Camellia japonica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Theaceae
Genus: Camellia
Species:
C. japonica
Binomial name
Camellia japonica

Camellia japonica, known as common camellia,[2] or Japanese camellia, is a species of Camellia, a flowering plant genus in the family Theaceae. There are thousands of cultivars of C. japonica in cultivation, with many colors and forms of flowers. Despite its common name, it is native to China, not Japan. The cultivation of Camellia japonica also started in China. Its widespread cultivation can be traced back to the Song Dynasty, when 15 varieties of Camellia japonica were recorded in literature. It was later introduced to Japan.[3] It grows in forests, at altitudes of around 300–1,100 metres (980–3,600 ft).[4]

The leaves of this species are rich in anti-inflammatory terpenoids such as lupeol and squalene.[5]

Description

A bud of a Japanese camellia

Camellia japonica is a flowering tree or shrub, usually 1.5–6 metres (4.9–19.7 ft) tall, but occasionally up to 11 metres (36 ft) tall. Some cultivated varieties achieve a size of 72 m2 or more. The youngest branches are purplish brown, becoming grayish brown as they age.

The alternately arranged leathery leaves are dark green on the top side, paler on the underside, usually 5–11 centimetres (2.0–4.3 in) long by 2.5–6 centimetres (1.0–2.4 in) wide with a stalk (petiole) about 5–10 millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long. The base of the leaf is pointed (cuneate), the margins are very finely toothed (serrulate) and the tip somewhat pointed.[4]

C. japonica leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, such as the engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia).

Flower

In the wild, flowering is between January and March. The flowers appear along the branches, particularly towards the ends, and have very short stems. They occur either alone or in pairs, and are 6–10 centimetres (2.4–3.9 in) across.

There are about nine greenish bracteoles and sepals. Flowers of the wild species have six or seven rose or white petals, each 3–4.5 centimetres (1.2–1.8 in) long by 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.6–1.0 in) wide; the innermost petals are joined at the base for up to a third of their length. (Cultivated forms often have more petals.) The numerous stamens are 2.5–3.5 centimetres (1.0–1.4 in) long, the outer whorl being joined at the base for up to 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in). The three-lobed style is about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long.[4]

The Japanese white eye bird (Zosterops japonica) pollinates Camellia japonica.[6]

Fruit

The fruit consists of a globe-shaped capsule with three compartments (locules), each with one or two large brown seeds with a diameter of 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in). Fruiting occurs in September to October in the wild.[4]

Taxonomy

Ochi-Tsubaki

The genus Camellia was named after a Jesuit priest and botanist named Georg Kamel.[7] The specific epithet japonica was given to the species by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Despite its common name, Camellia japonica is indigenous to China. In the Song Dynasty, 15 varieties of it were recorded in literature. The only reason Camellia japonica got its name was that Engelbert Kaempfer was one of the first Europeans to give a description of the plant when he first saw it in Japan.

Two varieties are distinguished in the Flora of China: C. japonica var. japonica and C. japonica var. rusticana[4][8]

Camellia japonica var. japonica

C. japonica var. japonica is the form named by Linnaeus, and naturally occurs in forests at altitudes of 300–1,100 metres (980–3,610 ft) in Shandong, eastern Zhejiang in mainland China and in Taiwan, south Japan, and South Korea. The leaf has a glabrous stem (petiole) about 1 centimetre (0.4 in) long. The bracteoles and sepals are velutinous (velvety). It flowers between January and March, and fruits in between September and October.[8] It is grown as a garden plant in the form of many cultivars throughout the world.

Camellia japonica var. rusticana

C. japonica var. rusticana in the wild, Aizu area, Fukushima pref., Japan

Camellia japonica var. rusticana (Honda) T. L. Ming naturally occurs in forests in China. The leaf has a shorter petiole, about 5 millimetres (0.2 in) long, with fine hairs (pubescent) at the base. The bracteoles and sepals are smooth (glabrous) on the outside. The color of the flowers ranges from red through rose to pink, flowering in April to May. This variety is regarded by some botanical authorities to be a separate species: Camellia rusticana.[9]

In Japan it is known by the common name "yuki-tsubaki" (snow camellia) as it naturally occurs in areas of heavy snowfall at altitudes ranging from 1,100 metres (3,500 ft) down to 120 metres (400 ft) on sloping land under deciduous beech trees in the mountain regions to the north of the main island of Honshu and facing the Sea of Japan. In December heavy drifts of snow come in from the north, covering the plants to a depth of up to 2.4 metres (8 ft). The bushes remain covered by snow from December till the end of March when the snow melts in early Spring and the camellias start flowering.[10]

Cultivars of C. japonica var. rusticana include: 'Nishiki-kirin', 'Nishiki-no-mine', 'Toyo-no-hikari' and 'Otome'.

