Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts is a military doctrine followed by the Pakistani military against India.[1][2][3] It consists of waging covert war against India using insurgents at multiple locations.[4] According to scholar Aparna Pande, this view was put forward in various studies by the Pakistani military, particularly in its Staff College, Quetta.[5] Peter Chalk and Christine Fair cite the former director of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) explicating the strategy.[6]

In a 1965 speech to the UN Security Council, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, former Prime Minister and former President of Pakistan, declared a thousand-year war against India.[7][8] Reetika Sharma writes that Pakistani Army Chief General Zia-ul-Haq gave form to Bhutto's "thousand years war" with the 'bleeding India through a thousand cuts' doctrine using covert and low-intensity warfare with militancy and infiltration.[9] This doctrine was first attempted during the Punjab insurgency and then in Kashmir insurgency using India's western border with Pakistan.[10][11][12] Pakistan has devised a malevolent strategy aimed at instigating religio-political turmoil in India's border states of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. This strategy involves supporting and fueling acts of terror-induced violence, with the explicit intention of causing significant problems for India.[13]

Origins

A political map of the Borders of India and its neighbors, showing the relative location of Pakistan

The origins of the strategic doctrine are attributed to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, then a member of the military regime of the General Ayub Khan, who declared a thousand-year war against India during his speech to the United Nations Security Council in 1965.[8] His plans for the 1971 war included severing the entire eastern India and making it a "permanent part" of East Pakistan, occupying Kashmir, and turning East Punjab into a separate 'Khalistan'.[14] After the war ended with Pakistan's own dismemberment, he laid down the doctrine of continuing the conflict by "inflicting a thousand cuts" on India.[15] According to The Pioneer, Bhutto declared that Pakistan's success in its 'national' goal of destruction of India would only be possible by "delivering a thousand cuts on its body politic" and not through a direct conventional war. One of the purposes of the declaration was to divert public attention from internal problems facing Pakistan.[16]

On 5 July 1977, Bhutto was deposed by his army chief General Zia-ul-Haq in a military coup before being controversially tried and executed.[17][18]

Zia then assumed the office of President of Pakistan in 1978 and the thousand cut policy began taking shape. After the defeat of Pakistan in the 1971 war, Pakistan was divided and Bangladesh was created. The war clarified that Kashmir could no longer be taken from India by a conventional war.[19][20] Zia implemented Bhutto's "thousand years war" with 'Bleed India Through A Thousand Cuts' doctrine using covert and low intensity warfare with militancy and infiltration.[9][11][10]

Punjab

Pakistan had been helping the Sikh secessionist movement in the Indian Punjab since the 1970s.[21] Since the early 1980s Pakistan's intelligence agency ISI created a special Punjab cell in its headquarters to support the militant Sikh followers of Bhindranwale and supply them with arms and ammunitions. Terrorist training camps were set up in Pakistan at Lahore and Karachi to train the young Sikhs.[21] Hamid Gul (who had led ISI) had stated about Punjab insurgency that "Keeping Punjab destabilised is equivalent to the Pakistan Army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers."[4] On February 26, 2023, Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann asserted that Khalistan supporters were receiving financial support from Pakistan and various other nations. This statement comes against the backdrop of the prevailing unrest in the state, fueled by the recent actions of Khalistani sympathizer Amritpal Singh and his followers.[22]

Kashmir

After the conclusion of the Soviet–Afghan War, the fighters of the Sunni Mujahideen and other Islamic militants had successfully removed the Soviet forces from Afghanistan. The military and civil government of Pakistan sought to utilise these militants in the Kashmir conflict against the Indian Armed Forces in accordance with the "thousand cuts" doctrine so as to "bleed India", using Pakistan's nuclear arsenal as a shield.[16][23] In the 1980s cross-border terrorism started in the Kashmir region as armed and well-trained groups of terrorists were infiltrated into India through the border. Pakistan officially maintained that the terrorism in Kashmir was "freedom struggle" of Kashmiris and Pakistan only provided moral support to them. But this turned out to be inaccurate as Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) stated in the National Assembly of Pakistan that the ISI was sponsoring this support in Kashmir.[19] Pakistan has used the jihadist militias to conduct an asymmetric warfare with India.[24] The militant groups have been used not just as proxies, but predominantly as "weapons" against India for Pakistan's "Bleed India" campaign.[25]

