Sal Buscema
BornSilvio Buscema
(1936-01-26) January 26, 1936
New York City, U.S.
Area(s)Penciller, Inker
Notable works
Captain America
The Defenders
The Incredible Hulk
Marvel Team-Up
Rom: Spaceknight
The Spectacular Spider-Man
Thor
AwardsInkpot Award 2003
Hero Initiative Lifetime Achievement Award 2013
Inkwell SPAMI Award 2013 & 2018
Inkwell Awards Stacey Aragon Special Recognition Award (SASRA)
Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame Award (2021)
Ringo Award (2022)

Sal Buscema (/bjuːˈsɛmə/ bew-SEM-ə; born Silvio Buscema,[1] Italian: [ˈsilvjo buʃˈʃɛːma], on January 26, 1936)[2] is an American comics artist, primarily for Marvel Comics, where he enjoyed a ten-year run as artist of The Incredible Hulk and an eight-year run as artist of The Spectacular Spider-Man. He is the younger brother of comics artist John Buscema.

Biography

Early life and career

Born in Brooklyn, New York City, to Sicilian parents,[3][1] Sal Buscema was the youngest of four siblings. His elder brothers Alfred and John, a celebrated comic-book artist, and his sister Carol predeceased him.[4] Their father, who was born in Italy and died in 1973, was a barber.[5]

Buscema grew up a fan of Hal Foster's Prince Valiant comic strip,[6] of George Tuska's comic-book art,[7] and of commercial illustrators such has Robert Fawcett, Al Parker, and Norman Rockwell,[8] and called his artist brother John "greatly responsible for me pursuing drawing. ... John was definitely an inspiration".[9]

Like his brother John, Sal Buscema attended the High School of Music & Art, graduating in 1955.[3] He got his start as a comic-book inker in the early 1950s when his brother agreed to let him ink comics pages; this led to Sal helping John by doing occasional background art on Dell Comics series John was drawing.[10]

After high school, Buscema found work at "a small, two-man advertising art studio in Manhattan" but was fired after three months of doing mostly production work. He went on to a larger commercial-art studio, where he was a gofer and a delivery person. He quit, then spent less than a year filling wedding-ring orders for the jewelry manufacturer J.R. Wood and Sons before being drafted into the peacetime U. S. Army in 1956. Classified as an "illustrator", he served with the Army Corps of Engineers stationed at Fort Belvoir in Virginia.[11] He spent 21 months doing film strips and charts as training aids before being discharged after two years. He attained the rank of specialist 3rd class, which he called "equivalent to corporal."[12]

After briefly returning to New York City to assist at a one-man art studio, an Army connection found him work at the large Creative Arts Studio in Washington, D.C. There he did illustrations for government agencies, including the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Defense. After living with his godparents for three months, Buscema and an Army buddy became roommates in Alexandria, Virginia.[13]

In 1961, a call from his brother John brought Buscema to New York City to work with him at the advertising agency Alexander Chaite, Inc. After a year-and-a-half, John Buscema returned to the comic-book industry while Sal Buscema joined a friend and colleague from Creative Arts Studio, Mel Emde, who was opening his own company, Design Studio. There Buscema stayed until 1968, when he began working for Marvel Comics, for which his brother was already established as a freelance artist.[14]

Marvel Comics

Buscema by this time had spent "every night for about a year" teaching himself "how to produce a dynamic page" in the Marvel Comics storytelling style, enduring harsh critiques from his Marvel-artist brother John. As Buscema recalled in the late 2000s:

Once I got the hang of it I made up ... six sample pages of pencils [i.e. penciled, uninked art pages], which I regret, because I wanted to be an inker. I didn't want to pencil. My first few jobs for Marvel were inking jobs, but I did those while working for Design Center. I wanted to work full-time for Marvel, so it was out of necessity that I penciled. [Editor-in-chief Stan Lee] loved [the samples]. He asked me to come on up to New York, which I did, and I went through the most fantastic interview of my life. Stan was leaping on his chair and his desk, just to relate to me physically what he wanted on a comic-book page. It was fascinating and it was charming all at the same time. He made the sound effects, the whole nine yards. ... He demonstrated every other way you could possibly demonstrate what he wanted on those pages—the dynamics and so on.[15]

