Bulleh Shah
بُلّھے شاہ
Personal
Born
Syed Abdullah Shah Qadri

c. 1680 CE
Uch, Punjab, Mughal Empire
(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Diedc. 1757 CE (aged 77)
Kasur, Bhangi Misl, Sikh Confederacy
(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Resting placeKasur, Punjab, Pakistan
ReligionIslam
Parents
  • Shah Muhammad Darvesh (father)
  • Fatima Bibi (mother)
Main interest(s)
TeachersShah Inayat Qadiri
TariqaQadri Shattari
PhilosophySufism
Senior posting
Influenced by
Influenced

Sayyid Abdullah Shah Qadri[lower-alpha 1] (Punjabi pronunciation: [səiəd əbdʊllaːɦ ʃaːɦ qaːdɾiː]; 1680–1757), known popularly as Baba Bulleh Shah[lower-alpha 2] and Bulleya, was a 17th and 18th-century Punjabi revolutionary philosopher, reformer and a Sufi poet, universally regarded as the "Father of Punjabi Enlightenment". He spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions.[1][2] He lived and was buried in Kasur (present-day Punjab, Pakistan).[3]

He is regarded as the "Poet of the People,"[4] and the "Sheikh of Both Worlds" in the Punjab region.[5]

His poetry marked a new era in Punjabi literature and spread a wave of reformist ideas throughout the Punjab, which included social, religious and political reforms. His poetry has been sung at many important events, including one organized by UNESCO.[5]

Biography

He was born around 1680 in Uch, Multan province, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) in a Sayyid family. Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was well-versed in Arabic, Persian, and the Quran.[6] For unknown reasons he moved to Malakwal, a village near Sahiwal. Later, when Bulleh Shah was six years old, his family moved to Pandoke, which is 50 miles southeast of Kasur. Bulleh Shah was schooled by his father along with the other children of the village. Most sources confirm that Bulleh Shah had to work as a child and adolescent herder in the village. It is confirmed that he received his higher education in Kasur. Some historians claim that Bulleh Shah received his education at a highly reputed madrassa run by Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza where he taught for some time after his graduation. After his early education, he went to Lahore where he studied with Shah Inayat Qadiri, a Sufi murshid of Lahore.[2][7] Bulleh Shah later became an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.[6]

He died in 1757, at the age of 77.[8] He was declared non-Muslim by religious fundamentalists of Kasur who had claimed it was prohibited to offer the prayer at his funeral. He was buried in Kasur, where he had spent most of his life. His funeral prayer was led by Syed Zahid Hamdani, a renowned religious personality of Kasur.[9] A dargah was built over his grave.

Poetry

Bulleh Shah lived after the Punjabi Sufi poet and saint Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179–1266) and lived in the same period as other Punjabi Sufi poet Sultan Bahu (1629–1691). His lifespan also overlapped with the Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722–1799) who is famous for Heer Ranjha, the Sindhi Sufi poet Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829) and the Pashtun poet Khushal Khattak (1613–1689). Amongst Urdu poets, Bulleh Shah lived 400 miles away from Mir Taqi Mir (1723–1810) of Delhi.[9]

During his lifetime, he was outcasted as kafir (non-Muslim) by some Muslim clerics.[10][11] Bulleh Shah practised the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1629–1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640–1724).[9]

The verse form Bulleh Shah primarily employed is the Kafi, popular in Punjabi and Sindhi poetry.[2] His poetry is a mixture of traditional mystic thought and intellectualism.[12]

Many people have put his Kafis to music, from humble street-singers to renowned Sufi singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Fareed Ayaz, Pathanay Khan, Abida Parveen, the Waddali Brothers and Sain Zahoor, from the synthesised techno qawwali remixes of UK-based Asian artists to the Pakistani rock band Junoon.[8]

Among the most distinguished persons to be influenced by Bulleh Shah's poetry had been Muhammad Iqbal.[13] It is maintained that Iqbal took his last breath while listening to his kafi.[14][15]

He is the "most famous and celebrated" Punjabi poet[16] and is widely recognized as "poet par excellence".[17] A sample of his poetic work is presented below:

Verse 1:

"The mullah and the torch-bearer

Hail from the same stock;

They give light to others,

And themselves are in the dark."[18]

