Statue of William Blackstone located at Constitution Ave & 3rd St. NW, Washington, DC.

In criminal law, Blackstone's ratio (also known as Blackstone's formulation) is the idea that:

It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.[1]

as expressed by the English jurist William Blackstone in his seminal work Commentaries on the Laws of England, published in the 1760s.

The idea subsequently became a staple of legal thinking in Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions and continues to be a topic of debate. There is also a long pre-history of similar sentiments going back centuries in a variety of legal traditions. The message that government and the courts must err on the side of bringing in verdicts of innocence has remained constant.

In Blackstone's Commentaries

The phrase, repeated widely and usually in isolation, comes from a longer passage, the fourth in a series of five discussions of policy by Blackstone:

Fourthly, all presumptive evidence of felony should be admitted cautiously, for the law holds that it is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer. And Sir Matthew Hale in particular lays down two rules most prudent and necessary to be observed: 1. Never to convict a man for stealing the goods of a person unknown, merely because he will give no account how he came by them, unless an actual felony be proved of such goods; and, 2. Never to convict any person of murder or manslaughter till at least the body be found dead; on account of two instances he mentions where persons were executed for the murder of others who were then alive but missing.

The phrase was absorbed by the British legal system, becoming a maxim by the early 19th century.[2] It was also absorbed into American common law, cited repeatedly by that country's Founding Fathers, later becoming a standard drilled into law students all the way into the 21st century.[3]

Benjamin Franklin's version of Blackstone's ratio is very commonly quoted

Other commentators have echoed the principle. Benjamin Franklin stated it as: "it is better 100 guilty Persons should escape than that one innocent Person should suffer".[4]

Defending British soldiers charged with murder for their role in the Boston Massacre, John Adams also expanded upon the rationale behind Blackstone's Ratio when he stated:

We find, in the rules laid down by the greatest English Judges, who have been the brightest of mankind; We are to look upon it as more beneficial, that many guilty persons should escape unpunished, than one innocent person should suffer. The reason is, because it’s of more importance to community, that innocence should be protected, than it is, that guilt should be punished; for guilt and crimes are so frequent in the world, that all of them cannot be punished; and many times they happen in such a manner, that it is not of much consequence to the public, whether they are punished or not. But when innocence itself, is brought to the bar and condemned, especially to die, the subject will exclaim, it is immaterial to me, whether I behave well or ill; for virtue itself, is no security. And if such a sentiment as this, should take place in the mind of the subject, there would be an end to all security what so ever.[5]

Given that Sir Matthew Hale and Sir John Fortescue in English law had made similar statements previously, some kind of explanation is required for the enormous popularity and influence of the phrase across all the Anglo-Saxon legal systems. Cullerne Bown has argued that it "...can be seen as a new kind of buttress of the law that was required in a new kind of society."[6][7]

Historic expressions of the principle

The immediate precursors of Blackstone's ratio in English law were articulations by Hale (about 100 years earlier) and Fortescue (about 200 years before that), both influential jurists in their time. Hale wrote: "for it is better five guilty persons should escape unpunished, than one innocent person should die." Fortescue's De Laudibus Legum Angliae (c. 1470) states that "one would much rather that twenty guilty persons should escape the punishment of death, than that one innocent person should be condemned and suffer capitally."[8]

Some 300 years before Fortescue, the Jewish legal theorist Maimonides wrote that "the Exalted One has shut this door" against the use of presumptive evidence, for "it is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death."[8][9][10]

Maimonides argued that executing an accused criminal on anything less than absolute certainty would progressively lead to convictions merely "according to the judge's caprice" and was expounding on both Exodus 23:7 ("do not bring death on those who are innocent and in the right") and an Islamic text, the Jami' al-Tirmidhi.