The interview had come about after Buscema, at his brother's urging, had first written to Marvel production manager Sol Brodsky to introduce himself and his work. Brodsky had no assignments for him at the time, and Buscema "called him a couple of times just to bug him a little bit and let him know that I was still alive, and eventually the first job came through" in June 1968[16] — the 10-page Western feature "Gunhawk". "I think they just said, 'Sal, here's the plot, go to it'" Buscema recalled in 2003.[7] That story, "The Coming of Gunhawk", by writer Jerry Siegel and penciler Werner Roth, was eventually published in the omnibus title Western Gunfighters #1 (cover-dated Aug. 1970). Buscema's first published comics work had come before that: inking John Buscema's pencil art on four 39- to 40-page stories in the superhero comic The Silver Surfer #4–7 (Feb.–Aug. 1969); and inking Larry Lieber's pencils on the regular-sized, 20-page Western The Rawhide Kid #68 (Feb. 1969).[17]

John Buscema specifically asked for his brother as inker on The Silver Surfer, at the time a high-profile project dear to writer-editor Lee, who gave the character an unprecedented for the time double-sized, 64-page (with ads and covers) solo series priced at 25 cents, more than twice the price of the standard 32-page, 12-cent comic. Sal Buscema recalled,

Joe Sinnott inked the first three Silver Surfer [issues]. John was not happy with the inking Joe was doing on that. Joe is ... one of the greatest [inkers] of all time. But he did not ink John well ... because Joe's style of inking was somewhat overpowering, and at the end it ... didn't look like John Buscema anymore. John did not like that, because he was knocking himself out on this character, because this was a very important project that Stan had come up with. ... John told [Stan], 'I don't want Joe inking my work. He's losing my penciling.' ... Stan was very reluctant, but he said, 'Okay, who do you want?' He said, 'I want my brother,' and that's how I got it. ...[H]e knew that I knew how to ink his work. He was a little spotty on my first issue, but after that he was absolutely delighted with what I did.[18]

Within a year, Buscema was penciling the superhero-team comic The Avengers, and for the next thirty years, he was one of the most prolific artists at the company. He recalled in the late 2000s, "At first I was very slow. If I knocked out six or eight pages a week I was happy. Then I started getting a little bit better, and I could probably do a couple of pages a day. But once I hit that five-year transitional period, I was like a machine. I could grind the stuff out. ... Everything just fell into place, and all of a sudden I found it very easy to do."[19]

Sal Buscema and writer Roy Thomas introduced the Squadron Sinister in The Avengers #69 (Oct. 1969) as a homage to the Justice League.[20][21] The Thomas/Buscema team produced the last new story in The Uncanny X-Men before that series became all-reprints for several years,[22] and created the super-villain Llyra in Sub-Mariner #32 (Dec. 1970).[23] Buscema drew an Avengers story plotted by science fiction writer Harlan Ellison, which featured the debut of Psyklop.[24] Writer Steve Englehart and Buscema launched The Defenders as an ongoing series in August 1972[25][26] and introduced Valkyrie to the team in issue #4 (Feb. 1973).[27] Buscema also worked with Englehart on Captain America; their 1972–1975 run on that title saw it become one of Marvel's top-sellers.[28] The pair teamed on several issues of The Avengers as well[17] and Englehart has described Buscema as being one of his "all-time favorites" and "a perfect comic book storyteller."[29] With Steve Gerber, a successor writer, Buscema co-created Starhawk, adding the character to the roster of the future-based super-team, The Guardians of the Galaxy.[30] (Note that this version of the Guardians, created by Arnold Drake and Gene Colan in 1969, was a different team than that portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.) In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Buscema's collaboration with Gerber on The Defenders first on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels".[31]