Philosophy and views

Bulleh Shah's non-orthodox views and simple language played important role in popularization of his poetry. It has been noted in literature that "one reason for his all-time popularity is relatively modern vocabulary."[19] Among the core tenets of his philosophy includes humanism, equality, tolerance, rejection of double standards, and defiance of the authority of Ulama and blind faith in their authority. For his criticism of replication of beliefs (blind faith and following), the "Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare" compared Bulleh Shah with Percy Bysshe Shelley.[20] For his "ruthless [analysis of] human society" and an "unending quest" to change it, he is often compared with Karl Marx.[21] Among major taboos in his philosophy was reciting words without comprehending them.[22] He was a reformer with very much conscious of the contemporary religious, political and social situations.[12][23]

In Bulleh Shah's poetry, Sufism can be seen as an indigenous philosophy of political activism and class struggle[24] and resistance to powerful institutions like religion and imperialism.[1] Through his poems he spoke against "religious, political and social patriarchal high handedness" of his time.[25] This side of his poetry is evident from his defying of the imperial ban on dancing and singing,[26] and support for Sikhs, in general, and Guru Tegh Bahadur[27] and Guru Gobind Singh,[28] in particular, in their struggle against the imperialist Mughal Empire. Thus, his version of Sufism is usually considered opposite to that of Ali Hajweri and other 'more spiritual' sufis who were confined to their libraries and schools and rarely participated in public discourse.[10]

Bulleh Shah was a "revolutionary" and "rebel" poet who spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions of his time[1][3][25] and, thus, his influence can be seen on many noted socialists, progressives and workers and women rights activists like Jam Saqi,[24] Taimur Rahman,[29] Bhagat Singh,[25] Faiz Ahmad Faiz,[30][31] Madeeha Gauhar,[32] and Major Ishaque Muhammad.[33]

Humanism is one of the key attributes of the life and works of Bulleh Shah.[34]

Modern renderings

Bands and albums

In the 1990s, Junoon, a rock band from Pakistan, rendered his poems "Bullah Ki Jaana" and "Aleph" ("Ilmon Bas Kareen O Yaar"). In 2004, Indian musician Rabbi Shergill turned the classical poem "Bullah Ki Jaana" into a rock/fusion song in his debut album Rabbi; the song was a chart-topper in 2005, helping the album to eventually sell over 10,000 copies and became immensely popular in India and Pakistan.[35][36]

The Wadali Bandhu, a Punjabi Sufi group from India, have also released a version of "Bullah Ki Jaana" in their album Aa Mil Yaar... Call of the Beloved. Another version was performed by Lakhwinder Wadali and entitled "Bullah". Dama Dam Mast Qalandar, a qawwali composed in honour of Shahbaz Qalandar, has been one of Bulleh Shah's most popular poems and has been frequently rendered by many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers including Noor Jehan, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, Sabri Brothers, Wadali brothers, Reshman and Runa Laila. Other qawwali songs by Bulleh Shah, include "Sade Vehre Aya Kar" and "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya".[8] In 2008, a version of Bulleh Shah's famous verse, Aao Saiyo Ral Deyo Ni Wadhai, was sung by Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan, for his debut solo album, Tabeer. Ali named the song "Bulleh Shah" in honor of the poet.

Also in 2016, a collaboration between two EDM artists (Headhunterz and Skytech) named "Kundalini" used words created by Bulleh Shah, as well as having the words Bulleh Shah in the lyrics.[37] Bulleh Shah's verses have been an inspiration to painters as well, as in the two series of paintings (Jogia Dhoop and Shah Shabad) by an Indian painter Geeta Vadhera inspired by the poetry of Bulleh Shah and other Sufi poets and saints. In 2017, British-Pakistani singer Yasir Akhtar used Bulleh Shah's poetry in his song "Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy".[38][39] In 2019, Sona Mohapatra used a verse of Bulleh Shah in her song "R.A.T. Mashup".