According to a general involved with the "bleed India" strategy of infiltrating jihadists into Kashmir:

It kept 700,000 Indian troops and paramilitary forces in Kashmir at very low cost to Pakistan; at the same time, it ensured that the Indian Army could not threaten Pakistan, created enormous expenditures for India, and kept it bogged down in military and political terms.[26]

In May 1998, India tested its nuclear weapons at Pokhran-II followed by Pakistani nuclear tests.[27][24] The Infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC, resulted in a geographically limited Kargil War,[28] during which the Pakistani Foreign Secretary Shamshad Ahmed issued a veiled nuclear threat that, 'We will not hesitate to use any weapon in our arsenal to defend our territorial integrity.'[29]

After the Kargil War in 1999, the Kargil Review Committee came out with a report which took reference to the concept of Pakistan bleeding India. In Chapter 12, "Could Kargil Have Been Avoided?", the report said that if the "Siachenisation" of Kargil had happened prior to the war, that if troops had been stationed there all year round along a wider area, it would have resulted in huge costs "and enabled Pakistan to bleed India".[30][31]

On 13 December 2001 a terrorist attack occurred on the Indian Parliament (during which twelve people, including the five terrorists who attacked the building, were killed) and the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on 1 October 2001.[32] India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups fighting Indian administered Kashmir, the Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad, both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's ISI[33] a charge that Pakistan denied.[34][35][36] The military buildup was initiated by India in response to the twin attacks leading to the 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff between India and Pakistan. Troops were amassed on either side of the border and along the Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Kashmir. International media reported the possibility of a nuclear war between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the American-led "Global War on Terrorism" in nearby Afghanistan. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian[37] and Pakistani troops[38] from the international border.

In spite of grave provocations, the lack of military retaliation by India was seen as evidence of successful deterrence of India by Pakistan's nuclear capability.[1][39][40] According to David A. Robinson the nuclear deterrence has encouraged certain Pakistani elements to further provoke India. He adds that an "asymmetric nuclear escalation posture" of Pakistan has deterred conventional military power of India and in turn has enabled Pakistan's "aggressive strategy of bleeding India by a thousand cuts with little fear of significant retaliation".[40]

Present

Presently, the militant Islamists extremists in Bangladesh (not sponsored by government) and Pakistan, through designated terrorist groups such as Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HuJI),[41] have joined forces to carry out terrorist attacks on India.[42] In 2015, a Pakistani High Commission staff member who was an ISI agent in Bangladesh had to be withdrawn by Pakistan after his involvement in financing of terrorism activities and fake Indian currency note racket was reported by intelligence sources. He was involved in financing of terrorist organisations Hizb ut-Tahir, Ansarullah Bangla Team and Jamaat-e-Islami.[43] In December 2015, another Pakistani diplomat, a second secretary in the high commission, was withdrawn for links with Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh.[44] The Daily Star reported that arrest of Pakistani citizens in Bangladesh with fake Indian currency was a "common phenomenon".[43] In Bangladesh, HuJI-B provides a safe zone for training as well as help in crossing the border into India.[41]

Pakistan has decided to bleed India with thousand cuts. It's the policy of Pakistan. The creation of Bangladesh, which happened with the help of India, was a very humiliating defeat for them, and they feel that this is one way of avenging that defeat. They are avenging this defeat by causing casualties to our security forces and creating mayhem amongst the people.

— Chief of the Indian Army General Bipin Rawat in September 2018[45]

According to Pakistani commentator Pervez Hoodbhoy, "Pakistan's 'thousand cuts' policy is in shambles".[46] India was able to overcome its losses without the weakening of its strength. The international community doesn't like the usage of term "jihad" and the term is often used by terrorist organisations to refer to their acts of terror which has led to the term being considered to be related with terrorism even though the term isn't exactly related with that.[47][48] Pakistan's continuation of its covert war called "Jihad in Kashmir" has caused loss of international support for Pakistan's Kashmir policy,[49][50] with every jihadist attack reducing Pakistan's moral high ground.[46] At the centre of the FATF vote was Hafiz Saeed, an internationally designated Pakistani terrorist, who India blames for various attacks in Jammu and Kashmir.[51]

In an interview in May 2016, Pakistan's former ambassador to America, said:[52]

Pakistan sees jihad as a low cost option to bleed India. The security apparatus views terrorism as irregular warfare. Islamabad feels this is the only way to ensure some form of military parity.

