Brett Giroir
Admiral Brett Giroir, USPHS
16th Assistant Secretary for Health
In office
February 15, 2018 – January 19, 2021
PresidentDonald Trump
SecretaryAlex Azar
Preceded byHoward Koh
Succeeded byRachel Levine
Commissioner of Food and Drugs
Acting
November 6, 2019 – December 17, 2019
PresidentDonald Trump
Preceded byNorman Sharpless (acting)
Succeeded byStephen Hahn
Personal details
Born (1960-11-04) November 4, 1960
Marrero, Louisiana, U.S.
EducationHarvard University (BA)
University of Texas Southwestern (MD)
Uniformed service
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchUnited States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
Years of service2018–2021
Rank Admiral

Brett P. Giroir (pronounced jir-WAH) (born November 4, 1960)[1] is an American pediatrician. He was formerly the U.S. assistant secretary for health, a four-star admiral in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and an acting Food and Drug Administration commissioner.

Giroir currently serves as CEO and a member of the Board of Directors for Altesa BioSciences,[2][3] a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focusing on developing new treatments for respiratory viruses and global viral threats.  He is also a co-founder and independent director for Revelar Biotherapeutics,[4] and an independent director for OncoNano Medicine][5][6]   His non-profit activities include Board service on the Global Virus Network[7] and Remote Area Medical[8] (RAM), and he remains active in global humanitarian initiatives in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. He previously served as the 16th assistant secretary for health during the Trump administration from February 15, 2018, to January 19, 2021.[9] He concurrently served as the secretary's principal public health and science adviser, the senior adviser for the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration as well as the senior adviser to the secretary for Opioid Policy.[10] From 2020 to 2021, he served additionally as the director of the U.S. coronavirus diagnostic testing,[11] and as the U.S. representative on the World Health Organization Executive Board.[12] As COVID-19 testing czar, he was a member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, where he led the government's effort to coordinate diagnostic testing for Covid.

From 2004 to 2008, Giroir served as the deputy director, and then a director, of DARPA's Defense Science Office, vice chancellor for the Texas A&M University System from 2008 to 2013, and as the chief executive officer of the Texas A&M Health Science Center from 2013 to 2015.[13]

Giroir starting in 2016 served as president and CEO of ViraCyte, LLC, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing cellular immunotherapies for severe infections. He also served as a senior fellow at the Texas Medical Center Health Policy Institute and strategic advisor for the Texas Medical Center Innovation Institute (TMCII). He was a member of the Texas Task Force for Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response, and an adjunct professor of pediatrics at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.[14]

Giroir served as the Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs in November and December 2019, while Stephen Hahn's nomination was pending in the Senate.

Education

Giroir graduated from all-male Catholic Jesuit High School in New Orleans, Louisiana,[15] where he was also served as a drill team commander in the U.S. Marine Corps JROTC.[16] He received his A.B. degree in biology from Harvard University, magna cum laude, in 1982.[17][18] He was the first to attend college in his family.[19] Giroir earned his M.D. from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW) in Dallas, Texas,[17][20] in 1986, inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha honor society, and served his residency (1986–1989), chief residency (1989–1990) and fellowship (1990–1991) in pediatrics at the medical center, at Children's Medical Center Dallas and Parkland Memorial Hospital.[21] Giroir received his post-doctoral training at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Dallas, from 1991 to 1993.[22][23]

Career

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Following his fellowship, Giroir served on the faculty at UTSW (1993–2004),[24] becoming a tenured professor. He was the inaugural holder of the Associates First Capital Corporation Distinguished Chair in Pediatrics,[25] and the Kathryne and Gene Bishop Distinguished Chair in Pediatric Care.[26] His administrative positions included director of the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine[27] and director of the pediatric intensive care units at Children's Medical Center and Parkland. In 2000, Giroir was named the associate dean for Clinical Affairs at UTSW, while taking on the role as the inaugural chief medical officer at Children's Medical Center Dallas. Giroir led a medical staff of over 750 physicians. His research focused on severe life-threatening infectious diseases, including meningococcal disease ("the college meningitis"). Giroir's research was featured on a PBS NOVA entitled "Killer Disease on Campus"[28] which originally aired in 2002. Giroir has published over 85 academic articles, chapters, and books on a variety of topics including host-pathogen interactions and novel therapies for life-threatening infectious diseases.[29]

