Savate
Also known asFrench boxing,
French footfighting[1]
FocusKick
HardnessFull contact
Country of originFrance[2]
CreatorMichel Casseux, Charles Lecour
Famous practitioners(see notable practitioners)
ParenthoodBoxing, Ancient footfighting
Descendant artsKickboxing, Jeet Kune Do,[3] Mixed Martial Arts
Olympic sportonly the 1924 Summer Olympics[4]

Savate (French pronunciation: [savat]), also known as French boxing (boxe Française), is a French kickboxing combat sport that uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of English boxing with kicking techniques.[5][6][7][8]

Only foot kicks are allowed, unlike some systems such as Southeast Asian boxing or kickboxing, which allow the use of the knees or shins, but it allows strikes in any part of the body.

Savate is a French word for "old shoe or boot". Savate fighters wear specially designed boots. A male practitioner of savate is called a tireur while a female is called a tireuse.[9]

Name

Savate takes its name from the French for "old shoe" (heavy footwear, especially the boots used by French military and sailors) (cf. French-English loanwords sabot and sabotage and Spanish cognate zapato).

History

The modern formalized form is mainly an amalgam of French street fighting techniques from the beginning of the 19th century. Savate was then a type of street fighting common in Paris and northern France.[10][11][12]

According to one theory, in the time of Napoleon Bonaparte, his soldiers publicly displayed their "aptitudes" by kicking their prisoners' behinds. The punishment was known as “Savate”, which can be translated as “old shoe”.[13]

Origin

Savate originated in France, practiced by some sailors in the southern port of Marseille, in the 17th century. According to historians, it was learned by sailors on their trips to the countries of the Indian Ocean and the China Sea.[13] Subsequently, in every bar fight in French ports, it was common to see the savate kicks. Sailors called this type of combat "Chausson", in reference to the slippers normally worn on board.[13]

Early history

Illustration from 1847 of French sailors practicing savate on a ship.
Savate illustration from the 19th century, showing a kick similar to a rabo de arraia in capoeira.

In the south, especially in the port of Marseille, sailors developed a fighting style involving high kicks and open-handed slaps. It is conjectured that this kicking style was developed in this way to allow the fighter to use a hand to hold onto something for balance on a rocking ship's deck, and that the kicks and slaps were used on land to avoid the legal penalties for using a closed fist, which was considered a deadly weapon under the law. It was known as the jeu marseillais (game from Marseille), and was later renamed chausson (slipper, after the type of shoes the sailors wore). In contrast, at this time in England (the home of boxing and the Queensberry rules), kicking was seen as unsportsmanlike.

Traditional savate was a northern French development, especially in Paris' slums, and always used heavy shoes and boots derived from its potential military origins. Street fighting savate, unlike chausson, kept the kicks low, almost never targeted above the groin, and they were delivered with vicious, bone-breaking intent. Parisian savate also featured open hand blows, in thrusting or smashing palm strikes (la baffe) or in stunning slaps targeted to facial nerves. Techniques of savate or chausson were at this time also developed in the ports of northwest Italy and northeastern Spain—hence one savate kick named the "Italian kick" (chassé italien).

Reform

The two key historical figures in the history of the shift from street fighting to the modern sport of savate are Michel Casseux (also known as le Pisseux)[14] (1794–1869) and Charles Lecour (1808–1894). Casseux opened the first establishment in 1825 for practicing and promoting a regulated version of chausson and savate (disallowing head butting, eye gouging, grappling, etc.).

However, the sport had not shaken its reputation as a street-fighting technique. Charles Lecour created a modern edition of the martial art by 1830. Charles Lecour incorporated boxing techniques with kicking techniques and showed how to use them together. He was the first to see savate as both a sport and self-defense system. Charles Lecour was the first to add English boxing gloves to the martial art which allowed his students to train their punches without injuring their hands.[15]