History

China

A bonsai specimen of C. japonica

Camellia japonica has appeared in paintings and porcelain in China since the 11th century. Early paintings of the plant are usually of the single red flowering type. However, a single white flowering plant is shown in the scroll of the Four Magpies of the Song Dynasty.[11]

Australia

Camellia japonica 'Aspasia Macarthur'

The first records of camellias in Australia pertain to a consignment to Alexander Macleay of Sydney that arrived in 1826 and were planted in Sydney at Elizabeth Bay House.[12]

In 1838 six C. japonica plants were imported by the botanist, horticulturist and agriculturist William Macarthur. During the years that followed he brought in several hundred varieties and grew them at Camden Park Estate.[13] For many years Macarthur's nursery was one of the main sources of supply to the colony in Australia of ornamental plants, as well as fruit trees and vines.[12]

In 1845, William Macarthur wrote to the London nurseryman Conrad Loddiges, acknowledging receipt of camellias and mentioning: "I have raised four or five hundred seedlings of camellia, chiefly from seeds produced by 'Anemoniflora'. As this variety never has anthers of its own, I fertilised its blossoms with pollen of C. reticulata and Sp. maliflora." Although most of Macarthur's seedling varieties have been lost to cultivation, some are still popular today, including 'Aspasia Macarthur' (named after him).[12]

A well-known camellia nursery in Sydney was "Camellia Grove", set up in 1852 by Silas Sheather who leased land adjoining the Parramatta River on what was originally part of Elizabeth Farm.[14] Fuller's Sydney Handbook of 1877 describes his nursery as having 59 varieties of camellias.[15] Camellia and other flowers from Sheather's nursery were sent by steamship downriver to florists at Sydney Markets, tied in bunches and suspended from long pieces of wood which were hung up about the decks.[14][16] Silas Sheather developed a number of camellia cultivars, the most popular (and still commercially grown) were C. japonica 'Prince Frederick William' and C. japonica 'Harriet Beecher Sheather', named after his daughter.[15][17] The area in the vicinity of Sheather's nursery was eventually made a suburb and named Camellia, in honor of Camellia Grove nursery.[18][19]

By 1883, Shepherd and Company, the leading nurserymen in Australia at the time, listed 160 varieties of Camellia japonica.[13]

Associate Professor Eben Gowrie Waterhouse was a scholar, linguist, garden designer and camellia expert who brought about a worldwide revival of interest in the genus in the first half of the twentieth century.[20] The E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden in Sydney, Australia is named after him.[21]

Europe

According to a research conducted in 1959, by Dr. Frederick Meyer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, the camellias of Campo Bello (Portugal) are the oldest known specimens in Europe, which would have been planted around 1550, that is to say, these trees are nowadays approximately 460 years old.[22] However it is said that the camellia was first brought to the West in 1692 by Engelbert Kaempfer, Chief Surgeon to the Dutch East India Company. He brought details of over 30 varieties back from Asia. Camellias were introduced into Europe during the 18th century and had already been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years. Robert James of Essex, England, is thought to have brought back the first live camellia to England in 1739. On his return from Dejima, Carl Peter Thunberg made a short trip to London where he made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks. Thunberg donated to Kew Botanic Gardens four specimens of Camellia japonica. One of these was supposedly given in 1780 to the botanical garden of Pillnitz Castle near Dresden in Germany where it currently measures 8.9 metres (29 feet) in height and 11 metres (36 feet) in diameter.[23]

Camellia japonica in the garden of Pillnitz Castle, Germany

The oldest trees of Camellia japonica in Europe can be found in Campobello (Portugal), Caserta (Italy) and Pillnitz (Germany).[24] These were probably planted at the end of the 16th century.

United States

In the U.S., camellias were first sold in 1807 as greenhouse plants, but were soon distributed to be grown outdoors in the south.[7]

In Charleston, South Carolina, the estate garden of Magnolia-on-the-Ashley introduced hundreds of new Camellia japonica cultivars from the 19th century onwards, and its recently restored collection has been designated an International Camellia Garden of Excellence. "Debutante", a popular variety, was originally introduced by Magnolia as "Sarah C. Hastie". The name was changed to give it more marketing appeal.