Government (1999–2010)

Defense Sciences Research Council

While continuing to serve full-time at UTSW, Giroir was a member of the Defense Sciences Research Council (DSRC, 1999–2004), an academic and technical assessment council charged with assisting DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in developing novel, world-changing R&D initiatives. Giroir co-chaired or participated in studies related to biological weapons decontamination and universal medial countermeasures to biological threats during his appointment with the DSRC.[30]

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

In 2004, Giroir accepted a full-time position at DARPA as deputy director of the Defense Sciences Office (DSO), and then as its director from 2007 to 2008. Among the programs begun during this time were a biodefense thrust known as Accelerating Critical Therapeutics and programs in fundamental mathematics, engineering, and human performance. During Giroir's tenure, the DSO developed various biodefense programs and other programs related to biosecurity with the goal of developing new technologies and approaches to be transitioned for translation by other agencies.[30]

Defense Sciences Study Group

Giroir was also selected as a member of the Defense Sciences Study Group,[31] a two-year program to develop emerging leaders in science and technology. He was a member of the external advisory board, NASA National Center for Space Biological Technologies (2003–2007), and the chair on the Chemical and Biological Defense Panel (2009–2010) for the Threat Reduction Advisory Committee (TRAC).[30]

Texas A&M University System

Giroir served as vice chancellor for research (2008–2011), vice chancellor for strategic initiatives (2011–2013), and executive vice president and CEO of the Texas A&M Health Science Center (2013–2015). He held professor appointments in the Texas A&M College of Medicine and the Dwight Look College of Engineering, and an adjunct professor appointment at The Bush School of Government and Public Service. Giroir's focus was leading the development of the biotechnology initiatives within the Texas A&M University System and the Biocorridor in Brazos County.[32] In this regard, Giroir was the lead investigator and program director for the design, development, and implementation of the National Center for Therapeutics Manufacturing (NCTM), a biopharmaceutical research and development program at Texas A&M University.[33]

Giroir from 2014 to 2015 chaired the independent Blue Ribbon Panel for the Veterans Choice Act, whose assessment and recommendations to reform the Veterans Administration Health System were delivered to Congress and Secretary Robert McDonald in September 2015. He testified to the House Committee on Veterans Affairs the following month and communicated priorities for VA reform.[34]

Giroir was told on June 1, 2015, that he had 30 minutes to resign or he would be fired.[35][13][36][37] Giroir chose to resign, after eight years of work on several vaccine projects.[13][36][37] The notification stated that he had to leave the building immediately, and would no longer have access to his email.[13] His annual performance evaluation at Texas A&M said that he was "more interested in promoting yourself" than the health science center where he worked. He got low marks on being a "team player."[38][39][40][41] Robin Robinson, who was the director of the federal Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and oversaw a major grant for the Texas vaccine project, said Giroir "over-promised and under-delivered."[42] Texas A&M Health Science Center doubled its NIH funding during Giroir's tenure, though the university stated that most of the credit for that was not the function of the work of Giroir, but rather of others, and there was concern that plans to build a teaching hospital on the College Station campus never materialized.[13]

Health Science and Biosecurity Partners

After resigning from Texas A&M, Giroir founded sole proprietorship Health Science and Biosecurity Partners,[14][43] a consulting firm focused on life science innovation, strategy, and investments.[44]

Starting in November 2016, Giroir served as president and CEO of ViraCyte, LLC, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing cellular immunotherapies for severe infections.[45]

Government (2017–2021)

Giroir with Surgeon General of the United States Jerome Adams after being sworn in as assistant secretary for health, February 17, 2018.

