CD4007A on a solderless breadboard

The 4000 series is a CMOS logic family of integrated circuits (ICs) first introduced in 1968 by RCA.[1] It was slowly migrated into the 4000B buffered series after about 1975.[2] It had a much wider supply voltage range than any contemporary logic family (3V to 18V recommended range for "B" series). Almost all IC manufacturers active during this initial era fabricated models for this series. Its naming convention is still in use today.

History

A very early CD4029A counter IC, in 16-pin ceramic dual in-line package (DIP-16), manufactured by RCA
Colorized IC die and schematics of CD4011BE NAND gate

The 4000 series was introduced as the CD4000 COS/MOS series in 1968 by RCA[1] as a lower power and more versatile alternative to the 7400 series of transistor-transistor logic (TTL) chips. The logic functions were implemented with the newly introduced Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. While initially marketed with "COS/MOS" labeling by RCA (which stood for Complementary Symmetry Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), the shorter CMOS terminology emerged as the industry preference to refer to the technology.[3] The first chips in the series were designed by a group led by Albert Medwin.[4]

Wide adoption was initially hindered by the comparatively lower speeds of the designs compared to TTL based designs. Speed limitations were eventually overcome with newer fabrication methods (such as self aligned gates of polysilicon instead of metal). These CMOS variants performed on par with contemporary TTL. The series was extended in the late 1970s and 1980s with new models that were given 45xx and 45xxx designations, but are usually still regarded by engineers as part of the 4000 series. In the 1990s, some manufacturers (e.g. Texas Instruments) ported the 4000 series to newer HCMOS based designs to provide greater speeds.

Design considerations

The 4000 series facilitates simpler circuit design through relatively low power consumption, a wide range of supply voltages, and vastly increased load-driving capability (fanout) compared to TTL. This makes the series ideal for use in prototyping LSI designs. While TTL ICs are similarly modular, these usually lack the symmetrical drive strength of CMOS and may therefore require more consideration of the loads applied on its outputs. Just like with TTL, buffered models can drive higher electrical current (mainly available for I/O-devices like octal latches and three-state drivers) but have a slightly higher risk of introducing ringing (transient oscillations) unless correctly damped or terminated.[5][6] Many models contain a high level of integration, including fully integrated 7-segment display counters, walking ring counters, and full adders.

Common chips

CD4001B in DIP-14 package
(quad 2-input NOR gate)
CD4001B pinout. Red is power, green is inputs, blue is outputs
CD4001B functional diagram (quad 2-in NOR gate)
Logic gates
Flip-flops
  • 4013 – Dual D-type flip-flop. Each flip-flop has independent data, Q, /Q, clock, reset, set.
  • 40174 – Hex D-type flip-flop. Each flip-flop has independent data and Q. All share clock and reset.
  • 40175 – Quad D-type flip-flop. Each flip-flop has independent data, Q, /Q. All share clock and reset.
Counters
  • 4017 – Decade counter with 10-output decoder.
  • 4026 – Decade counter with 7-segment digit decoded output.
  • 40110 – Up/down decade counter with 7-segment display decoder with 25 mA output drivers.
  • 40192 – Up/down decade counter with 4-bit BCD preset.
  • 40193 – Up/down binary counter with 4-bit binary preset.
Decoders
  • 4028 – 4-bit BCD to 10-output decoder (can be used as 3-bit binary to 8-output decoder)
  • 4511 – 4-bit BCD to 7-segment display decoder with 25 mA output drivers.
Timers
  • 4047 – Monostable/astable multivibrator with external RC oscillator.
  • 4060 – 14-bit ripple counter with external RC or crystal oscillator (long duration) (schmitt-trigger inputs) (can be used with 32.768 kHz crystal)
  • 4541 – 16-bit ripple counter with external RC oscillator (long duration).
Analog
  • 4051 – Single 8-channel analog mux.
  • 4066 – Quad SPST analog switch.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  2. ↑ Marston, Ray (October 2006). "Understanding Digital Logic ICs - Part 4". Nuts and Volts. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Wright, Maury. Milestones That Mattered: CMOS pioneer developed a precursor to the processor EDN, 6/22/2006". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  4. ↑ R. Jacob Baker (2010). CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-118-03823-9.
  5. ↑ Understanding Buffered and Unbuffered CD4xxxB Series Device Characteristics. Texas Instruments
  6. ↑ Lancaster, Don. CMOS Cookbook, ISBN 0-672-21398-2

Further reading

The Wikibook Practical Electronics has a page on the topic of: 4000-series integrated circuits
Periodicals
Books
  • CMOS Cookbook; 4th Ed; Don Lancaster, Howard Berlin; Elsevier; 512 pages; 2019; ISBN 978-0672213984. (archive)
  • CMOS Sourcebook; 1st Ed; Newton Braga; Prompt Press; 390 pages; 2001; ISBN 978-0790612348.
  • Understanding CMOS Integrated Circuits; 2nd Ed; Roger Melen and Harry Garland; Sams Publishing; 144 pages; 1979; ISBN 978-0672215988. (archive)
  • Second Book of CMOS IC Projects; 1st Ed; R.A. Penfold; Bernard Babani Publishing; 127 pages; 1979; ISBN 978-0900162787. (archive)
  • 50 CMOS IC Projects; 1st Ed; R.A. Penfold; Bernards Publishing; 112 pages; 1977; ISBN 978-0900162640. (archive)
Historical Documents
Historical Databooks
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