Islamic scholar Al-Tirmidhi quotes the Prophet Muhammad as saying, "Avoid legal punishments as far as possible, and if there are any doubts in the case then use them, for it is better for a judge to err towards leniency than towards punishment". Another similar expression reads, "Invoke doubtfulness in evidence during prosecution to avoid legal punishments".[11]

Other statements, some even older, which seem to express similar sentiments have been compiled by Alexander Volokh. A vaguely similar principle, echoing the number ten and the idea that it would be preferable that many guilty people escape consequences than a few innocents suffer them, appears as early as the narrative of the Cities of the Plain in Genesis (at 18:23–32),[8]

Abraham drew near, and said, "Will you consume the righteous with the wicked? What if there are fifty righteous within the city? Will you consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous who are in it?[12] ... What if ten are found there?" He [The Lord] said, "I will not destroy it for the ten's sake."[13]

With respect to the destruction of Sodom, the text describes it as ultimately being destroyed, but only after the rescuing of most of Lot's family, the aforementioned "righteous" among a city or overwhelming wickedness who, despite the overwhelming guilt of their fellows, were sufficient by their mere presence to warrant a "stay of execution" of sorts for the entire region, slated to be destroyed for being uniformly a place of sin. The text continues,

27 Early the next morning Abraham got up and returned to the place where he had stood before the Lord. 28 He looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah, toward all the land of the plain, and he saw dense smoke rising from the land, like smoke from a furnace.[14]

29 So when God destroyed the cities of the plain, he remembered Abraham, and he brought Lot out of the catastrophe that overthrew the cities where Lot had lived.[15]

Similarly, on 3 October 1692, while decrying the Salem witch trials, Increase Mather adapted Fortescue's statement and wrote, "It were better that Ten Suspected Witches should escape, than that one Innocent Person should be Condemned."[16]

The Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky in his work The Brothers Karamazov,[17][18] written in 1880, referred to the phrase "It is better to acquit ten guilty than to punish one innocent!"("Лучше оправдать десять виновных, чем наказать одного невиновного!»), which has existed in Russian legislation since 1712, during the reign of Peter the Great. Therefore, it is ahead of Blackstone's statement, but a very few English-speaking legal historians have yet paid attention to this.[19][20]

Even Voltaire in 1748 in the work of Zadig used a similar saying, although in French his thought is stated differently than in the English translation:[21]

In current scholarship

Blackstone's principle influenced the nineteenth-century development of "beyond a reasonable doubt" as the burden of proof in criminal law.[22] Many commentators suggest that Blackstone's ratio determines the confidence interval of the burden of proof; for example Jack B. Weinstein wrote:[23]

Blackstone would have put the probability standard for proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" at somewhat more than 90%, for he declared: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than one innocent suffer."

Pi et al. advocate formalizing this in jury instructions.[24] However, Daniel Epps argues that this is too simplistic, ignoring such factors as jury behaviour, plea bargains, appeals procedures, and "the percentage of innocent persons among the pool of charged defendants".[25]

Particularly in the United States, Blackstone's ratio continues to be an active source of debate in jurisprudence. For example Daniel Epps and Laura Appleman exchanged arguments against and in favour of its continuing influence in the Harvard Law Review in 2015.[26]

Legal and moral philosopher Fritz Allhoff has supported the essence of Blackstone's ratio. He submits that punishing the innocent "violates notions of desert". He further defends this position by appealing to the liability principle, which is grounded in just war theory. He suggests that "the guilty are liable to punishment, whereas the innocent are not" making the punishment of the innocent manifestly unjust, therefore the innocent should face no prospect of being punished; and Blackstone’s Ratio is a means to this end. He has, however, criticised the fact that Blackstone's ratio offers a static burden of proof, wherein prosecuting someone facing trial for a $10 fine would require the same standard of evidence as prosecuting someone facing the death penalty—under Blackstone's ratio at least. He comments: "If the tolerance for wrongful convictions varied based on the punishment, it would more accurately track our—or at least my—moral intuitions", and suggests that the greater the consequence of a guilty verdict, the greater the standard of proof required.[27]