Assistant Secretary for Health

President Donald Trump nominated Giroir for appointment as a commissioned officer, and appointment to the rank of admiral in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, while serving as the assistant secretary for health, on May 25, 2017.[46] In August 2017, the Senate committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions held up Giroir's confirmation,[47] due to skepticism over his testimony that he would support women's health programs.[47][48] The Senate returned his nomination back to the President on January 3, 2018, without action.[46] He was renominated on January 8, 2018,[49] and confirmed via voice vote on February 7, 2018.[48][49]

Admiral Brett Giroir being administered the commissioned officer's oath while being sworn in by U.S. Surgeon General Vice Admiral Jerome Adams, Feb. 22, 2018.
Admiral Brett Giroir, as Assistant Secretary for Health, shakes hands with President Donald Trump in 2019.
Admiral Brett Giroir in full dress whites, circa 2021.

Giroir received his commission and four-star rank in the commissioned corps, a week after he assumed the office of assistant secretary on February 15, 2018.[50][51][52] He was also appointed by the secretary to the additional role as mental health senior adviser on March 29, 2018.[53]

In April 2018, Senator Ron Wyden (D-Oregon) criticized Giroir for neglecting to address the role of drug companies in sparking the opioid crisis.[54] In September 2018, Senator Claire McCaskill (D-Missouri) wrote to Health Secretary Alex Azar: "At a hearing of the Senate Committee on Finance in April 2018, I asked Admiral Brett P. Giroir ... whether HHS had demanded explanations from pharmaceutical manufacturers that had raised prices for the opioid-reversal drug naloxone. Admiral Giroir stated he had not asked the companies to explain their dramatic price increases, but promised he would 'get back to [me] on whether [he] could write a letter.' I am not aware, however, of outreach from HHS to my office on this issue."[55]

In November 2018, Giroir wrote a letter in which he said that the agency was seeking to end the use of fetal tissue in taxpayer-funded biomedical research involving developing vaccines and researching the Zika virus, and treatments for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's, if it can find "adequate alternatives", and said the HHS was "pro-life and pro-science".[56] The National Institutes of Health at the time funded more than $100 million in research drawing on fetal tissue.[56]

In May 2020, Senator Mitt Romney (R-Utah) criticized Giroir at a Senate health committee hearing for his participation in a White House event celebrating that the U.S. had conducted more coronavirus tests than South Korea.[57] Romney said the difference was that South Korea tested early, and the U.S. was catching up—which could result in many more American deaths.[57] Romney said: "I understand that politicians are going to frame data in a way that is most positive politically. Of course, I don't expect that from admirals. But you ignored the fact that they accomplished theirs at the beginning of the outbreak, while we treaded water during February and March.... The fact is their test numbers are going down, down, down now, because they don't have the kind of outbreak we have. Ours are going up, up, up...."[57][58]

Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs

On November 1, 2019, HHS Secretary Alex Azar announced that Giroir would serve as Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs until Stephen Hahn, whose nomination for the same position was announced on the same day, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate.[59][60][61] Senator Patty Murray (D-Washington) said that she was "alarmed" by Giroir's "track record of letting ideology drive decisions at the expense of women and families."[62] Giroir served as Acting Commissioner in November and December 2019, while Hahn's nomination was pending in the Senate.[63][64]

Admiral Brett Giroir during his final days in the U.S. Public Health Service in January 2021.

U.S. Representative on the WHO Executive Board

On November 15, 2018, President Trump nominated Giroir to serve the additional role of representative of the United States on the executive board of the World Health Organization.[65][66] The nomination was returned to the President on January 3, 2019, without action by the Senate.[66] He was renominated on January 16, 2019,[67] but that nomination was also returned to the President on January 3, 2020, without action.[67] He was renominated for a third time on March 18, 2020.[68] Giroir was finally confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on May 7, 2020.[68] He served on the executive board, for the remainder of the current three-year term cycle, which expired in January 2021.[69]

Giroir resigned from his government positions on January 19, 2021, as expected from all appointed government leadership, in order to facilitate a smooth transition to the new Biden administration.[70][71]

Other appointments and activities

Giroir served on the scientific advisory boards of the Cancer Moonshots Program at MD Anderson Cancer Center, the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute at the University of Michigan, the Institute for Patient Safety at the University of North Texas Health Science Center, and was a member of the board of directors of Esperance Pharmaceuticals[72] and BioHouston.[73]