Charles Lecour was exposed to the English art of boxing when he witnessed an English boxing match in France between English pugilist Owen Swift and Jack Adams in 1838.[16] Lecour also took part in a friendly sparring match with Swift later in that same year. Lecour felt that he was at a disadvantage, using his hands only to bat his opponent's fists away, rather than to punch. He trained in boxing for a time before combining boxing with chausson and savate to create the sport of savate (or boxe française, as we know it today). At some point la canne and le baton, stick fighting, were added, and some form of stick fencing, such as la canne, is commonly part of savate training. Those who train purely for competition may omit this. Savate was developed professionally by Lecour's student Joseph Charlemont and then his son Charles Charlemont. Charles continued his father's work and in 1899 fought an English boxer named Jerry Driscoll. He won the match with a round-kick (fouetté median) in the eighth round although the English said that it was a kick to the groin. According to the well known English referee, Bernard John Angle of the National Sporting Club, in his book My Sporting Memories (London, 1925), "Driscoll did not know what he was taking on" when he agreed "to meet the Frenchman at his own game". Angle also said that, "The contest ended in Jerry being counted out to a blow in the groin from the Frenchman's knee." He further alleged that "the timekeeper saved Charlemont several times". After the fight Driscoll bore no grudges, considering the blow to have been "an accident". The French claimed victory for their man by stoppage, following a round-kick to Driscoll's stomach.

Codification

19th century picture of boxe française
French boxing "tireurs" in 1900

Savate was later codified under a Committee National de Boxe Française under Charles Charlemont's student Count Pierre Baruzy (dit Barozzi). The Count is seen as the father of modern savate and was 11-time Champion of France and its colonies, his first ring combat and title prior to the First World War. Savate de Défense, Défense Savate or Savate de Rue ("street savate") is the name given to those methods of fighting excluded from savate competition. The International Savate Federation (FIS) is the official worldwide ruling body of savate.[17]

Perhaps the ultimate recognition of the respectability of savate came in 1924 when it was included as a demonstration sport in the Olympic Games in Paris. In 2008, savate was recognised by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) – this recognition allows savate to hold official University World Championships; the first was held in Nantes, France in 2010. The 25th anniversary of the founding of the International Savate Federation, in March 2010, was celebrated with a visit to Lausanne, to meet with International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge. FISav President Gilles Le Duigou was presented with a memento depicting the Olympic Rings. In April 2010, the International Savate Federation was accepted as a member of SportAccord (previously known as AGFIS) – a big step forward on the road to Olympic recognition.

Modern practice

Despite its roots, savate is a relatively safe sport to learn.[18]

Today, savate is practiced all over the world by amateurs: from Australia to the U.S. and from Finland to Britain. Many countries (including the United States) have national federations devoted to promoting savate.

Modern codified savate provides for three levels of competition: assaut, pre-combat and combat.

  • Assaut requires the competitors to focus on their technique while still making contact; referees assign penalties for the use of excessive force.
  • Pre-combat allows for full-strength fighting so long as the fighters wear protective gear such as helmets and shinguards.
  • Combat, the most intense level, is the same as pre-combat, but protective gear other than groin protection and mouthguards is prohibited.
A young competitor executing the savate salute
The savate salute

Many martial arts provide ranking systems, such as belt colours. Savate uses glove colours to indicate a fighter's level of proficiency (unlike arts such as many modern styles of karate, which assign new belts at each promotion, moving to a higher colour rank in savate does not necessarily entail a change in the colour of one's actual gloves, and a given fighter may continue using the same pair of gloves through multiple promotions). Novices begin at no colour.

The qualifications for competition vary depending on the association or commission. In the French Federation a yellow glove can compete, and in Belgium a green glove can compete. In the United States, the competition levels start at novice (6 months). In Russia there is no requirement for a specific glove colour in order to compete.

The ranking of savate: Boxe Française is divided into three roads that a savateur can choose to take.

