Zovio
FormerlyBridgepoint Education
TypePublic
Nasdaq: ZVO
Russell Microcap Index component
IndustryEducational technology Higher Education
Founded2004[1]
HeadquartersChandler, AZ, US
RevenueDecrease US$263 million (2021)
Increase US$-42 million (2021)
Total assetsDecrease US$161 million (2021)
Number of employees
Faculty: 100 full-time, 2,590 adjunct
1,730 non-faculty staff
SubsidiariesFullstack Academy
Websitezovio.com
Footnotes / references
[2]

Zovio, formerly Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (BPI), was a publicly held, American for-profit education services company. It is no longer in operation. It was the online program manager for one online university, the University of Arizona Global Campus (formerly Ashford University), until the contract termination was announced August 1, 2022. In April 2019, the company changed its name to Zovio, moving its headquarters to Chandler, Arizona.[3] In 2020, the company sold Ashford University to the University of Arizona.[4] Zovio also owned Waypoint Outcomes and Fullstack Academy and traded on NASDAQ under the ticket symbol ZVO.[5]

History

Founding (1999)

Zovio was first incorporated in Delaware in May 1999 under the name TeleUniversity, Inc.[1] Under the leadership of CEO and President Andrew Clark (and with an investment from private equity firm Warburg Pincus[6]), the company changed its name to Bridgepoint Education, Inc. in February 2004.[1]

Bridgepoint Education (2004–2019)

Bridgepoint Education purchased The Franciscan University of the Prairies in Clinton, Iowa in 2005 and changed its name to Ashford University. In September 2007 Bridgepoint purchased the Colorado School of Professional Psychology, and changed that institution's name to University of the Rockies.[7] In 2008, Bridgepoint Education was named the fastest-growing private education company in the United States, as well as the fastest-growing private company in San Diego by Inc. magazine.[8] In April 2009, Bridgepoint Education went public, and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol BPI.[6] Bridgepoint's Ashford University had an estimated economic impact on state of Iowa of $40.9 million in business output, 782 jobs, $12.6 million in employee earnings, and $18.6 million in total value added to the state's GDP.[9]

From 2010 through 2013, Bridgepoint Education was the title sponsor of the Holiday Bowl postseason college football game in San Diego.[10] In 2013, Bridgepoint Education helped generate over $1 billion in income and 4,505 outside jobs in San Diego.[11][12] In 2013, Bridgepoint Education's Ashford University announced an alliance with business publisher Forbes Media. Under the terms of the alliance, Ashford's College of Business and Professional Studies was renamed the Forbes School of Business at Ashford University.[13]

On December 22, 2015, an agreement was made that Clinton Catalyst, LLC would buy the Ashford University campus properties for $1.6 million, according to the Clinton Herald. For the subsequent 12 months, Ashford University planned to lease the campus from Clinton Catalyst to make sure that the spring semester classes could continue, according to the Clinton Herald's report.[14] In March 2017, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos appointed Robert Eitel, a vice president at Bridgepoint, as an advisor.[15] At the end of 2018, its last full year of operation under the Bridgepoint name, Bridgepoint enrollment stood at 38,153.[1][16] On March 12, 2019, Bridgepoint Education reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that it had made unreliable statements about its earnings and losses. The company estimated an operating loss of $13.6–14.0 million loss for the quarter ending in December 2018.[17] The same day, Bridgepoint announced the acquisition of the coding boot camp Fullstack Academy for approximately US$20 million.[18]

Charitable organizations and programs Bridgepoint partnered with included After-School All-Stars,[19] Big Brothers Big Sisters of San Diego,[20] Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater San Diego,[21] Computers 2 SD Kids,[22] the Homefront Heroes Scholarship Program,[23] the Jacobs & Cushman San Diego Food Bank,[24] Junior Achievement,[25] Make-A-Wish Foundation,[26] A Salute to Teachers,[27] the San Diego Office of Education,[28] the Teacher Appreciation Scholarship Program,[29] United Way of San Diego,[30] and Warrior Foundation-Freedom Station.[31] The Bridgepoint Heroes program brought Bridgepoint employees together for large-scale volunteer efforts. Past Bridgepoint Heroes initiatives included cleaning Chollas Lake Park, cleaning Balboa Park, cleaning the San Diego River Garden, revitalizing the Mary Fay Pendleton School on Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton, and restoring Ruffin Canyon.[32]

Zovio (2019–2022)