Films

The 1973 movie Bobby song by Narendra Chanchal starts with the verse Beshaq mandir masjid todo, Bulleh Shah ye kahta. Some of Bulleh Shah's verses, including "Tere Ishq Nachaya", have been adapted and used in Bollywood film songs including "Chaiyya Chaiyya" and "Thayya Thayya" in the 1998 film Dil Se.., "Tere Ishq Nachaya" in the 2002 film Shaheed-E-Azam and "Ranjha Ranjha" in the 2010 film Raavan.[8] The 2007 Pakistani movie Khuda Kay Liye includes Bulleh Shah's poetry in the song "Bandeya Ho". The 2008 Bollywood film, A Wednesday, included a song titled "Bulle Shah, O Yaar Mere". In 2014, Ali Zafar sung some of his verses as "Chal Buleya" for Bollywood soundtrack album Total Siyapaa, and the song was reprised by Zafar same year in Pakistan Idol.[40] The 2016 Bollywood films "Sultan" and Ae Dil Hai Mushkil feature the song "Bulleya", sung by Papon and Amit Mishra respectively, which is short for Bulleh Shah. Poetry of Bulleh Shah was also used in 2015 film Wedding Pullav composed by Salim–Sulaiman.[8] A song "Hun Kis Theen" based on his poetry was also featured in Punjabi animated film Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur.[41] In the 1998 Bollywood film Dil Se one of the more popular songs chal chaiya chaiya is actually a rendition of the popular Bulleh Shah kalam Tera ishq nachaya bol thaiyya thaiyya. The film starred Bollywood actors Shah Rukh Khan and Malaika Arora. The song was composed and produced by A. R. Rahman, the lyricist was Gulzar. The singer were Sukhwinder Singh and Sapna Awasthi.

Coke Studio (Pakistan)

In 2009, the season 2 of Coke Studio featured "Aik Alif" performed by Sain Zahoor and Noori. Ali Zafar also used some of Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain's verses in his "Dastan-e-Ishq".[42] In 2010, the season 3 featured "Na Raindee Hai" and "Makke Gayaan Gal Mukdi Nahi" performed by Arieb Azhar. In 2012, Shah's poetry was featured with Hadiqa Kiani performing "Kamlee".[43] In 2016, Ahmed Jahanzeb and Umair Jaswal performed "Khaki Banda";[44] and Rizwan Butt and Sara Haider performed "Meri Meri",[45] In third episode of season 11 Fareed Ayaz, Abu Muhammad Qawal & Brothers performed a Qawwali based on Kalam by Bulleh Shah.[46] In season 12 Hadiqa Kiani used verses of Bulleh Shah in the song "Daachi Waaleya".[47]

Legacy

Socio-economics

In 2012, the government of Punjab, most populous province of Pakistan, renamed an important road in the provincial capital Lahore to "Bulleh Shah Road".[48] In 2021, the government of Pakistan also approved his name for a road in the country.[49] Pakistan's "largest renewable packaging facility" is also named after him.[50] There is a housing community in Kasur called "Bulleh Shah Colony." Also, a road in Kasur is called "Baba Bulleh Shah Road." A roadway junction on Lahore Ring Road is called "Bulleh Shah Interchange." In 2023, a public hospital in Kasur was renamed to "Baba Bulleh Shah Hospital."[51][52]

An educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Institute" is operating in Badhni Kalan, India, since 2003. Another educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Law College" (affiliated with University of the Punjab) operates in Kasur.[53] In 2007, Pakistani senator Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed raised the proposal for establishment of Bulleh Shah University in Kasur.[54][55] In 2023, the National Assembly of Pakistan passed a bill, proposed by Asiya Azeem, for the establishment of "Bulleh Shah International University" in Kasur.[56]

The renowned Pakistani businessman Syed Babar Ali mentioned Bulleh Shah in his autobiography, and the role played by his team in publishing his works.[57]

Politics

In the 1960s and 1970s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto exploited the rising popularity of the ideas of Bulleh Shah, and the slogan of "Roti Kapra aur Makan" (that inspired the film Roti Kapda Aur Makaan) among the common masses and emerged as a populist leader who eventually became the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan.[58] Bhutto used the term “Dama Dam Mast Qalandar” (a song adapted by Bulleh Shah) in 1973 to predict the political turmoil ahead.[59]

In February 2006 then Chief Minister of Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi addressed a conference at the University of the Punjab, in which he said, Bulleh Shah and other Sufi's "were not only preachers, but also historians of social history."[60]

In March 2013, Hamza Shahbaz (on the behalf of Punjab's chief minister Shehbaz Sharif) inaugurated "Yadgar-e-Baba Bulleh Shah" (a memorial to Bulleh Shah) in Kasur.[61] In 2015, in his address the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif recited a verse of Bulleh Shah.[62][63]

In 2015, the cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan (former Prime Minister) called Bulleh Shah "the great Sufi inspirational heritage of our region."[64]

Aseff Ahmad Daula, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, was an admirer of Bulleh Shah. In one of his essays, he equated "Punjabi" with the language of Bulleh Shah.[65] Another Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri praised Bulleh Shah for "always projecting truth in his verses."[66]

Works

Bulleh Shah never published his works. However, a significant part of his work has been preserved and published formally in India, Pakistan and abroad. The following is a list of books and book chapters containing his poetic works (or its translation).