Cross-breeding of camellias has produced many cultivars which are tolerant of hardiness zone 6 winters. These camellia varieties can grow in the milder parts of the lower Midwest (St. Louis, for example), Pacific Northwest, NYC area (NYC/NJ/CT), and even Ontario, Canada (near edge of the Great Lakes).

It is the official state flower of the US state of Alabama.[25]

Cultivars

Camellia japonica is valued for its flowers, which can be single, semi-double or double flowered.[7] There are more than 2,000 cultivars developed from C. japonica. The shade of the flowers can vary from red to pink to white; they sometimes have multi-coloured stripes or specks. Cultivars include 'Elegans' with large pink flowers which often have white streaks, 'Giulio Nuccio' with red to pinkish petals and yellow stamens, 'Mathotiana Alba' with pure white flowers, and the light crimson semi-double-flowered 'The Czar'.[26]

C. japonica 'Alba Plena' is nicknamed the "Bourbon Camellia". Captain Connor of the East Indiaman Carnatic,[27] brought the flower to England in 1792.[28] The flowers are pure white and about 3 to 4 inches across. It blooms earlier than most cultivated camellias, in the early winter or spring, and can flower for 4 to 5 months.[29]

The zig-zag camellia or C. japonica 'Unryu' has different zig-zag branching patterns. "Unryu" means "dragon in the clouds" in Japanese; the Japanese believe it looks like a dragon climbing up to the sky. Another type of rare camellia is called the fishtail camellia or C. japonica 'Kingyo-tsubaki'. The tips of the leaves of this plant resemble a fish's tail.[30]

Front: Picture of Camellia Japonicas.; Verso: "Marshallville, Georgia, "Where Georgia Peaches Started." Thousands of Camellia Japonicas, November–March."; Verso: "Genuine Curteich-Chicago, "C.T. American Art""
Postcard of Camellia Japonicas
Postcard of Camellia Pink Perfection; Verso: "Camellia Pink Perfection (Frau Mina Seidel). Southern Gardens are aflame in Mid-Winter with gorgeous and vari-colored Camellias."; Verso: "Genuine Curteich Chicago, "C.T. Photo-Colorit""
Postcard of Camellia Pink Perfection

AGM cultivars

The following is a selection of cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

NameHeight (m)Spread (m)Flower colourRef.
Adelina Patti2.52.5pink/white[31]
Adolphe Audusson88red[32]
Akashigata2.52.5rose-pink[33]
Alexander Hunter4.04.0deep crimson[34]
Annie Wylam4.02.5pale pink[35]
Australis4.02.5rose red[36]
Berenice Boddy4.02.5pale pink[37]
Bob Hope4.02.5deep red[38]
Bob's Tinsie2.51.0bright red[39]
Bokuhan1.01.0bright red[40]
C.M. Hovey4.02.5rose pink[41]
Carter's Sunburst4.02.5blush pink[42]
Commander Mulroy2.51.5white[43]
Drama Girl4.02.5rose pink[44]
Gloire de Nantes2.52.5rose pink[45]
Grand Prix8.08.0red[46]
Grand Slam4.04.0red[47]
Guilio Nucco4.02.5deep pink[48]
Hagoromo4.02.5blush pink[49]
Hakurakuten4.02.5white[50]
Joseph Pfingstl4.04.0deep red[51]
Jupiter4.02.5rose red[52]
Lavinia Maggi4.04.0white/cerise[53]
Margaret Davies4.02.5white/red[54]
Mars4.04.0deep red[55]
Masayoshi4.04.0red/white[56]
Mercury2.52.5crimson[57]
Nuccio's Jewel4.02.5white/rose[58]
Sylva4.02.5crimson[59]
Tricolor4.04.0white/red[60]
Wilamina2.52.5pink[61]

For a full list of AGM camellia cultivars, see List of Award of Garden Merit camellias

Flower form or style

Camellia flower forms are quite varied but the main types are single, semi-double, formal double, informal double and elegans (or anemone) form.

Single

Single flowers have five to a maximum of eight petals in one row, petals loose, regular or irregular. May include petaloids; prominent display of stamens & pistils.

Semi-double

Two or more rows of large regular, irregular or loose outer petals (nine or more) with an uninterrupted cluster of stamens. May include petaloids; petals may overlap or be set in rows for 'hose in hose' effect.