In April 2019, Bridgepoint changed its name to Zovio and moved its stock listing to the NASDAQ, where it trades under the ticker symbol ZVO.[33] On April 4, 2019, Zovio acquired on-demand tutoring provider TutorMe.[34] In August 2020, the company announced that it would sell Ashford University to the University of Arizona.[4] The company reported an annual loss of $61 million for 2020.[35]

In 2021, co-founder and CEO Andrew Clark left Zovio [36] and two new board members were appointed, John Silvanus Wilson, Jr., former Morehouse College President, and Ron Huberman, former superintendent of Chicago's public schools.[37] Zovio continued to lose more money as enrollment at the newly branded University of Arizona Global Campus declined.[38] Zovio agreed to pay the Massachusetts Attorney General $295,120 and to stop collecting written off balances owed to Ashford University by students both enrolled in Ashford and Massachusetts residents from 2011 to 2014.[39] In November 2021, the California Attorney General case filed in 2017 against Ashford University began its trial phase.[40] California Judge Eddie C. Sturgeon found for the plaintiffs on March 3, 2022, his 49-page opinion citing evidence that Zovio deceived students about their ability to become teachers, nurses, social workers, drug and alcohol counselors using their degrees; and misled students about how much financial aid they would receive; misrepresented federal financial aid rules, understated costs of attendance, the time needed to complete degree requirements, their ability to transfer credits, and evidence of deception within the admissions department, and Zovio's tolerance for repeat compliance offenders. Zovio was fined $22,375,282. The Board of Directors officially closed the business on September 11, 2022. Following the liquidation, Zovio plans to sell Fullstack Academy for an amount estimated between $34 and $55 million, according to the mentioned filing to the SEC. Stockholders would receive only a portion of it, probably below $20 million.[41] It sold its final asset in November 2022 before closing down.[42]

Leadership

On December 1, 2021, Zovio announced Randy Hendricks as its new CEO.[43]

Philanthropy

Zovio directed its philanthropic efforts toward three aims: education, youth, and the military. The company said in 2021 that it had donated $11 million since 2005 through workplace giving campaigns.[44]

Lawsuits, investigations, and controversies

Bridgepoint Education faced and settled several lawsuits, including state-level lawsuits and federal investigations.[45] It has been investigated in New York, North Carolina, California, and Massachusetts. A U.S. Department of Education Office of Inspector General probe is ongoing. On December 3, 2014, a lawsuit was filed in Arizona federal court charging that Bridgepoint Education was violating the Telephone Consumer Protection Act by robocalling for purposes of sales.[46]

In 2008, the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Inspector General (OIG) audit services division performed a compliance audit of Ashford University for the period March 10, 2005, through June 30, 2009. The OIG audit reached the following conclusions:

Audit focus[47] Audit result[48]
Compensation policies and practices relating to enrollment advisers Rewarded recruiters based on their success in securing enrollments
Calculation, timeliness, and disbursement accuracy of Title IV program funds Improperly retained at least $1.1 million during the 2006–07 period and disbursed aid before students were eligible to receive the money
Student Authorizations to retain credit balances Kept credit balances without the proper authorization
Maintenance of supporting documentation for a student's leave of absence Took too long to return money awarded to students who withdrew or went on leave of absence

The stock of Bridgepoint Education fell the most in almost five months when the misuse of federal student aid was first publicly disclosed in 2009.[47] When the official results were released in 2011, Senator Tom Harkin said this audit "reveals the same troubling pattern of for-profit colleges' taking advantage of students and taxpayers." The Department of Education has not yet responded to the findings.[48]

2011 Senate hearings

On March 10, 2011, Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) chaired a hearing of the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee that examined a "case study" of Bridgepoint Education, Inc., which has experienced near-exponential profit growth in the last few years despite low graduation rates.[49][50] Bridgepoint owns two universities that it purchased when both were near bankruptcy, Ashford University in Iowa and the University of the Rockies in Colorado. When it purchased Ashford University in 2005, Bridgepoint grew from less than 300 students to more than 78,000 students at its peak, 99% of which were online.[51]

Senator Harkin took issue with the fact that despite such growth, student success was lacking. According to information provided by Senator Harkin, 63% of students enrolled at Ashford University during the 2008–2009 school year withdrew before completion of their programs. Senator Harkin noted that Bridgepoint recorded $216 million in profits in 2010—of which 86.5% of its revenues came from federal funds. In reference to these figures, Senator Harkin was on record as saying, "In the world of for-profit higher education, spectacular business success is possible despite an equally spectacular record of student failure. Bridgepoint is a private company, but it is almost entirely dependent upon public funds ... I think this is a scam, an absolute scam."[51]

