction books.[52] It has also been used as the backdrop and setting of several films, such as The Last Horror Film (1982), Festival in Cannes (2001) and Femme Fatale (2002); some of these were actually shot on location at the festival.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Presentation of the Palais". palaisdesfestivals.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  2. ↑ Moeran, Brian; Jesper, Strandgaard Pedersen (2011). Negotiating Values in the Creative Industries: Fairs, Festivals and Competitive Events. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-107-00450-4. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "Cannes Film Festival Names Pierre Lescure President". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  4. ↑ "Pierre Lescure elected President of the Festival de Cannes". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Scott Roxborough (16 February 2020). "Berlin Rebooted: Festival Shuffles Lineup, Aims for Recharged Market". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  6. ↑ Anderson, Ariston (24 July 2014). "Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  7. ↑ "Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival". Time. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  8. ↑ Chan, F. (1 June 2011). "The international film festival and the making of a national cinema". Screen. 52 (2): 253–260. doi:10.1093/screen/hjr012.
  9. ↑ "First Cannes Film Festival". history.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013.
  10. ↑ Giorgi, Liana; Sassatelli, Monica; Delanty, Gerard (2011). Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58730-3. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  11. ↑ Crouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  12. 1 2 "History of the Cannes Film Festival". City of Cannes. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  13. 1 2 "1938–1951: The birth of the Festival". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  14. ↑ "1st Cannes Film Festival". Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  15. ↑ "Honoring the Female Trailblazers of Cannes /2. Dolores del Río". harpersbazaar.com. 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  16. ↑ "Festival de Cannes – Festival History". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007.
  17. ↑ "1952–1959: Celebrities, politics and the film world". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  18. ↑ "1960–1968: The growing legitimacy of cinema and a world of new horizons". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  19. ↑ "1968 Cannes Festival". cannes-fest.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  20. ↑ "The Fortnight in action". quinzaine-realisateurs.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  21. ↑ "Directors' Fortnight". Directors' Fortnight website. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  22. ↑ "1969–1977: A Festival that moves with the times". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  23. ↑ "1972 – Tout le monde il est beau, tout le monde il est gentil". cannes-fest.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  24. ↑ "1978 – Cannes, Le Retour". Cannes-fest.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  25. ↑ "1983 – Le Festival blessé". Cannes-fest.com archive. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  26. ↑ "1978–1986: A wind of change". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  27. ↑ "The History of the Festival / The 80s: The Modern Era". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  28. ↑ "Presentation". Cinéfondation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  29. ↑ "1987–1996: The first Palme d'Or for a woman director". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  30. ↑ "1997-today: The Festival enters a new century". fresques.ina.fr. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  31. ↑ Marshall, Alex (19 March 2020). "Cannes Film Festival Postponed Over Coronavirus Concerns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  32. ↑ Marshall, Alex (14 January 2020). "Spike Lee to Head Cannes Film Festival Jury". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  33. ↑ Roxborough, Scott (9 May 2022). "Cannes Fest Declines Accreditation for Russian Journalists From Outlets That Don't Oppose War on Ukraine". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  34. ↑ Garvey, Marianne (18 May 2022). "Zelensky made a special appearance at Cannes Film Festival". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  35. ↑ "Heelgate and beyond: 13 controversial Cannes moments". The Telegraph. 9 May 2016. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  36. ↑ "Controversy at Cannes: When the festival made news for all the wrong reasons". hindustantimes.com. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  37. ↑ Keslassy, Elsa (27 April 2018). "Cannes Film Festival to Create Hotline for Sexual Harassment Victims (Report)". Variety. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  38. ↑ "Cannes film festival to open anti-sexual predator hotline". RFI. 27 April 2018. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  39. ↑ "'I am so Pathetic: I Took a Selfie at the Red Carpet' at the Cannes Film Festival=Ikon London Magazine". 17 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  40. ↑ Donadio, Rachel (19 May 2017). "Netflix Defends Strategy at Cannes: 'The Culture Is Changing'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  41. ↑ Chiu, Allyson (26 March 2018). "Cannes Film Festival bans Netflix films from competition. Also, no more selfies". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  42. ↑ "Pierre Lescure officiellement à la tête du Festival de Cannes". LeMond.fr (in French). 14 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2017. Le président du Festival de Cannes est élu par le conseil d'administration de l'Association française du Festival international du film. Cette instance compte vingt-huit membres et repose sur un subtil équilibre entre le monde du cinéma et les pouvoirs publics, qui subventionnent l'événement.
  43. ↑ "Festival de Cannes – Official Site". Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  44. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Juries". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  45. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Juries". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015.
  46. ↑ "Patrimoine: Villa Domergue". Site officiel de la Ville de Cannes. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  47. ↑ "Pixar pooch picks Up Cannes prize". BBC News. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
  48. ↑ "Transgender activist Pascale Ourbih on Cannes gay prize jury". On Top Magazine. 10 May 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  49. ↑ Spencer, Mimosa (7 May 2019). "Kering, Cannes Film Festival Renew Women in Motion Program". WWD. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  50. 1 2 Forbes, Jill; Street, Sarah (2001). European Cinema: An Introduction. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-75210-4.
  51. ↑ "The most irresistible Hollywood novels". EW.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  52. ↑ "16 Books About Cannes Film Festival you Have to Read – Cannes Estate". Cannes Estate. 6 July 2018. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.

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