With writer Bill Mantlo, Buscema created the supporting character Jean DeWolff in Marvel Team-Up #48 (Aug. 1976).[32] Mantlo, a frequent collaborator, later said that Buscema was a formative influence on his plotting.[33] Buscema was the original artist on The Spectacular Spider-Man, which debuted in December 1976.[34] He and Jim Shooter created Graviton in The Avengers #158 (April 1977).[35] The Rom series was launched by Mantlo and Buscema in December 1979.[36] The Mantlo/Buscema collaboration on The Incredible Hulk included the creation of the U-Foes[37] and the Soviet Super-Soldiers.[38] Buscema had a 10-year run on that Hulk series,[39] which he described as "[p]robably one of the most enjoyable experiences of my career. The fact that the Hulk is my all-time favorite character might be a contributing factor. I never tired of the character. Every story was a new challenge."[40] He became the artist on New Mutants, beginning with issue #4 (June 1983).[41] Beginning in the late 1970s, Buscema generally inked his own work.[42] In 1986, he began drawing Thor, working with writer Walt Simonson.[17] In the late 1980s, he returned to inking others' work, again including that of his brother John Buscema on an Englehart-scripted run on Fantastic Four.

Later career

From 1988 through 1996, he penciled and mostly inked a 100-issue run on The Spectacular Spider-Man.[17] This included such story arcs as the "Lobo Brothers Gang War" with Gerry Conway[43] and "The Child Within", written by J. M. DeMatteis, featuring the death of longtime Spider-Man supporting character Harry Osborn in #200 (May 1993).[44] In a 2002 interview, DeMatteis said, "I really loved the two years on Spectacular Spider-Man that I wrote with Sal Buscema drawing. Talk about underrated! Sal is one of the best storytellers and a wonderful collaborator. I loved that run."[45] From 1997 to 1999, Buscema worked for rival DC Comics, including penciling Batman, Superman, and Superboy stories, and inking the Creeper, Wonder Woman, and other characters' stories.[17] He recalled, "[T]he short time I worked for DC, they were giving me all these young guys that could hardly hold a pencil in their hands, and asking me to 'tweak it.' In cases like that I would definitely put a lot of myself into it and change whatever I felt needed to be changed."[18]

Buscema then returned to Marvel, inking Pat Olliffe on Spider-Girl 1999, the summer annual of that series, and did work for both companies briefly before becoming the regular inker on The Incredible Hulk vol. 3, #11–20 (Feb.–Nov. 2000) and inking a smattering of other titles.[17] In 2003 he described himself as "retired for three years ... and I'm still inking jobs for Marvel!"[7] That same year he returned to comics full-time, inking Oliffe on Spider-Girl #55 (March 2003) and then launching into a long stint inking or doing finished art over pencil layouts by Ron Frenz from issues #59–100 (June 2003 – Sept. 2006). He continued to ink the series when it was relaunched as The Amazing Spider-Girl #1–30 (Dec. 2006 – May 2009). He inked Spider-Girl stories over Frenz's pencils in the omnibus title Web of Spider-Man vol. 2, #1–7 (Dec. 2009 – June 2010) and in the four-issue miniseries The Spectacular Spider-Girl vol. 2 (July–Oct. 2010) and the one-shot Spider-Girl: The End! #1 (Oct. 2010). In 2011, he was the inker, over Frenz, on the five-issue superhero miniseries Thunderstrike vol. 2.[17] He returned to DC Comics in 2011 with DC Retroactive: The Flash – The '70s[11] and a Superman one-shot, Superman Beyond[46] In 2012, Buscema inked IDW Publishing's G.I. Joe Annual and the ongoing Dungeons and Dragons: Forgotten Realms series.[11][47] In 2017, he started inking long-time collaborator Ron Frenz on The Blue Baron, written by Darin Henry and published by the new company Sitcomics.[48]

Personal life

In February 1959, Buscema started dating Joan, a secretary at Creative Arts Studio in Washington, D.C., where he worked, and the two married in May 1960. Their first son, Joe, was born in 1968, followed by Tony and Mike.[49]

Buscema has acted in community theatre, and was recognized in 1987 with BRAPA (Blue Ridge Alliance of Performing Arts) for his portrayal of Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof, in which he appeared at the Little Theatre of Alexandria, Virginia in 1998.[50]