Kathleen Tighe, Inspector General with the U.S. Department of Education, testified at the hearing that in an audit of Ashford, she discovered the university was improperly distributing federal financial aid to students. "Seventy-five percent of the improper disbursements to students in our sample were made to students who never became eligible," Tighe said.[51] For the 2006–2007 award year during which the audit was performed, it is estimated Bridgepoint had not returned $1.1 million in improperly obtained student aid to the federal government.[52] Tighe said on a recent report she had seen that Bridgepoint was "sitting on" $130 million in total credit balances.[49]

Bridgepoint chose not to send executives to the HELP committee hearing while engaged in negotiations with Office of Federal Student Aid (FSA).[53] Rather, Bridgepoint published a summary of responses called "Bridgepoint Education Transparency.

Additional lawsuits

In 2014, Bridgepoint Education settled a lawsuit with the State of Iowa for $7.25 million, denying any "wrongdoing but agreed to not use any 'unconscionable or coercive tactics' to encourage students to enroll."[54]

On December 3, 2014, a lawsuit was filed in Arizona federal court charging that the company was violating the Telephone Consumer Protection Act by robocalling sales prospects.[46]

In 2016, a former senior vice president at Ashford University alleged that Bridgepoint falsified its financial reports by inaccurately projecting the student retention rate.[55]

In 2016, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau took action against the company for "deceiving students into taking out private student loans that cost more than advertised".[56] Bridgepoint paid a penalty of $8 million to the CFPB and forgave and refunded loans to students totaling $23.5 million.[56]

In November 2017, the California Attorney General brought a lawsuit against Ashford University and its parent company Bridgepoint for engaging in "unlawful marketing, sales and debt collection practices".[57] California Judge Eddie C. Sturgeon found for the plaintiffs on March 3, 2022, his 49-page opinion citing evidence that Zovio deceived students about their ability to become teachers, nurses, social workers, drug and alcohol counselors using their degrees; and misled students about how much financial aid they would receive; misrepresented federal financial aid rules, understated costs of attendance, the time needed to complete degree requirements, their ability to transfer credits, and evidence of deception within the admissions department, and Zovio's tolerance for repeat compliance offenders. Zovio was fined $22,375,282.[41]

Closure of Ashford University campus

The December 2015, agreement with Clinton Catalyst, LLC by Bridgepoint Education to sell the Ashford University campus properties, in Clinton, Iowa, generated controversy in the higher education community.[58] Critics questioned Bridgepoint's original commitment to the on-ground college, especially since it no longer needed a physical presence in the Midwest to keep its accreditation, and they accused Bridgepoint of having broken promises to maintain the campus. Bridgepoint officials had stated that they were committed to retaining the Clinton campus, and had tripled its Iowa enrollment from 2005 to 2011 through investments in facilities (about $40 million), scholarships, and other financial aid of about $10 million a year (subsidized with revenues from online students), as well as expansion of academic and athletics programs. Bridgepoint stated the company could not continue to subsidize the campus operation.

GI Bill controversies

Since becoming an online-only university in 2016, Ashford University's GI Bill eligibility has been through numerous changes, challenges, and controversies. Because initial approval for GI Bill enrollment is granted by the home state of the educational institution in question, when Ashford closed its Iowa campus in 2016, it was in danger of losing its GI Bill approval in the summer of 2017, and sought approval from the state of California, where Bridgepoint is based, but did not receive it.[59][60]

Ashford University then leased an office in Phoenix,[59][61] and gained GI Bill approval from Arizona in September 2017,[62] but in November 2017 the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ruled that the Phoenix office did not qualify as a "main campus", since Bridgepoint is headquartered in California, and therefore the jurisdiction for approval would fall to California, not Arizona.[63][64] On November 15, 2017, Bridgepoint suspended enrolling GI Bill students for Ashford University after a controversial exposé on the school appeared in the Chronicle of Higher Education.[64] On November 17, 2017, Warburg Pincus, Bridgeport Education's major underwriter, announced its complete divestment from Bridgepoint.[65] In late November 2017, the California Attorney General brought a lawsuit against Ashford University and Bridgepoint for engaging in unlawful marketing, sales, and debt collection practices.[57][66]