Irregular semi-double

A semi-double with one or more petaloids interrupting the cluster of stamens.

Formal double

Many rows and number of petals (sometimes more than a hundred), regularly disposed, tiered or imbricated, but no visible stamens. Usually with a central cone of tightly furled petals.

Elegans orm

One or more rows of large outer petals lying flat or undulating, with a mass of intermingled petaloids and stamens in the center. Also called "Anemone Form".

Informal double

A mass of raised petals with petaloids (parts of the flower that have assumed the appearance of small, narrow or twisted petals). Stamens may or may not be visible. Also called "Peony Form".

Cultivation

Camellias should be planted in the shade in organic, somewhat acidic, semi-moist but well drained soil. If the soil is not well drained, it can cause the roots to rot.[62]

As a Camellia species, C. japonica can be used to make tea. Its processed leaves show aromatic fragrance. It contains caffeine and catechins of the same kind as C. sinensis.[63]

Diseases

Some fungal and algal diseases include: Spot Disease, which gives the upper side of leaves a silver color and round spots, and can cause loss of leaves; Black Mold; Leaf Spot; Leaf Gall; Flower Blight, which causes flowers to become brown and fall; Root Rot; and Canker caused by the fungus Glomerella cingulata, which penetrates plants through wounds. Some insects and pests of C. japonica are the Fuller Rose Beetle Pantomorus cervinus, the mealybugs Planococcus citri and Pseudococcus longispinus, the weevils Otiorhyncus salcatus and Otiorhyncus ovatus, and the tea scale Fiorinia theae.

Some physiological diseases include salt injury which results from high levels of salt in soil; chlorosis which is thought to be caused lack of certain elements in the soil or insufficient acidity preventing their absorption by the roots; bud drop which causes loss or decay of buds, and can be caused by over-watering, high temperatures, or pot-bound roots. Other diseases are oedema and sunburn. Not much is known about viral diseases in C. japonica.[64]

In culture and art

C. japonica on a Japanese postage stamp.

Camellias are seen as lucky symbols for the Chinese New Year and spring and were even used as offerings to the gods during the Chinese New Year. It is also thought that Chinese women would never wear a Camellia in their hair because it opened much later after the bud formed. This was thought to signify that she would not have a son for a long time.[11]

The following is a poem written by English evangelical Protestant writer Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna in 1834:[65]