Awards

Buscema received the Inkpot Award in 2003[51] and the Hero Initiative Lifetime Achievement Award in September 2013 at the Baltimore Comic-Con.[52] In 2013, Buscema received the Inkwell Awards' S.P.A.M.I. (Favorite Small Press and Mainstream-Independent) Award for his work on such titles as G.I. Joe Annual and Dungeons and Dragons: Forgotten Realms.[53] In 2018, he was awarded the Inkwell Awards S.P.A.M.I. Award again, for his work on Rom.[54] Buscema was awarded the Inkwell Awards Stacey Aragon Special Recognition Award (SASRA) in 2020.[55][56][57] In 2021 Buscema was awarded the Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame Award for his inking career.[58][59] In 2022, Sal Buscema won the Ringo Award as best inker for his work on Heroes Union #1.[60]

Bibliography

Comics work (interior art) includes:

Apex Comics Group

  • The R.I.G.H.T. Project #1 (inker) (2022)

DC Comics

IDW Publishing

Marvel Comics

  • Alpha Flight #33–34 (penciller) (1986)
  • Amazing Adventures #6 (inker) (1971)
  • Amazing Fantasy #15 (inker) (2006)
  • Amazing Spider-Girl #1–30 (inker) (2006–2009)
  • The Amazing Spider-Man #94–95 (inker); #154–155, 198–199, 266, 272 (penciller); #700 (inker); Annual #25 (artist) (1971–1991, 2013)
  • The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 5 #54.LR (artist, four pages), #74 (artist, one page) (2021)
  • The Amazing Spider-Man Family #1–2, 5–8 (inker) (2008–2009)
  • The Amazing Spider-Man: Sins Rising Prelude #1 (artist, two pages) (2020)
  • Astonishing Tales #10 (inker) (1972)
  • The Avengers #68–72, 78, 86–92, 127–134, 156, 158–159, 169, 172–173, 193, 227 (penciller) (1969–1983)
  • Balder the Brave #1–4 (artist) (1985–1986)
  • Battlestar Galactica #8–9, 18 (penciller) (1979–1980)
  • Black Knight #1 (inker) (2010)
  • Buzz #1–3 (inker) (2000)
  • Captain America #114–115 (inker); #146–163, 165–181, 185, 188, 218–223, 225–237, 284–285 (penciller) (1969–1983)
  • Captain America, vol. 3, #50 (penciller, among others) (2002)
  • Chamber of Darkness #6 (penciller) (1970)
  • Conan the Barbarian #2–4, 6, 9–11, 13–15, 23, 25 (inker); #92 (penciller) (1970–1978)
  • Daredevil #107 (inker); #139–140, 218, 238 (penciller) (1974–1986)
  • Defenders #1–29, 31–41, 62–64, 119, 127, 148, Annual #1 (penciller) (1972–1985)
  • Defenders vol. 2 #5, 7, 10–11 (inker) (2001)
  • Doctor Strange vol. 2 #75 (penciller) (1986)
  • Eternals vol. 2 #1–9 (penciller) (1985–1986)
  • Fantastic Four #182–183, 190, 207–208 (penciller); #297–302 (inker); #313, Annual #13 (penciller) (1977–1988)
  • Fantastic Four Roast (artist, among others) (1982)
  • Ghost Rider #11 (penciller) (1975)
  • Heroes for Hope #1 (inker, among others) (1985)
  • Hulk Smash Avengers #1 (inker) (2012)
  • The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #124, 134–136 (inker); #194–203, 205–217, 219–221, 223–229, 231–240 (penciller); #241–243, 245–248, 250–273 (artist); #274–278, 280–309, Annual #5, 8 (penciller); Annual #14–15 (artist) (1970–1986)
  • The Incredible Hulk vol. 3 #5 (artist); 8–20 (inker) (1999–2000)
  • The Incredible Hulk vs. Quasimodo one-shot (penciller) (1983)
  • The Immortal Iron Fist #4 (penciller, among others) (2007)
  • Iron Man #129, 198, Annual #3 (penciller) (1979–1985)
  • Iron Age #2 (inker) (2011)
  • J2 #9 (inker) (1999)
  • John Carter, Warlord of Mars Annual #1 (penciller) (1977)
  • Journey into Mystery #512–513 (penciller) (1997)