In January 2018, the VA allowed Ashford to continue to receive GI Bill funding pending completion of the university's attempt to get approval from the much stricter state of California;[67] California denied approval for the third time in December 2018.[61] Reports by journalists, watchdogs, whistleblowers, and politicians alleged that Ashford University engages in misleading and predatory practices to enroll GI Bill students, particularly during the Trump administration and the Betsy DeVos-led education department deregulations.[61][68][69][70][71] In February 2020, the VA superseded California's oversight and granted Ashford University approval to use GI Bill funding.[72][73] The veterans' advocacy group Veterans Education Success strongly objected to the granting of GI Bill funding to Ashford, saying that the university "engage[s] in deceptive advertising [and] recruiting".[70][71]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014" (PDF). Bridgepoint Education, Inc. March 10, 2015. pp. 12–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Zovio 2019 Form 10-K Annual Report".
  3. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education Gets a New Name, Office and Online Tutoring Service - EdSurge News". EdSurge. April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
  4. 1 2 "University of Arizona to Acquire Ashford University in Online Push". The Wall Street Journal. August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  5. ↑ "bridgepoint education inc (BPI:New York)". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  6. 1 2 "Portfolio, Bridgepoint Education". Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education, Inc" (PDF). Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Inc. 5000 The Fasted Growing Private Companies in America". Inc. 5000 List. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  9. ↑ London, Gary; Moeder, Nathan (August 1, 2010), Iowa Economic Impact Study (PDF), The London Group, p. 7, archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016, retrieved April 13, 2015
  10. ↑ Schrotenboer, Brent (April 27, 2010). "Bridgepoint takes over as Holiday Bowl sponsor". SignonSanDiego.com. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  11. ↑ Horn, Jonathan (June 18, 2012). "EDC report: Bridgepoint had $1B impact in S.D. county". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  12. ↑ "San Diego Regional Economic Development Corp. Releases Bridgepoint Economic Impact Analysis" (PDF) (Press release). San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation. June 18, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Ashford University and Forbes Media Form Alliance and Name the Forbes School of Business". Forbes.com (Press release). November 5, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  14. ↑ Levin, Scott (December 30, 2015). "Real estate company purchases Ashford properties". Clinton Herald. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  15. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (March 17, 2017). "Betsy DeVos's Hiring of For-Profit College Official Raises Impartiality Issues". New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Form 10-K 2019 | Zovio Inc" (PDF). February 20, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2018 Results". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Bridgepoint Education. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education Acquires Coding Boot Camp". InsideHigherEd.com. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Keeping At-Risk San Diego Kids in School? It's Science". April 18, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education Committed To San Diego". September 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Corporate Partner Testimonials". Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Chamber Computer Challenge". February 19, 2015. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Ashford University Online Gives Scholarship to Military Spouses at Holiday Bowl". January 30, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  24. ↑ Glazer, Joyce (September 16, 2013). "Good News about San Diego non-profits and businesses doing good for your community". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  25. ↑ Sorensen, Emily (November 26, 2014). "It's all business at Pomerado Elementary". Pomerado News. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Make-A-Wish Foundation of San Diego Holds 'Walk for Wishes,' Raising Funds for Wish Granting". San Diego Magazine. February 26, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Padres Honor Local Teaching Profession With 9th Annual Teacher Appreciation Nigh". Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Junior Achievement of San Diego and Imperial Counties, Inc. 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Online degree provider awards teaching scholarships". May 11, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Top 25 Campaign Partners". Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Warrior Foundation Freedom Station Sponsors". Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Hardcore Bridgepoint Heroes brave rain to clean up Mission Beach". San Diego Coastkeeper. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  33. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education to change name to Zovio, move to Nasdaq". SeekingAlpha.com. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  34. ↑ "New Acquisition, Name and Headquarters for Bridgepoint". InsideHigherEd.com. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Form 10-K". www.sec.gov. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  36. ↑ "ZOVIO Announces Transition Plan for CEO". www.marketwatch.com. Market Watch. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Zovio Announces Two New Appointments to the Board of Directors". www.marketwatch.com. Marketwatch. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  38. ↑ Bauman, Dan. "A New Mega-University Expects to Earn Big Money Immediately. Are Its Projections Too Ambitious?". www.chronicle.com. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  39. ↑ "ZOVIO Announces Resolution of Massachusetts Inquiry". www.marketwatch.com. Market Watch. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  40. ↑ Halperin, David. "California Opens Fraud Trial Against College Now Owned by Arizona". www.republicreport.org. Republic Report. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