He appeared before the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities hearing on Biodefense: Worldwide Threats and Countermeasure Efforts for the Department of Defense in October 2013.[74]

On October 6, 2014, Governor Rick Perry announced the creation of the Texas Task Force on Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response to assess and enhance the state's existing capabilities to prepare for and respond to pandemic diseases such as the Ebola virus. The Governor named Giroir as director of the task force to lead a team of experts in epidemiology and infectious disease.[75]

Uniformed service awards and decorations

Giroir is the recipient of the following awards and decorations:[76]

Gold star
Bronze star
Bronze star
Badge Field Medical Readiness Badge
1st row Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal
with gold 5⁄16 inch star
2nd row Public Health Service Meritorious Service Medal Surgeon General's Medallion Public Health Service Outstanding Service Medal
3rd row Public Health Service Achievement Medal Public Health Service Presidential Unit Citation[77] Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Pinnacle Medal
4th row Public Health Service Outstanding Unit Citation
with two bronze service star		 Public Health Service Unit Commendation Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service
5th row Public Health Service Global Health Campaign Medal Public Health Service COVID-19 Pandemic Campaign Medal
with Expeditionary Attachment		 Public Health Service Special Assignment Award
6th row Public Health Service Crisis Response Service Award Public Health Service Regular Corps Ribbon Commissioned Corps Training Ribbon
Badges Assistant Secretary for Health Officer-in-Charge Badge Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Badge