THE WHITE CAMELLIA JAPONICA.
Thou beauteous child of purity and grace,
  What element could yield so fair a birth?
Defilement bore me — my abiding place
  Was mid the foul clods of polluted earth.
But light looked on me from a holier sphere,
  To draw me heavenward — then I rose and shone;
And can I vainly to thine eye appear,
  Thou dust-born gazer? make the type thine own.
From thy dark dwelling look thou forth, and see
  The purer beams that brings a lovelier change for thee.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wheeler, L., Su, M. & Rivers, M.C. (2015). Camellia japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62054114A62054131. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T62054114A62054131.en Archived 2023-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  2. ↑ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 385. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017 – via Korea Forest Service.
  3. ↑ Botanica. The Illustrated AZ of over 10000 garden plants and how to cultivate them, p 176-177. Könemann, 2004. ISBN 3-8331-1253-0
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Min, Tianlu; Bartholomew, Bruce. Camellia japonica. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2011-11-18., in Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan, eds. (1994), Flora of China, Beijing; St. Louis: Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden, archived from the original on 2012-05-01, retrieved 2011-10-01
  5. ↑ Majumder, Soumya; Ghosh, Arindam; Bhattacharya, Malay (August 2020). "Natural anti-inflammatory terpenoids in Camellia japonica leaf and probable biosynthesis pathways of the metabolome". Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 44 (1): 141. doi:10.1186/s42269-020-00397-7. ISSN 2522-8307.
  6. ↑ Roubik, Sakai, and Abang A. Hamid Karim. Pollination ecology and the rain forest. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. 2005. 135. ISBN 0-387-21309-0
  7. 1 2 3 Cothran, James R. Gardens and historic plants of the antebellum South. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 2003. pages 166-167. ISBN 1-57003-501-6
  8. 1 2 "Camellia" (PDF). Flora of China. 12: 367–412. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
  9. ↑ "Camellia rusticana". The Plant List. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  10. ↑ Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (August 1963). "Camellia rusticana - The "Snow-camellia" of Japan" (PDF). The Camellia Bulletin. 16 (4): 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
  11. 1 2 Valder, Peter. The Garden Plants of China. Oregon: Timber Press, 1999. ISBN 0-88192-470-9
  12. 1 2 3 Tate, Ken. "The History of Camellias In Australia". Camellias Australia. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  13. 1 2 Hazelwood, Walter G. (1955). "Camellias in Australia" (PDF). American Camellia Yearbook: 65.
  14. 1 2 Barker, Geoff (14 May 2014). "The Parramatta River 1848 to 1861 – Personal Observations by W S Campbell". Parramatta Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  15. 1 2 Spencer, Roger, ed. (1995). Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia: Flowering Plants Vol. 2. UNSW Press. p. 324. ISBN 9780868403038. Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  16. ↑ "Horticultur, Farming, Etc". The Sydney Morning Herald. May 29, 1878. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  17. ↑ "President's report". The Granville Guardian. 18 (3): 1. April 2011.
  18. ↑ The Book of Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollen, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia ISBN 0-207-14495-8
  19. ↑ McClymont, John (2009). "Camellia". Sydney Journal. 2 (1): 84. doi:10.5130/sj.v2i1.1191.
  20. ↑ O'Neil, W.M. "Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1881–1977)". Eben Gowrie Waterhouse. Australian National University. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016 – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  21. ↑ "E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens, Caringbah South - Sutherland Shire Council". www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020.
  22. ↑ Jorge Garrido: "Portuguese Camellias, History&Beauty" Agro-Manual Publicaçoes, Lda, February 2014. Page: 1
  23. ↑ "Die Pillnitzer Kamelie (Camellia japonica L.)" (in German). Staatliche Schlösser, Burgen und Gärten Sachsen. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  24. ↑ P. Vela, J. L. Couselo, C. Salinero, M. González, M. J. Sainz: "Morpho-botanic and molecular characterization of the oldest camellia trees in Europe". In: International Camellia Journal, No. 41, 2009, pp. 51-57
  25. ↑ "51 Alabama Facts". Meet The USA. 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  26. ↑ Nico Vermeulen. The Complete Encyclopedia of Container Plants, pp. 65-66. Rebo International, Netherlands, 1998. ISBN 90-366-1584-4
  27. ↑ "Camellia japonica Alba Plena". internationalcamellia.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  28. ↑ Booth, William B. History and Description of the Species of Camellia and Thea. Published by s.n., 1829. Original from Harvard University. Digitized Jun 4, 2007.
  29. ↑ The Magazine of horticulture, botany, and all useful discoveries and improvements in rural affairs. Published by Hovey., 1836. v. 2. Original from Harvard University. Digitized May 11, 2007.
  30. ↑ Kirton, Meredith. Dig: Modern Australian Gardening. Murdoch Books, 2004. 399. ISBN 1-74045-365-4
  31. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Adelina Patti'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  32. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Adolphe Audusson'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  33. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Akashigata'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  34. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Alexander Hunter'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  35. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Annie Wylam'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  36. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Australis'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  37. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Berenice Boddy'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  38. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Bob Hope'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  39. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Bob's Tinsie'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  40. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Bokuhan'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  41. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'C. M. Hovey'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  42. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Carter's Sunburst'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  43. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Commander Mulroy'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  44. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Drama Girl'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  45. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Gloire de Nantes'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  46. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Grand Prix'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  47. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Grand Slam'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  48. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Guilio Nucco'". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  49. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Hagoromo'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  50. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Hakurakuten'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  51. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Joseph Pfingstl'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  52. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Jupiter'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  53. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Lavinia Maggi'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  54. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Margaret Davies'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  55. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Mars'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  56. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Masayoshi'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  57. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Mercury'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  58. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Nuccio's Jewel'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  59. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Sylva'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  60. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Tricolor'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  61. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Camellia japonica 'Wilamina'". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  62. ↑ Francko, David. A. Palms won't grow here and other myths. Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-88192-575-6
  63. ↑ Major Components of Teas Manufactured with Leaf and Flower of Korean Native Camellia japonica L. Cha Young-Ju, Lee Jang-Won, Kim Ju-Hee, Park Min-Hee and Lee Sook-Young, Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science, Volume 12, Issue 3, 2004, pages 183-190 (abstract in English Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine)
  64. ↑ Pirone, Pascal P. Diseases and pests of ornamental plants. Edition 5. John Wiley and Sons. 1978. 172-175.
  65. ↑ Elizabeth, Charlotte (1846). Posthumous and Other Poems. Seeley, Burnside, and Seeley. p. 91.
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