  • Kickers, Inc. #1 (inker) (1986)
  • Kull the Conqueror vol. 2 #8 (penciller) (1985)
  • Magik #4 (penciller) (1984)
  • Marvel Comics Super Special (Kiss) #1 (penciller, among others) (1977)
  • Marvel Feature #2 (inker) (1972)
  • Marvel Graphic Novel: The Pitt (penciller) (1988)
  • Marvel: Heroes & Legends #1 (penciller) (1996)
  • Marvel Knights 4 #21 (inker) (2005)
  • Marvel Holiday Special #1 (Thor); #4 (X-Men) (artist) (1991–1994)
  • Marvel Premiere #6 (Doctor Strange) (inker); #49 (Falcon) (penciller) (1973–1979)
  • Marvel Preview #19 (Kull the Conqueror) (penciller) (1979)
  • Marvel Spotlight #20–24 (Son of Satan); #32 (Spider-Woman) (penciller) (1975–1977)
  • Marvel Team-Up #20–22, 32–46, 48–52, 56–58, 82–85, 88, 130, 132–133, Annual #1–2 (penciller) (1974–1983)
  • Marvel Treasury Edition #12 (Howard the Duck/The Defenders) (penciller) (1976)
  • Marvel Two-in-One (Thing team-ups) #3–5, 7–8, 17, 19–20, 24, 42, Annual #1, 3 (penciller) (1974–1978)
  • Master of Kung Fu #32, 41 (penciller) (1975–1976)
  • Ms. Marvel #10–12 (penciller) (1977)
  • My Love #1, 4, 6, 18 (inker) (1969–1972)
  • The New Avengers #8 (artist, with Steve McNiven) (2005)
  • New Mutants #4–17, 54 (penciller) (1983–1987)
  • Nova #3–14 (penciller) (1976–1977)
  • Our Love Story #4 (inker); #15–16 (penciller) (1970–1972)
  • Power Man #31 (penciller) (1976)
  • Power Man and Iron Fist #53 (penciller) (1978)
  • Pro Action Magazine #1 (promo) (artist) (1994)
  • The Rampaging Hulk #3, 9 (penciller) (1977–1978)
  • Rawhide Kid #68 (inker) (1968)
  • Red Sonja #14 (penciller) (1979)
  • Rom #1–17, 19 (artist); #18, 20–55, 57–58, Annual #2 (penciller) (1979–1984)
  • Savage Sword of Conan #37, 39, 44, 116 (penciller) (1979–1985)
  • Sensational Spider-Man: Self-Improvement #1 (inker) (2019)
  • She-Hulk #9 (inker) (2006)
  • Silver Surfer #4–7 (inker) (1969)
  • Skull the Slayer #4–8 (penciller) (1976)
  • The Spectacular Scarlet Spider #1–2 (penciller) (1995)
  • The Spectacular Spider-Man #1–5, 7–10, 12–20, 38, 134, 155–159, 219–238, Annual #4, 14 (penciller); #135–154, 160–212, 215–218 (artist); #213 (inker) (1976–1996)
  • Spider-Girl #1/2, #18, 50, 55, 59, 61–79, 81–100, Annual '99 (inker) (1999–2006)
  • Spider-Girl: The End #1 (inker) (2010)
  • Spider-Man: Funeral for an Octopus #3 (inker) (1995)
  • Spider-Man Super Special #1 (inker) (1995)
  • Spider-Man Team-Up #7 (penciller) (1997)
  • Spider-Man Unlimited #11 (artist) (1996)
  • Star Wars #93, 102 (penciller) (1985)
  • Sub-Mariner #25–36 (penciller) (1970–1971)
  • Superior Spider-Man Team-Up #11–12 (inker) (2014)
  • Super-Villain Team-Up #2 (penciller) (1975)
  • Tarzan #19–29, Annual #2–3 (penciller) (1978–1979)
  • Thor #193–194 (inker), 214 (penciller), 217 (inker), 239–240, 355, 368–369, 371–379, 381–382, Annual #6 (penciller) (1971–1987)
  • Thor: The Worthy #1 (inker) (2020)
  • Thunderstrike vol. 2 #1–5 (inker) (2011)
  • Web of Spider-Man #7, 12, 34 (penciller); Annual #6 (inker) (1985–1990)
  • Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #1–7 (Spider-Girl) (inker) (2009–2010)
  • Western Gunfighters #1 (inker) (1970)
  • What If? #12 (Hulk); #44 (Captain America) (penciller) (1978–1984)
  • What If... General Ross Had Become the Hulk? oneshot (inker) (2004)
  • Wild Thing #0 (inker) (1999)
  • X-Factor #22 (penciller) (1987)
  • X-Men #66 (penciller) (1970)