References

  1. ↑ "SCIENCE STUDIO – Admiral Brett Giroir". ktep.org. 22 April 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Altesa BioSciences, Inc., Launches Operations to Develop, Commercialize Drugs for Respiratory Viruses and Global Viral Threats". Bloomberg.com. 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  3. ↑ "Altesa BioSciences | Developing Treatments For Respiratory Viruses and Global Viral Threats". Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  4. ↑ "Twist Bioscience Launches Revelar Biotherapeutics to Develop and Commercialize Novel COVID-19 and Other Antibody Therapeutics for Difficult to Treat Diseases". www.businesswire.com. 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  5. ↑ "About Us". OncoNano Medicine. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  6. ↑ Le, Kevin (2021-12-17). "OncoNano Medicine Appoints Brett Giroir, M.D., to Board of Directors". OncoNano Medicine. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  7. ↑ Network, Global Virus. "Global Virus Network (GVN) Announces Seven Distinguished International Appointments to Board of Directors". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  8. ↑ From staff reports (2021-02-22). "Giroir joins RAM's board of directors". The Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  9. ↑ Health (ASH), Assistant Secretary for (February 15, 2018). "ADM Brett P. Giroir, M.D." HHS.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  10. ↑ Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA) (February 15, 2018). "ADM Brett P. Giroir, M.D." HHS.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  11. ↑ Sherman, Jake; Morello, Lauren (2020-03-13). "Trump administration rolls out new coronavirus push, names HHS testing czar". POLITICO. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  12. ↑ "Written Statement by ADM Brett P. Giroir to WHO's 147th Executive Board". U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva. May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Peshek, Sam (July 12, 2015). "Records reveal details behind departure of Texas A&M University Health Science Center CEO Brett Giroir". The Eagle. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  14. 1 2 "NOMINATION HEARING"
  15. ↑ Hodges, Sam (2020-05-07). "COVID-19 testing czar gets home church support". United Methodist News Service. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  16. ↑ Brett Giroir '78 Speaks to the Class of 2022 | At the 2022 Commencement Luncheon, Admiral Brett Giroir '78 spoke to the Class of 2022. Giroir's remarks touched on topics as diverse as his time at... | By Jesuit High School of New Orleans | Facebook, retrieved 2022-08-26
  17. 1 2 "ADM Brett P. Giroir, M.D." HHS.gov. December 19, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  18. ↑ Cobler, Paul (2020-03-27). "Trump's COVID-19 testing czar spent decades in Texas preparing for a pandemic". Dallas News. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  19. ↑ "Nomination Hearing". Govinfo.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  20. ↑ "ADM Brett P. Giroir, M.D." HHS.gov. December 19, 2019. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Congressman Pete Sessions (TX-32) Roundtable Meeting with Special Guest, ADM Brett P. Giroir, M.D., Assistant Secretary for Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" (PDF). c3spine.com/.
  22. ↑ "Giroir Resigns as Texas A&M Health Science Center CEO, Says It Was Forced". Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  23. ↑ Making Things: 21st Century Manufacturing and Design: Summary of a Forum – National Academy of Engineering – Google Books. National Academies Press. March 2012. ISBN 9780309225595. Retrieved May 14, 2020 – via Google Books.
  24. ↑ Capabilities, United States Congress House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and (2013). Biodefense: Worldwide Threats and Countermeasure Efforts for the Department of Defense : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Hearing Held October 11, 2013. U.S. Government Printing Office.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ "Esperance Pharmaceuticals Names Brett Giroir MD to Board of Directors" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Meeting No. 979" (PDF). UTSystem.edu.
  27. ↑ Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and; Division, Health and Medicine; Practice, Board on Population Health and Public Health (September 27, 2019). Investing in Interventions That Address Non-Medical, Health-Related Social Needs: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-49650-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ "Killer Disease on Campus," NOVA.
  29. ↑ "Brett P. Giroir, M.D. Interim Executive Vice President Texas A&M Health Science Center" (PDF). docs.house.gov/.
  30. 1 2 3 Office of the Commissioner (2020-02-04). "Brett Giroir | FDA". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  31. ↑ Defense Sciences Study Group Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ "Biotechnology is new breed of business at Texas A&M". Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  33. ↑ National Academy of Engineering: 21st Century Manufacturing and Design Forum
  34. ↑ Giroir, Brett P.; Wilensky, Gail R. (September 30, 2015). "Reforming the Veterans Health Administration — Beyond Palliation of Symptoms". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (18): 1693–1695. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1511438. PMID 26422644.