  • Technical road: blue glove, green glove, red glove, white glove, yellow glove, silver glove I, silver glove II and silver glove III (violet glove for those less than 17 years of age). Prior to 1985 silver glove I, II, III did not exist. There was only one silver glove technique ( Original GAT) ( Combining BF Savate and Canne de combat). After 1985 the silver glove technique ( GAT BFS/Canne) was broken into 3 subcategories I, II and III and no longer included Canne de Combat. The "yellow pommel" is the "New GAT ( post 1985)" of Canne de Combat.
  • The few remaining pre-1985 GAT (combo I,II and III)_ are probably over 55 years old. Similarly, the former FFBFSDA Professorship of BF-SAVATE requirements included Canne de Combat. New Savate instructorships tests do not have these requirements. Both sports have split although still under a same federation. These sports can be used in combinations together.
  • Competition road: bronze glove, silver glove I, silver glove II, silver glove III, silver glove IV and silver glove V
  • Teaching ranks: initiateur (instructor level 1), moniteur (instructor level 2/master) and professeur (rarely given). These ranks require additional knowledge than just savate. Examinations includes anatomy, regulations of savate, education training, first aid certification, savate techniques and other...
  • Referee ranking: Juge arbitre stagiaire, Juge arbitre
Match at the 2013 World Championship qualifiers

In some clubs there is also a rank of aide-moniteur, while in other associations there is no rank of initiateur. Eight to twelve years of training on average are necessary for a student to reach professeur level; eight years average depending on skills. In France the professional professeur must have a French state certificate of specialized teaching (CQP AS, BEES 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree, 1st de CCB BPJEPS, DEJEPS, DESJEPS). These diplomas are university level education in sports with specialisation in savate (supervised by the French Federation of BF Savate and associated disciplines ( Canne, Self Defense, Lutte, baton) (i.e.:FFBFSDA). The international federation (FIS), however, is still allowed to award professeur to non-French nationals without requiring such rigid system of education. French nationals have to submit and succeed to the rigid system of education and prove themselves in competition as well as being respected by peers, in order to have a slight chance to become a DTD (directeur technique départemental). Like any sport federations in France, the French and International Federation of Savate are under the control of France Ministry of Sport and Youth. This makes these two federations extremely powerful federations on the world scene. These two federations have followed a set of national traditions.

Nowadays, savate is just a term meaning Savate-Boxe Française. In the 1970s the term "savate" was rarely used in France to refer to the formalised sport: people mostly used the term Savate boxe française, Boxe-Française Savate, B.F, B.F.S., S.B.F. or simply boxe française. The term savate remains in use mostly outside France or when speaking a language other than French.

Match between two tireuses (female Savate boxers)

The global distribution of schools (salles) today is best explained through their stylistic approaches:

  • La Savate-Boxe Française (1980–present): the technical abilities of both savate's major kicking arsenal and English boxing were merged into a definitive sport of combat.
  • La Savate Défense (1994–present): was first presented by Professeur Pierre Chainge then produced into Self-Defense by Eric Quequet in 2000. After the French Federation dismantled Prof. Change and placed Michel Leroux in charge of the formations. It is based on La Boxe Française Savate, La Savate of the late 19th century, La Lutte Parisienne and the discipline* of La canne de Combat (stick) *includes also Le Bâton Français (staff), Le Couteau (knife), Le Poignard (dagger), La Chaise (chair) and Le Manteau (overcoat).
  • Re-constructed historical savate: some savate has been re-constructed from old textbooks, such as those written in the late 19th or early 20th century. As such, this form of savate would be considered a historical European martial art. Re-construction of these older systems may or may not be performed by practitioners familiar with the modern sport and is not at present likely to be particularly widespread.
  • La savate forme (2008): Cardio-kickboxing form of La Boxe Française-Savate.

These are the different stylistic approaches of the French arts of pugilism in the world today.