Sitcomics

  • The Blue Baron #1–3 (inker) (2017–2020)
  • Heroes Union #1 (inker, with Chris Nye) (2021)
  • The Unbeatable Blue Baron #1 (inker) (2022)

See also

  • Characters created by Sal Buscema

References

  1. 1 2 Crepaldi, Silvia (March 2017). "Tina Colombo racconta suo zio John Buscema, disegnatore per la Marvel / Tina Colombo talks about her uncle, Marvel illustrator John Buscema". Freetime (in Italian). p. 97. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Comics Industry Birthdays". Comics Buyer's Guide. Iola, Wisconsin. June 10, 2005. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  3. 1 2 "He Renders Rom: 'Our Pal' Sal Buscema," "Space Notes," Rom #6 (Marvel Comics, May 1980).
  4. ↑ Amash, Jim, with Eric Nolen-Weathington, Sal Buscema: Comics' Fast & Furious Artist. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing, 2010; ISBN 978-1-60549-021-2 (trade paperback); ISBN 978-1-60549-022-9 (hardcover), p. 6
  5. ↑ Amash, pp. 8–10
  6. ↑ Amash, p. 9
  7. 1 2 3 Hatcher, Greg (July 18, 2003). "San Diego, Day One: Sal Buscema Still Having a Ball After All These Years". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011.
  8. ↑ Amash, p. 12
  9. ↑ Amash, pp. 6–7
  10. ↑ Amash, pp. 10–11
  11. 1 2 3 Buscema, Sal, in Stroud, Bryan D. (August 30, 2012). "The Silver Age Sage". Wtv-zone.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013.
  12. ↑ Amash, pp. 12–14
  13. ↑ Amash, p. 15
  14. ↑ Amash, p. 16
  15. ↑ Amash, p. 18
  16. ↑ Amash, p. 27
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sal Buscema at the Grand Comics Database
  18. 1 2 Amash, p. 28
  19. ↑ Amash, p. 26
  20. ↑ DeFalco, Tom; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1960s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 138. ISBN 978-0756641238. Writer Roy Thomas was poking fun at his distinguished competition when he and artist Sal Buscema presented the Squadron Sinister on the last page of The Avengers #69. They designed the four members of thee Squadron...to evoke DC Comics' Justice League of America team. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Eury, Michael (August 2012). "The Unofficial Justice League of America Avengers Crossovers". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (58): 29–32.
  22. ↑ Sanderson, Peter, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 145: "[X-Men #66] would be the series' last issue by writer Roy Thomas and artist Sal Buscema."
  23. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 147: "Llyra, the greatest super-villain in the history of the Sub-Mariner series, was introduced by writer Roy Thomas and artist Sal Buscema."
  24. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 149: "Ellison devised a plot for a two-part story, scripted by Roy Thomas, that began in The Avengers #88 and led into The Incredible Hulk [vol. 2,] #140. In this issue, drawn by Sal Buscema, an insect-like being called Psyklop fought against the Avengers."
  25. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 156: "The Defenders moved into their own bimonthly comic book with The Defenders #1, written by Steve Englehart and penciled by Sal Buscema."
  26. ↑ DeAngelo, Daniel (July 2013). "The Not-Ready-For-Super-Team Players A History of the Defenders". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (65): 5–6.
  27. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 158: "[The] Enchantress of Asgard, endowed Barbara Norriss with the consciousness, physical appearance, and superhuman powers of Brunnhilde, leader of the Valkyries."
  28. ↑ Amash, p. 46: "When Steve and I [Sal Buscema] got on the book ... if I remember correctly, the book hit #5 in sales. It really shot up the charts."
  29. ↑ Englehart, Steve (n.d.). "The Defenders I". SteveEnglehart.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  30. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 170: "In this story line by writer Steve Gerber and artist Sal Buscema, the Defenders had traveled to an alternate future, in which they aided the Guardians of the Galaxy against Earth's conquerors, the alien Brotherhood of the Badoon. This issue [#27] introduced a new super-hero, Starhawk."