  35. ↑ Wermund, Benjamin (2 June 2015). "A&M Health Science Center head forced to resign". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  36. 1 2 Ackerman, Todd (November 1, 2019). "Trump nominates MD Anderson doctor to head FDA". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  37. 1 2 Cole, Devan (April 20, 2020). "Washington Post: Trump administration official in charge of coronavirus testing was forced out of vaccine research job". CNN. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  38. ↑ Kranish, Michael (April 20, 2020). "Brett Giroir, Trump's testing czar, was forced out of a job developing vaccine projects. Now he's on the hot seat". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  39. ↑ Fullhart, Steve (June 1, 2015). "Giroir Resigns as Texas A&M Health Science Center CEO, Says It Was Forced". KBTX-TV3. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  40. ↑ Peshek, Same (June 2, 2015). "Health Science Center CEO Brett Giroir leaving Aggieland after being asked to resign". The Eagle. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  41. ↑ Peshek, Sam (June 1, 2015). "A&M Health Science Center's CEO Brett Giroir resigns after he says new president gave ultimatum". The Eagle. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  42. ↑ Cole, Devan (April 20, 2020). "Washington Post: Trump administration official in charge of coronavirus testing was forced out of vaccine research job". CNN. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  43. ↑ Perlman, Derek Kravitz,Al Shaw,Claire (7 March 2018). "Brett Giroir | Trump Town". ProPublica. Retrieved 2021-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Esperance Pharmaceuticals Inc (2016-03-17). "Esperance Pharmaceuticals Names Brett Giroir MD to Board of Directors". www.prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  45. ↑ ViraCyte LLC (2016-11-29). "ViraCyte Appoints Dr. Brett Giroir as President and Chief Executive Officer". www.prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  46. 1 2 "PN520 - Nomination of Brett Giroir for Department of Health and Human Services, 115th Congress (2017-2018)". www.congress.gov. 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  47. 1 2 Bluth, Rachel (August 10, 2017). "Senate Democrats Delay HHS Nominee Over Women's Health Funding". Kaiser Health News. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  48. 1 2 Recio, Maria (2018-03-31). "Trump's troubled Texas nominations". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  49. 1 2 "PN1392 - Nomination of Brett Giroir for Department of Health and Human Services, 115th Congress (2017-2018)". www.congress.gov. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  50. ↑ "Assistant Secretary for Health". Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  51. ↑ U.S. Surgeon General (2018-02-16). "Welcome to new Assistant Secretary for @HHS_Health, Dr. Brett Giroir". Twitter. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  52. ↑ U.S. Surgeon General (2018-02-22). "Welcome Admiral Brett P. Giroir, our new Assistant Secretary for Health, to the United States Public Health Service #CommissionedCorps". Twitter. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  53. ↑ "Secretary Azar Announces Appointments to Advance Department Priorities," HHS press release.
  54. ↑ Firth, Shannon (April 19, 2018). "Dems Blame Drug Companies for Opioid Crisis". MedPage Today. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  55. ↑ "McCaskill Continues to Seek Answers on Naloxone Prices". U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs. 2018-09-04. Archived from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  56. 1 2 Diamond, Dan; Cancryn, Adam (2018-11-16). "HHS official vows to pursue research 'alternatives' to aborted fetal tissue". POLITICO. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  57. 1 2 3 Stauffer, McKenzie (May 13, 2020). "'Nothing to celebrate': Romney rebukes White House coronavirus testing response". KUTV. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  58. ↑ Moreau, Julie (2020-05-13). "Romney rips Trump testing official: U.S. record 'nothing to celebrate'". NBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  59. ↑ Burton, Thomas M.; Restuccia, Andrew (November 1, 2019). "Trump Will Tap Texas Doctor to Lead FDA". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  60. ↑ McGinley, Laurie (November 1, 2019). "Trump announces plan to nominate Texas cancer doctor to run FDA". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  61. ↑ Thomas, Katie (November 1, 2019). "Trump to Nominate Stephen Hahn, Cancer Researcher, to Head F.D.A." The New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  62. ↑ "Concerns raised about Giroir at FDA"
  63. ↑ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Personnel to Key Administration Posts". whitehouse.gov. April 21, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018 – via National Archives.
  64. ↑ Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) (2018-02-15). "ADM Brett P. Giroir, M.D." HHS.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  65. ↑ "Ten Nominations and One Withdraw Sent to the Senate". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-13 – via National Archives.
  66. 1 2 "PN2647 - Nomination of Brett P. Giroir for Department of State, 115th Congress (2017-2018)". www.congress.gov. 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  67. 1 2 "PN125 - Nomination of Brett P. Giroir for Department of State, 116th Congress (2019-2020)". www.congress.gov. 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  68. 1 2 "PN1709 - Nomination of Brett P. Giroir for Department of State, 116th Congress (2019-2020)". www.congress.gov. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  69. ↑ "WHO | Composition of the Board". apps.who.int. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  70. ↑ Lee, Jacquie; Court, Emma (2021-01-07). "U.S. Funding for Covid Tests in At-Risk Areas Extended to April". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  71. ↑ Liehard, Kelly; Beth, Wang (2021-01-07). "Giroir Says He Has 'Overriding Duty' To Stay At HHS Until Inauguration". InsideHealthPolicy.com. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  72. ↑ "Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (OGE Form 278e)" (PDF). khn.org/.
  73. ↑ "The Texas A&M University System + GSK Announcement Speaker Biographies" (PDF). assets.system.tamus.edu/.
  74. ↑ Willman, David. "Federal vaccine development sites ill-suited to counter covid-19 epidemic". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  75. ↑ Shive, Holly (2014-10-06). "Gov. Perry names Dr. Brett Giroir to lead Texas Task Force on Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response". Vital Record. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  76. ↑ Martin, Greg (2021-02-01). "We recognize the vital contributions to saving lives with the #COVID19 pandemic by #AnthonyFauci and @DrGiroir with an @SCCM Special Recognition Award prior to #CCC50". Twitter. Society of Critical Care Medicine President. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  77. ↑ "Presidential Unit Citation". Twitter - Assistant Secretary for Health. 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
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