In the United States

In the United States Jean-Noel Eynard brought Savate Boxe-Francaise & Canne de Combat (FFBFSDA) as a pioneer to the east coast. it is said that Daniel Duby brought Savate (FNBF) to the west coast in Southern California. The first real FFBFSDA/ FIS club of Boxe-Francaise Savate was open in 1983 on the east coast in Philadelphia at St Joseph's University, under Jean-Noel Eynard, FFBFSDA/ FIS Professeur with the assistance of former FFBFSDA/ FIS DTN Bob Alix. Forward thinking, Jean-Noel Eynard registered a series of written worksheets (1983-1999) titled "Prof. Eynard's easy guide to savate" [19] with the U.S. Copyright Office and Library of Congress as copyrighted text, including the word "Savate" as a sport rather than something else. In 1988 the US Registry of Savate was created on the east coast which became the American Registry of Savate Instructors and Clubs in 1994 (ARSIC-International). Meanwhile, on the west coast Savate clubs were spurring from the California Association of Savate. A couple years later, under the collaborative assistance of a steering committee made of Gilles le Duigou (FIS), JN Eynard, ARSIC-International (PA), Armando Basulto (NJ) and Norman Taylor, USSF president(NJ) as well as few other individuals from California, the official name of United States Savate Federation was given to this combined association. The teaching efforts of Dr. Jean-Noel Eynard, Salem Assli and Nicolas Saignac contributed to the further development of Boxe Francaise Savate in the US. Bob Alix and L. Gillot's "pedagogie de la Boxe Francaise"Pédagogie de la boxe française : de l'école au club introduced to the world "Contact / Without being touched" mentality (i.e.«être capable de toucher sans être touché»).[20] This teaching methodology was used by the first instructors (Initiateurs, moniteurs) and Professors of SAVATE in the US who got certified by FFBFSDA. ARSIC-International has been instrumental at promoting savate in the US.[21]

Dress

Adidas savate shoes
Savate shoes

In official competitions, competitors wear an intégrale or a vest and savate trousers. They wear boxing gloves (with or without padded palms) and savate boots. Savate is the only kickboxing style to use footwear, although some other combat sports such as Shoot Fighting and some forms of MMA sometimes also wear grappling-type shoes/boots. Savate boots can be used to hit with the sole, the top of the foot, the toe, or the heel. Sometimes a Headgear can be worn, e.g. in junior competitions and in the early rounds of Combat (full contact) bouts.

Techniques

In competitive or competition savate, which includes Assaut, Pre-Combat, and Combat types, there are only four kinds of kicks allowed along with four kinds of punches allowed:

Kicks

  1. fouetté (literally "whip", roundhouse kick making contact with the toe—hard rubber-toed shoes are worn in practice and bouts), high (figure), medium (médian) or low (bas)
  2. A chassé frontal (front kick)
    chassé (side ("chassé lateral") or front ("chassé frontal") piston-action kick, high (figure), medium (médian) or low (bas)
  3. revers, frontal or lateral ("reverse" or hooking kick) making contact with the sole of the shoe, high (figure), medium (médian), or low (bas)
  4. coup de pied bas ("low kick", a front or sweep kick to the shin making contact with the inner edge of the shoe, performed with a characteristic backwards lean) low only[22][23]

Punches

  1. direct bras avant (jab, lead hand)
  2. direct bras arrière (cross, rear hand)
  3. crochet (hook, bent arm with either hand)
  4. uppercut (either hand)

Savate did not begin as a sport, but as a form of self-defence and fought on the streets of Paris and Marseille. This type of savate was known as Savate de Rue. In addition to kicks and punches, training in Savate de Rue (Street Savate) includes knee and elbow strikes along with locks, sweeps, throws, headbutts, and takedowns.[24][25][26][27]

Events

The International Savate Federation holds World Championships in three disciplines: Savate Assaut, Savate Combat and Canne de combat. World Savate Combat Championships are being held for Seniors (over 21 years) and Juniors (18 to 21 years).[28][29]

World Combat Savate Championships (+21 year)

Edition Year Host City Country Events
42007France France
52009Novi Sad Serbia
62011Milan Italy
72013Clermont Ferrand France
82015La Roche-sur-Yon France
92017Varaždin Croatia

World Canne de Combat Savate Championships (+18 year)

Edition Year Host City Country Events
12003Reunion Island France
European2006Strasbourg France
22008Frankenberg/Eder Germany
European2010Cambridge United Kingdom
32012Saint-Herblain France
42014Budapest Hungary
52016Varaždin Croatia
62018Plovdiv Bulgaria

World Assaut Savate Championships (+18 year)

Edition Year Host City Country Events
12002France France
22004France France
32006Villebon France
42008Paris France15
52010Paris France
62012Plovdiv Bulgaria
72014Rome Italy
82016Varaždin Croatia
92018Plovdiv Bulgaria

World Junior Savate Combat Championships (18 to 21)

Edition Year Host City Country Events
2007France France
2009Novi Sad Serbia
2011Milan Italy
2013Clermont Ferrand France
2015La Roche Sur Yon France
2017Varaždin Croatia

World Youth Savate Assaut Championships (15 to 17)

Edition Year Host City Country Events
12011Villette-d'Anthon France
22013Kladovo Serbia
32015Plovdiv Bulgaria
42017Varaždin Croatia17[30][31]

Notable practitioners

Cultural references

In "Dr. Wells is Missing", a 1974 episode of The Six Million Dollar Man a savate master named Yamo fights with Steve Austin, using the original kicks-only style of the art.