  41. 1 2 Halperin, David (March 28, 2022) [Dated 9 March 2022, with update appended]. "Verdict Against Zovio Adds to Peril for Arizona Global Campus". Republic Report.
  42. ↑ "Zovio liquidates final asset ahead of company closure". EdScoop. November 29, 2022.
  43. ↑ "EdTech Company, Zovio, Announces New CEO". www.prnewswire.com. PR Newswire. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  44. ↑ "Corporate Social Responsibility & Community Involvement". Zovio. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023.
  45. ↑ Halperin, David (April 9, 2014). "Law Enforcement Investigations and Actions Regarding For-Profit Colleges". Republic Report. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  46. 1 2 Bauder, Don (December 11, 2014). "Lawsuits attack Bridgepoint's automatic dialing pitches". San Diego Reader. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  47. 1 2 "Bridgepoint Education Plunges as U.S. Audit Looms". Bloomberg. September 4, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  48. 1 2 Field, Kelly (January 24, 2011). "Audit Finds Ashford U. Kept Student-Aid Money It Should Have Returned to Government". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  49. 1 2 "US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, & Pensions". March 10, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  50. ↑ Lewin, Tamar (March 10, 2011). "Hearing Sees Financial Success and Education Failures of For-Profit College". New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  51. 1 2 3 Steiger, Kay (March 11, 2011). "Sen. Harkin Says For-Profit Education Company Bridgepoint Is a 'Scam'". Campus Progress. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  52. ↑ "Statement of Kathleen S. Tighe" (PDF). Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  53. ↑ "Why Bridgepoint Education Declined to Attend the HELP Committee Hearing". bpitransparency.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  54. ↑ "Bridgepoint and Ashford U. Settle With Iowa Over Enrollment Tactics". Chronicle.com. May 16, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  55. ↑ "Suit charges Bridgepoint cooked books". SanDiegoReader.com. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  56. 1 2 "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Takes Action Against Bridgepoint Education, Inc. for Illegal Student Lending Practices – Consumer Financial Protection Bureau".
  57. 1 2 Douglas-Gabriel, Danielle (November 29, 2017). "California attorney general sues for-profit Bridgepoint Education". Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  58. ↑ "Ashford U's closure and what it says about for-profit higher ed". www.InsideHigherEd.com. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  59. 1 2 Vasquez, Michael (November 10, 2017). "Inside the Scramble to Save Ashford U." The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  60. ↑ Farzan, Antonia Noori (November 16, 2017). "Ducey Administration Pushes Back on Report It Greased Wheels for Ashford University". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  61. 1 2 3 Halperin, David (February 5, 2019). "Clash Over Ashford Univ. Casts Doubt On VA Protection of Students". Republic Report. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  62. ↑ Gross, Natalie (September 14, 2017). "Ashford University gets OK to keep GI Bill students". Military Times. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  63. ↑ Gross, Natalie (November 13, 2017). "Ashford University's GI Bill eligibility on the chopping block once more". Military Times Reboot Camp. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  64. 1 2 Adams, Liam (November 15, 2017). "After Chronicle Investigation, Ashford Suspends Enrollment of GI Bill Students". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  65. ↑ "Bridgepoint Education (BPI) Prices 7.56M Share Secondary Offering by Warburg Pincus LLC; Announces 2.1M Share Buyback". StreetInsider.com. November 17, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  66. ↑ "Attorney General Xavier Becerra Sues For-Profit Ashford University For Defrauding and Deceiving Students". State of California Department of Justice. November 29, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  67. ↑ Vasquez, Michael (January 9, 2018). "VA Backs Off Threat to Cut GI Bill Funding for Ashford University". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  68. ↑ Przybyla, Heidi; Strickler, Laura (April 14, 2019). "Veterans could be first to pay as DeVos rolls back for-profit college oversight". NBC News. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  69. ↑ Craven, Jasper (December 11, 2019). "Scrutiny of colleges that get billions in GI Bill money remains mired in bureaucracy". The Hechinger Report. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  70. 1 2 Beynon, Steve (February 21, 2020). "Vets group sounds the alarm after VA greenlights controversial Ashford University for GI Bill funds". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  71. 1 2 "Veterans Education Success Responds to VA's Decision to Approve Ashford University for GI Bill Funds". Veterans Education Success. February 20, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  72. ↑ Fain, Paul (February 18, 2020). "Ashford Resolves 4-Year Dispute Over GI Bill Benefits". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  73. ↑ Busta, Hallie (February 18, 2020). "In California, VA ends Ashford U's GI Bill benefits uncertainty". Education Dive. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
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