— Husain Haqqani, Pakistani diplomat in 2016, via Business Standard, Indo-Asian News Service

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Gates, Scott, Kaushik Roy (2016). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Routledge. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 978-1-317-00540-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Sitaraman, Srini (2012), "South Asia: Conflict, Hegemony, and Power Balancing", in Kristen P. Williams; Steven E. Lobell; Neal G. Jesse (eds.), Beyond Great Powers and Hegemons: Why Secondary States Support, Follow, or Challenge, Stanford University Press, p. 181, ISBN 978-0-8047-8110-7: 'manipulating ethnosectarian conflict and domestic challenges to power across the borders to weaken Indian security through a tactic described by several analysts as "bleed India through a thousand cuts"'
  3. ↑ Ganguly, Deadly Impasse 2016, p. 27: 'The Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) led attack on Bombay (Mumbai) in November 2008 was emblematic of this new strategy designed to bleed India with a "war of a thousand cuts".'
  4. 1 2 Sirrs, Owen L. (2016). Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-317-19609-9. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  5. ↑ Pande, Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 2011, p. 200, footnote 103: Pande cites, as an example, Col. Javed Hassan, India: A Study in Profile, Quetta: Services Book Club. A Study conducted for the Faculty of Research and Doctrinal Studies, Command and Staff College (1990)
  6. ↑ Chalk, Peter; Fair, C. Christine (December 2002), "Lashkar-e-Tayyiba leads the Kashmiri insurgency" (PDF), Jane's Intelligence Review, 14 (10): 'In the words of Hamid Gul, the former director general of the ISI: "We have gained a lot because of our offensive in Kashmir. This is a psychological and political offensive that is designed to make India bleed through a thousand cuts."'
  7. ↑ Haqqani, Pakistan Between the Mosque and Military 2010, p. 67.
  8. 1 2 "Speech delivered at the UN Security Council on September 22, 1965 on Kashmir Issue". Bhutto.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  9. 1 2 Sharma, Reetika (2011), India and the Dynamics of World Politics: A book on Indian Foreign Policy, Related events and International Organizations, Pearson Education India, p. 135, ISBN 978-81-317-3291-5
  10. 1 2 Dogra, Wg Cdr C Deepak (2015). Pakistan: Caught in the Whirlwind. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 978-1-940988-22-1. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  11. 1 2 Maninder Dabas (3 October 2016). "Here Are Major Long Term War Doctrines Adopted By India And Pakistan Over The Years". Indiatimes. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  12. ↑ Tellis, Ashley J. (13 March 2012). "The Menace That Is Lashkar-e-Taiba". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  13. ↑ "'Khalistan-Pakistan Zindabad' slogans in Aam Admi Party stronghold". Daily Times. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  14. ↑ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 88.
  15. ↑ Mohanty, Nirode (2014), Indo–US Relations: Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Nuclear Energy, Lexington Books, p. 48, ISBN 978-1-4985-0393-8
  16. 1 2 Balbir Punj (22 December 2014). "A thousand cuts bleed Pakistan to death". The Pioneer. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  17. ↑ Pakistan, Zia and after. Abhinav Publications. 1989. pp. 20–35. ISBN 978-81-7017-253-6.
  18. ↑ Blood, Peter Blood, ed. (1994). "Pakistan – Zia-ul-Haq". Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 December 2007. ... hanging ... Bhutto for complicity in the murder of a political opponent...
  19. 1 2 Katoch, Dhruv C (2013). "Combatting Cross-Border Terrorism: Need for a Doctrinal Approach" (PDF). CLAWS Journal (Winter). Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  20. ↑ Allbritton, Chris; Hosenball, Mark (5 May 2011). "Special report: Why the U.S. mistrusts Pakistan's spies". Reuters. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  21. 1 2 Kiessling, Hein (2016). Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-84904-863-7. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  22. ↑ PTI (26 February 2023). "Bhagwant Mann says Pakistan, other nations funding Khalistan supporters". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  23. ↑ Staniland, Paul (15 January 2008). "The Challenge of Islamist Militancy in India". Combating Terrorism Center, West Point. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  24. 1 2 Racine, Jean-Luc (2008). "Post-Post-Colonial India: From Regional Power to Global Player". Politique étrangère. Hors série (5): 65–78. doi:10.3917/pe.hs02.0065. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  25. ↑ Haqqi, Salman (23 February 2012). "Kashmir: The lynchpin of the Afghanistan problem". Dawn. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  26. ↑ Jaffrelot, The Pakistan Paradox 2015, p. 453; Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink 2012, p. 62