Works in English:

Works in Gurmukhi (Punjabi):

  • Bulleh Shah Jeevan Te Rachna [The Life and Career of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, India), 2010. Editor: Jeet Singh Sital.[71]
  • Kalam Bulle Shah [The Verses of Bulleh Shah], 2009. Editor: Gurdev Singh.[72]

Works in Shahmukhi (Punjabi):

  • Kalam Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah [The Verses of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Karmanwala Book Shop), 2009. Editor: Sami Ullah Barkat.[73]
  • Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain [Bulleh Shah says], 1987. Editor: Maqbool Anwar Dawoodi.[74]

Works in Urdu:

  • Sayin Bulleh Shah [Master Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Radha Soami Satsang Beas), 2000. Authors: T. R. Shangari and J.R. Puri.[75]
  • Bulleh Shah (Publisher: Sahitya Akademi), 1992. Author: Surinder Singh Kolhi. Translator: Kamil Qureshi.[76]
  • Tazkara [Discussion], 1984. Author: Mian Akhlaq Ahmad.[77]
  • Kulliyat Bulleh Shah (Publisher: Zahid Basheer Printers, Lahore). Editor: Faqir Muhammad Faqir.[78]
  • Ramooz e Irfan: Kafyan Hazrat Bulleh Shah [Secrets of Sainthood: The Kafis of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar). Translator: Fiza Jokalwai.[79]

Work in Sindhi:

  • Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon [The Kafis of Bulleh Shah], 1983. Editor: Noor Haider.[80]

Works in Hindi:

  • Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas (Publisher: Radha Soami Satsang Beas), 1995.[81]
  • Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah [The Kafis of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary/ Namdhari eLibrary).[82]

Other works:

"Dama Dam Mast Qalandar" is one of the most famous Sufi songs in India and Pakistan. It was originally written by Amir Khusrau, and was modified by Bulleh Shah. The version composed by Bulleh Shah was sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, Laal (band) and numerous other singers from India and Pakistan.

"Tere ishq Nachaya," a popular poem by Bulleh Shah, has been sung numerous times both in public and film industry, e.g., the popular song Chaiyya Chaiyya is derived from its lyrics.

"Bullah Ki Jaana," one of the most popular poems by Bulleh Shah, has been sung by numerous singers in India and Pakistan.

A brief biographical sketches of him are found in "Encyclopaedia of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval and Modern" (2008)[83] and "Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature" (1987).[12]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Punjabi: سید عبداللہ شاہ قادری (Shahmukhi)
  2. ↑ also romanized as Bullhe Shah; Punjabi: بُلّھے شاہ (Shahmukhi)