  31. ↑ Sacks, Jason (September 6, 2010). "Top 10 1970s Marvels". Comics Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  32. ↑ Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1970s". Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 89. ISBN 978-0756692360. Police Captain Jean DeWolff made her first appearance in this Mantlo/Buscema [story]. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Shayer, Jason (February 2014). "Hulk Smash More!: The Incredible Hulk in the 1980s". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (70): 51.
  34. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 177: "Spider-Man already starred in two monthly series: The Amazing Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up. Now Marvel added a third, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man, initially written by Gerry Conway with art by Sal Buscema and Mike Esposito."
  35. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 179: "In this story by writer Jim Shooter and artist Sal Buscema, physicist Franklin Hall became the Avengers' latest costumed enemy, Graviton."
  36. ↑ Sanderson, "1970s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 191: "Prolific writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema created a Marvel comics series and a whole mythology around Parker Brothers' toy 'ROM'."
  37. ↑ DeFalco, "1980s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 199: "Inspired by the 1979 Graham Parker song 'Waiting for the UFOs', the creation of the U-Foes was truly a team effort. Writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema produced the first U-Foes story, but editor Al Milgrom helped design the costumes and Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter suggested some of the names."
  38. ↑ DeFalco, "1980s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 201: "The Soviet Super-Soldiers, the Russian equivalent of the Avengers, were a team of super-powered individuals assembled by the Soviet government in this issue [#258] by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema."
  39. ↑ Amash, p. 17
  40. ↑ Shayer, p. 57
  41. ↑ DeFalco, "1980s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 211: Professor Xavier's young students were given their own monthly title. It was written by Chris Claremont...Sal Buscema took over the penciling chores with issue #4.
  42. ↑ "Sal Buscema". Lambiek Comiclopedia. December 28, 2007. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012.
  43. ↑ DeFalco, "1980s", in Gilbert (2008), p. 238: Created by writer Gerry Conway and artist Sal Buscema, Carlos and Eduardo Lobo possessed the mutant ability to transform into werewolves.
  44. ↑ Manning, Matthew K. "1990s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 263: "The 200th issue of The Spectacular Spider-Man, written by J. M. DeMatteis and with art by Sal Buscema, featured the shocking death of Spider-Man's close friend, Harry Osborn."
  45. ↑ Epstein, Dan (June 24, 2002). "Interview: J.M. DeMatteis". SlushFactory.com. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 6, 2005.
  46. ↑ "DeFalco, Frenz & Buscema Take Superman Beyond". Comic Book Resources. May 12, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012.
  47. ↑ Dueben, Alex (May 9, 2012). "Sal Buscema Discusses G.I Joe, Incredible Hulk & More". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Darin Henry's Sitcomics Wants to Disrupt Comics Industry With Sell-Through Distribution, Binge Books". Bleeding Cool. December 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019.
  49. ↑ Amash, pp. 14–15
  50. ↑ MacDonnell, Clare (January 1, 1998). "Fit as a Fiddler at Little Theatre". Arlington Catholic Herald. Arlington, Virginia. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Inkpot Award Winners". Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
  52. ↑ Spurgeon, Tom (September 8, 2013). "Your 2013 Harvey Awards Winners". The Comics Reporter. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014.
  53. ↑ "2013 Winners". Inkwell Awards. n.d. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015.
  54. ↑ Evans, Rhys (July 22, 2018). "2018 Winners". Inkwell Awards. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019.
  55. ↑ GamesRadar+ 2020 Inkwell Award Winners
  56. ↑ First Comics News: 2020 Inkwell Awards Voting Results
  57. ↑ Inkwell Awards Winners 2020
  58. ↑ First Comic News – 2021 INKWELL AWARDS VOTING RESULTS
  59. ↑ 2021 Winners – Inkwell Awards Official Site
  60. ↑ "Ringo Awards – The Mike Wieringo Comic Book Industry Awards". Retrieved January 21, 2023.
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