In Marvel Comics, the criminal mercenary Batroc the Leaper, an adversary of Captain America and mentor of Gwen Poole, is a master of savate, training the latter. The X-Men character Gambit is trained in savate.[40]

In the issue Flight 714 of The Adventures of Tintin, Professor Calculus states that he used to be proficient in savate in his younger years. However, when attempting a kick, he ends up falling terribly, prompting stunned reactions from the onlookers. Dazed, Calculus remarks that he is out of practice. In The Black Island, Tintin himself kicks a villain and calls it a savate move.

In the 1967 novel Logan's Run, protagonist Logan 3 often uses savate kicks for self-defense.

In DC Comics, the character Nightwing is a martial arts expert whose many skills include savate.[41]

In the Japanese manga series Medaka Box Zenkichi Hitoyoshi is a master of savate, and emphasizes its Open Handed Style Techniques with his "Altered God Mode: Model Zenkichi" which makes his hands as sharp as blades.[42]

In the manga series Kengan Omega, Nicholas Le Banner uses a martial art he calls 'Sahate', created by incorporating techniques from Fencing, Savate, and Karate.

Ash Crimson from The King of Fighters fights in a basic savate style that uses his own green flames. Ash himself is portrayed by SNK as a character with an unknown origin, because his lineage as descendant of Saiki (Those from the Past's leader), but it says too that he was raised by the Blanctorche clan, a French family.

Remy from Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike uses savate in a majority of his kick normals, combined with charge command specials reminiscent of Guile and Charlie Nash. His kick normals have a long reach but are slow and punishable, placing him low among competitive 3rd Strike tier lists.[43]

John Crawley from Art of Fighting and The King of Fighters uses savate in his martial arts style.[44]

In the Tekken series, Brazilian character Katarina Alves uses savate as her fighting syle.

In the mid to late 1980s, WWF commentator Gorilla Monsoon would often refer to the reverse kicks thrown by the French-Canadian Rougeau Brothers as "savate kicks."

Ulrich Stern, occasionally alongside his good friend Yumi Ishiyama, is a practitioner of the French martial art in the 2003-2007 French animated show Code Lyoko

