Buffy-headed marmoset[1][2]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[4]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Callithrix
Species:
C. flaviceps
Binomial name
Callithrix flaviceps
(Thomas, 1903)
Geographic range
Synonyms
  • flavescente Miranda Ribeiro, 1924

The buffy-headed marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) is a rare species of marmoset endemic to the rainforests of south-eastern Brazil. It occurs in southern Espírito Santo and possibly northern Rio de Janeiro and its distribution extends into Minas Gerais.[5]

Description

Buffy-headed marmoset in Feliciano Miguel Abdala Reserve, Brazil.

The average weight of an adult buffy-headed marmoset can range in weight anywhere between 119g to 710g. These marmosets have a low metabolic rate, as well as an enlarged cecum that allows consumption of food that is high in fiber.

Ecology and behavior

Due to their small size, buffy-headed marmosets are susceptible to a wide range of predators. Common threats include ocelots, anacondas, and hawks, but many other animals such as toucans prey on them. The buffy-headed marmoset has four distinct patterns of predator avoidance. Primarily, buffy-headed marmosets avoid aerial predators through low-intensity alarm signals, emitting soft, closed-mouth whistles to warn other group members. A secondary behavior in dealing with aerial threats is a high-intensity alarm. These marmosets will send out a half-mouthed, open whistle to alert other members to take cover under branches or trees, sometimes immediately ceasing movement for the purpose of avoiding exposure. This pattern of avoidance is instinctive, and at times can result in these primates leaping downward from canopy to canopy in 10m jumps.

The third type of anti-predator alarm is for low-intensity terrestrial threats. A few marmosets in the group will give a call to the rest, alerting them of a possible threat such as a snake. The buffy-headed marmosets then proceed to “mob” the predator by amassing in large groups, thus giving an incentive for the predator to not attack. Low calls, often made with the intention of frightening the predator, are a technique that is surprisingly effective. When dealing with threats such as raccoons, they will do so, but maintain their distance from 15–20 m away. The last reaction is one for high-intensity terrestrial situations. In instances of dealing with larger or more threatening predators, such as the tayra, the buffy-headed marmosets amass in a large group, yelping in piercingly loud manner to try and scare the predator away.[6]

Distinct vocalizations are used depending on whether they are for inter-group communication of extra-group communication. For inter-group communication, a short-distance call is used, while for an extra-group communication call, a loud, shrill long-distance call is used.[7] Specific vocalizations are used when an adult buffy-headed marmoset discovers a source of food with others. Younger ones respond by running towards the calling marmoset, while expressing vocalizations of excitement. The dominant female will sometimes also express these vocalizations of excitement. If the food is not given, the female and younger marmosets will stay near the adult buffy-headed marmoset while conveying short vocalizations, to display their presence and express a need for food.[8]

Diet

The buffy-headed marmoset is known primarily for eating fruits, gum, and plant exudates. A small portion of their diet is composed of bird eggs and nestlings. While most marmosets are known for being gumnivorous, the buffy-headed marmoset is predominantly mycophagous-insectivorous. Additionally, they may prey on both vertebrates and invertebrates: primarily orthopterans, phasmids, coleopterans, caterpillars, and tree frogs.[9]

Fungi

Often found at the base of bamboo, fungi are also known to be included in the diet of buffy-headed-marmosets. Because this group of marmosets primarily inhabits areas in which fungi are abundant, it tends to be a consistent source of sustenance throughout the year. Fruits and exudates vary seasonally, and thus are not as readily available, nor as frequently consumed. Fungi, when present, are typically preferred by the buffy-headed marmosets, and likely more nutritious by comparison to their other dietary components.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ↑ Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
  3. ↑ de Melo, F.R., Hilário, R.R., Ferraz, D.S., Pereira, D.G., Bicca-Marques, J.C., Jerusalinsky, L., Mittermeier, R.A., Ruiz-Miranda, C.R., Oliveira, L. & Valença-Montenegro, M.M. 2021. Callithrix flaviceps (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T3571A191700879. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3571A191700879.en. Downloaded on 29 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  5. ↑ Rylands, A. B., et al. The Systematics and Distributions of the Marmosets. In Ford, S. M., et al., Eds. (2009). The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation. Springer 40.
  6. ↑ Ferrari, Stephen Francis; Ferrari, Maria Aparecida Lopes (1990). "Predator avoidance behaviour in the buffy-headed marmoset, Callithrix flaviceps". Primates. 31 (3): 323–338. doi:10.1007/BF02381104. S2CID 28782275.
  7. ↑ Orlandoni, S., Mendes, SL. Veracini, C. (2009) “Individual and Gender Differences in Vocalizations of a Wild Group of the Buffy-Headed Marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps)” Folia Primatologica Volume: 80 Issue: 6 P.375 ISSN 0015-5713
  8. ↑ Orlandoni, S., Mendes, SL. Veracini, C. (2009) “Vocalizations in a Food Sharing Contest in a Wild Group of Buffy-Headed Marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps)” Folia Primatologica Volume: 80 Issue: 6 P. 392 ISSN 0015-5713A
  9. ↑ Hilario, Renato R., and Stephen F. Ferrari. "Feeding Ecology of a Group of Buffy-headed Marmosets (Callithrix Flaviceps): Fungi as a Preferred Resource." Infodoctor.org. American Journal of Primatology, June 2010. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. <http://www.infodoctor.org:8080/uid=20120010> Archived December 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ Hilário, Renato R; Ferrari, Stephen Francis (2011). "Why Feed on Fungi? The Nutritional Content of Sporocarps Consumed by Buffy-Headed Marmosets, Callithrix flaviceps (Primates: Callitrichidae), in Southeastern Brazil". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 37 (2): 145–149. doi:10.1007/s10886-011-9911-x. PMID 21271277. S2CID 19989986.

Further reading

  • Ferrari, S. F. (1992). The care of infants in a wild marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) group. American Journal of Primatology 26(2) 109-18
  • Ferrari, S. F. and K. B. Strier. (1992). Exploitation of Mabea fistulifera nectar by marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) and muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) in south-east Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 225–239.
  • Grelle, C. E. V. and R. Cerqueira. (2006). Determinants of geographical range of Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas) (Primates, Callitrichidae). Rev. Bras. Zool. [online]. 23(2) 414–20.
  • Hilário, R. R. and S. F. Ferrari. (2010). Feeding ecology of a group of buffy-headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps): fungi as a preferred resource. American Journal of Primatology 72(6) 515–21.
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