  27. ↑ Burns, John F. (12 May 1998). "India Sets 3 Nuclear Blasts, Defying a Worldwide Ban; Tests Bring a Sharp Outcry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  28. ↑ Christopher, Snedden (15 September 2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. London. ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3. OCLC 938003294.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ↑ Dugger, Celia W. (1 June 1999). "Atmosphere Is Tense as India and Pakistan Agree to Talks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  30. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (22–28 April 2000). "Kargil Report: More Questions Raised than Answered". Economic and Political Weekly. x35 (17): 1429–1431. JSTOR 4409195.
  31. ↑ Kargil Review Committee (July 2000). From Surprise To Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report. New Delhi. Sage Publications.ISBN 9780761994664
  32. ↑ Rajesh M. Basrur (14 December 2009). "The lessons of Kargil as learned by India". In Peter R. Lavoy (ed.). Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-521-76721-7. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "Who will strike first" Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 20 December 2001.
  34. ↑ Jamal Afridi (9 July 2009). "Kashmir Militant Extremists". Council Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012. Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after 11 September 2001.
  35. ↑ Perlez, Jane (29 November 2008). "Pakistan Denies Any Role in Mumbai Attacks". The New York Times. Mumbai (India);Pakistan. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  36. ↑ "Attack on Indian parliament heightens danger of Indo-Pakistan war". Wsws.org. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  37. ↑ "India to withdraw troops from Pak border" Archived 30 November 2003 at the Wayback Machine, Times of India, 16 October 2002.
  38. ↑ "Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops" Archived 14 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 17 October 2002.
  39. ↑ Aziz, Sartaj (2009). Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-19-547718-4. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013.
  40. 1 2 Robinson, David A. (14 July 2011). "India's Rise as a Great Power, Part Two: The Pakistan-China-India Dynamic". Future Directions International. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  41. 1 2 Tankel, Stephen (April 2009). "Lashkar-e-Taiba: From 9/11 to Mumbai" (PDF). International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), King's College London. p. 22. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  42. ↑ Khullar, Darshan (2014). Pakistan Our Difficult Neighbour and India's Islamic Dimensions. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789382652823. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  43. 1 2 "Pakistani diplomat withdrawn". The Daily Star. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  44. ↑ "'Terror financing': Pak diplomat withdrawn from Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  45. ↑ "'Pakistan Wants To Bleed India With Thousand Cuts', Says Army Chief General Bipin Rawat". Outlook. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  46. 1 2 Hoodbhoy, Pervez (14 October 2016). "'Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts' Policy Is in a Shambles". Open Magazine. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  47. ↑ "Jihad | Meaning, Examples, & Use in the Quran | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  48. ↑ "BBC - Religions - Islam: Jihad". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  49. ↑ Balasubramanian, Shyam (20 September 2016). "Pakistan's Kashmir tactics fail to find traction with global powers". The Economic Times. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  50. ↑ Hussain, Tom (14 February 2016). "The problem with Pakistan's foreign policy". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  51. ↑ Hasan, Saad (6 March 2018). "Is Pakistan losing its long-standing allies?". TRT World. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  52. ↑ Indo-Asian News Service (17 May 2016). "Pakistan sees jihad as low-cost option to bleed India: Haqqani (IANS Interview)". Business Standard India. Retrieved 15 December 2018.

Bibliography

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