Influence on other martial arts

Bruce Lee also studied Savate and included many techniques to his own Jeet Kune Do style.[45] Mixed martial arts also had influence in a similar matter, in UFC 1 world-champion savateur Gerard Gordeau participated, reaching the finals where he lost to Royce Gracie, and he went to corner and train many future Dutch MMA fighters.[46][47] Other savateurs have competed in MMA, such as Bellator Light Heavyweight Champion Christian M'Pumbu, Karl Amoussou and Cheick Kongo.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "French Boxers in England.; Attempt to Popularise Self-Defense by a New Style of Kicking". New York Times. 31 October 1898. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Art."; Self-Defense by Kicking Exemplified by French Artists in London". New York Times. 10 November 1898. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  3. ↑ Title: Bruce Lee - Between Wing Chun and Jeet Kune Do, Author: Jesse Glover, Publisher: Glover Publications (January 1, 1976) ISBN 0-9602328-0-X ISBN 978-0-9602328-0-2.
  4. ↑ Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (11 August 2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780810875227. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  5. ↑ Martin, Adam (30 October 1988). "Getting Your Kicks With French Boxing Lomita Fighting, Fitness Academy Teaches the Sweet Science of Savate". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
  6. ↑ "Savate: The French Manly Art of Self-Defense (Part 2)". Blackbeltmag.com. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  7. ↑ "Savate: The French Manly Art of Self-Defense". Blackbeltmag.com. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  8. ↑ Crudelli, Chris (October 2008). The Way of the Warrior. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 9781405330954. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  9. ↑ Hontz, Jenny (18 December 2006). "FITNESS BOUND; Holiday pounds? Give 'em a swift kick". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
  10. ↑ Green, Thomas A. (2001). Martial Arts of the World: R-Z. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781576071502. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  11. ↑ "Black Belt September 1997". September 1997. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  12. ↑ "Black Belt November 2004". November 2004. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 "Crônica da capoeira (GEM). O 'Chausson/Savate' influenciou a capoeira?". www.efdeportes.com.
  14. ↑ Thomas A. Green, Martial Arts of the World, ABC-CLIO, 2001, p.519
  15. ↑ Coleman, J. (1982, February). The Fighting Sport of France. Black Belt, 28-32.
  16. ↑ Savate – Canne – Baton au fil des siècle: la vérifiable histoire de la boxe française and Swift's own biography in The Handbook To Boxing by Renton Nicholson, London 1840.
  17. ↑ "Black Belt". September 1997.
  18. ↑ "USSavate". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  19. ↑ "Prof. Eynard's easy guide to savate Copyright Record". uspto.report. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  20. ↑ "Les effets de l'expérience et de l'expertise dans les pratiques d'enseignement en éducation physique et sportive: analyse de deux profils asymétriques en savate boxe française". cairn.info. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  21. ↑ "American Registry Of Savate Instructors And Clubs-International - Broomall - Company Information". pennsylvaniadb.com. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  22. ↑ "Black Belt March 1967". March 1967. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  23. ↑ "Black Belt April 2004". April 2004. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  24. ↑ "Black Belt September 1994". September 1994. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  25. ↑ "Black Belt March 1988". March 1988. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  26. ↑ "Black Belt June 1987". June 1987. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  27. ↑ "Black Belt February 1982". February 1982. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  28. ↑ "Qualifying Tournament of the World Savate Combat Championships 2015 | AIMS". Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  29. ↑ "International federation of Savate - Championship Results". fisavate.org.
  30. ↑ "Asian Savate Confederation". www.asiansavate.org.
  31. ↑ http://www.fisu.net/sports/fisu-recognised-sports/savate - 1st World University Savate Championship Nantes, France - June 25 to 26, 2010
  32. ↑ "Savate". 14 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "The Baron of Castleshort".
  34. ↑ "Savate: From the Back Alleys of France to the Martial Arts World". 19 May 2014.
  35. ↑ Jesse Glover (1 January 1976). Bruce Lee - Between Wing Chun and Jeet Kune Do. Glover Publications. ISBN 0-9602328-0-X.
  36. ↑ "Silvia La Notte: "Ho vinto tutto ma Bellator è l'apice della mia carriera"". fightnews.it. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  37. ↑ "Titoli". silvialanotte.com. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  38. ↑ "Vitor Miranda - Official UFC Fighter Profile". UFC.com. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  39. ↑ "AWA #25 Page #2". Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  40. ↑ Gambit vol 3 #16 (May 2000). Marvel Comics.
  41. ↑ "Nightwing". 22 February 2019.
  42. ↑ "Manga 'Medaka Box'". Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  43. ↑ "'Justin Wong 3rd Strike Tier List'". Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  44. ↑ "John Crawley (Character)".
  45. ↑ Title: Bruce Lee - Between Wing Chun and Jeet Kune Do, Author: Jesse Glover, Publisher: Glover Publications (January 1, 1976) ISBN 0-9602328-0-X ISBN 978-0-9602328-0-2.
  46. ↑ Kaminoge Vol.85, Toho Publishing
  47. ↑ Todd Hester, O Melhor do Mundo, Trip magazine, October 1994

Further reading

  • Description de la Savate à partir de ses formes techniques de base par Amorous (Manuel d'éducation Physique Tome 1, page 414).
  • Défense et illustration de la boxe française. Savate, canne, chausson, Bernard Plasait, 1972, Paris, Sedirep
  • L'art de la savate, Michel Casseux.
  • Théorique et pratique de la boxe française, Joseph Charlemont, 1878.
  • La Boxe Française, historique et biographique, souvenirs, notes, impressions, anecdotes, Joseph Charlemont, 1899.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Savate.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.