References

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    2. 1 2 3 J.R. Puri; T.R. Shangari. "The Life of Bulleh Shah". Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
    3. 1 2 Abbas, Sadia (2014). At Freedom's Limit : Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament. New York, NY: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-5786-7. OCLC 1204032457.
    4. ↑ "Poet Of The People: The Time And Kalam Of Bulleh Shah". The Friday Times. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
    5. 1 2 unesdoc.unesco.org https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000160005. Retrieved 8 September 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
    6. 1 2 Kumar, Raj (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables, Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. p. 190. ISBN 978-81-7835-664-8. OCLC 277277425. It is said that from among the ancestors of Bulleh Shah, Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari came to Multan from Surakh-Bukhara three hundred years earlier. [...] Bulleh Shah's family, of being Sayyiad caste, was related to prophet Muhammad [...] Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Mohammed Dervish, was well versed in Arabic, Persian and the holy Qura'n. [...] There is a strong historical evidence to show that Bulleh Shah was an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.
    7. ↑ "Bulleh Shah". Sufi Poetry. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
    8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bulleh Shah's poetry in present day". Times Of India. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
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    11. ↑ Ghulam, Chatha Akbar (2012). Faith, Not Religions : a Collection Of Essays. iUniverse.Com. ISBN 978-1-4759-6461-5. OCLC 1124524187.
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    15. ↑ Duggal, Kartar Singh (1980). Literary Encounters; Volume 1. India: Marwah Publications. p. 8.
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    19. ↑ Geeti Sen (1997). Crossing boundaries. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-1341-5. OCLC 38257676.
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    26. ↑ Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? (1996). The mystic muse. Kartar Singh Duggal. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-341-8. OCLC 35151781.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    27. 1 2 Shāh, Bullhe (2015). C. Shackle (ed.). Sufi lyrics. Translated by C. Shackle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-25966-9. OCLC 1240164691.
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    38. ↑ "Yasir Akhtar | Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy ft.Martay M'Kenzy (Official Video)". Yasir Akhtar. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2017 – via YouTube.
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    49. ↑ Hasnain, Khalid (16 August 2021). "Lahore streets, intersections to be named after famous personalities". DAWN.COM. Dawn. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
    50. ↑ "Home". www.bullehshah.com.pk. Bulleh Shah Packaging (Pvt.) Limited. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
    51. ↑ "DHQ hospital named after Baba Bulleh Shah". Pakistan Observer. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
    52. ↑ "Kasur DHQ Hospital renamed after Baba Bulleh Shah". Daily Pakistan Global. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
    53. ↑ "University of the Punjab- Affiliated Colleges - Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur". pu.edu.pk. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
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    55. ↑ Shaikh, Ahsan ul haq (9 January 2022). "UNIVERSITY IN CHUNIAN". DAWN.COM. Dawn. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
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    57. ↑ Babar Ali, Syed (2017). Learning From Others (PDF) (2nd ed.). Lahore: Topical Printers, Lahore. p. 99. ISBN 978-969-9251-71-9.
    58. ↑ "Bhutto's ideology is need of the hour". Daily Times. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
    59. ↑ Sharjeel, Shahzad (6 December 2019). "The myriad interpretations of Sufi anthem 'Mast Qalandar'". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
    60. ↑ Drage, Teresa Ann (2015). The National Sufi Council: Redefining the Islamic Republic of Pakistan through a discourse on Sufism after 9/11 (PhD thesis). University of Western Sydney. p. 130.
    61. ↑ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
    62. ↑ "PM Nawaz Recties Bulleh Shah Poetry While Addressing Parsi Community - video Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
    63. ↑ "Nawaz pledges equal status to minorities". The Nation. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
    64. ↑ Khan, Imran [@ImranKhanPTI] (28 August 2015). "Today is the Urs of the great Sufi poet Baba Bulleh Shah. He is part of the great Sufi inspirational heritage of our region" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via Twitter.
    65. ↑ "A question of identity: The Pakistani Southasian". Himal Southasian. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
    66. ↑ "KASUR: Tribute paid to Bulleh Shah". DAWN.COM. 19 April 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
    67. ↑ Shāh, Bullhe (2015). Bulleh Shah : a selection. Translated by Taufiq Rafat. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-940288-5. OCLC 927190615.
    68. ↑ Mahmood Jamal. Islamic Mystical Poetry - Sufi Verse from the Early Mystics to Rumi. ISBN 9781101488348.
    69. ↑ Kohli, Surindar Singh (1987). Bulhe Shah. Sahitya Akademi.
    70. ↑ Puri, J. R.; Shangari, T. R. Bulleh Shah The Love Intoxicated Iconclast. Radha Soami Satsang Beas.
    71. ↑ Jeet Singh Sital (2010). Bulleh Shah Jeevan.
    72. ↑ www.DiscoverSikhism.com. Kalam Bulleh Shah (in Punjabi).
    73. ↑ Bulle Shah.
    74. ↑ Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain (in Malay).
    75. ↑ T.R. Shangari and J.R. Puri (1987). Sain Bulleh Shah.
    76. ↑ Surinder Kolhi (1992). Bulleh Shah. Sahitya Akademi.
    77. ↑ Mian Akhlaq Ahmad (1984). Tazkera Hazrat Shah Inayat Qadiri Shattari.
    78. ↑ Kulliyat Bulleh Shah (in Urdu).
    79. ↑ Hazrat Bulle Shah. Rafooz E Irfan Kafyan Urdu Hazrat Bulle Shah.
    80. ↑ Noor Haider (1983). Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon.
    81. ↑ Radha Swami Satsang Vyas. Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas.
    82. ↑ Baba Buley Shah. Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah.
    83. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2008). Encyclopaedia of untouchables ancient, medieval and modern. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 978-81-7835-664-8. OCLC 277277425.

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