Viewpoints in politics

Authoritarian personalities tend to take the opposite view. According to the Communist defector, Jung Chang, similar reasoning was deployed during the uprisings in Jiangxi, China, in the 1930s: "Better to kill a hundred innocent people than let one truly guilty person go free";[28] and during uprisings in Vietnam in the 1950s: "Better to kill ten innocent people than let a guilty person escape."[29] Similarly in Cambodia, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge adopted a similar policy: "better arrest an innocent person than leave a guilty one free."[30] Wolfgang Schäuble referenced this principle while saying that it is not applicable to the context of preventing terrorist attacks.[31] Former American Vice President Dick Cheney said that his support of American use of "enhanced interrogation techniques" against suspected terrorists was unchanged by the fact that 25% of CIA detainees subject to that treatment were later proven to be innocent, including one who died of hypothermia in CIA custody. "I'm more concerned with bad guys who got out and released than I am with a few that in fact were innocent." Asked whether the 25% margin was too high, Cheney responded, "I have no problem as long as we achieve our objective. ... I'd do it again in a minute."[32]

Other considerations

Volokh considers two criminal cases in which the defense told the jury "that no innocent person should be convicted and that it is better that many guilty go unpunished than one innocent person be convicted" as references to a Blackstone's ratio with values of both "infinite" and "many" guilty men to an innocent one.[33] He notes its importance in the inspiration of Western criminal law, but concludes by citing a question of its soundness:

The story is told of a Chinese law professor, who listened as a British lawyer explained that Britons were so enlightened that they believed it was better that ninety-nine guilty men go free than that one innocent man be executed. The Chinese professor thought for a second and asked, "Better for whom?"[34]

See also

  • Al-Ma'idah, the fifth chapter (sūrah) of the Quran, "whoever kills a person, unless it be for man-slaughter or for mischief in the land, it is as though he had killed all men."
  • Type I and type II errors

Notes

    References

    Citations

    1. ↑ "Commentaries on the laws of England". J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1893.
    2. ↑ Re Hobson, 1 Lew. C. C. 261, 168 Eng. Rep. 1034 (1831) (Holroyd, J.).
    3. ↑ G. Tim Aynesworth, An illogical truism, Austin Am.-Statesman, 18 April 1996, at A14. Specifically, it is "drilled into [first year law students'] head[s] over and over again." Hurley Green, Sr., Shifting Scenes, Chi. Independent Bull., 2 January 1997, at 4.
    4. ↑ 9 Benjamin Franklin, Works 293 (1970), Letter from Benjamin Franklin to Benjamin Vaughan (14 March 1785)
    5. ↑ "Founders Online: Adams' Argument for the Defense: 3–4 December 1770". founders.archives.gov. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
    6. ↑ Cullerne Bown, William (2018). "Killing Kaplanism: Flawed methodologies, the standard of proof and modernity". The International Journal of Evidence & Proof. 23 (3): 229–254. doi:10.1177/1365712718798387. S2CID 202165265.
    7. ↑ "Quantitative Jurisprudence". Quantitative Jurisprudence. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    8. 1 2 3 Volokh 1997
    9. ↑ Moses Maimonides, The Commandments, Neg. Comm. 290, at 269-271 (Charles B. Chavel trans., 1967).
    10. ↑ Goldstein, Warren (2006). Defending the human spirit: Jewish law's vision for a moral society. Feldheim Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-58330-732-8. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
    11. ↑ "Exegesis of Sunan at-Tirmidhi - the Book of Punishments". 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    12. ↑ Genesis 18:23 World English Bible (draft form)
    13. ↑ Genesis 18:32 World English Bible (draft form)
    14. ↑ Genesis 19:27–28 World English Bible (draft form)
    15. ↑ Genesis 19:29 World English Bible (draft form)
    16. ↑ "Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits". 1693. p. 66.
    17. ↑ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky". 5 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    18. ↑ st.847:“Better acquit ten guilty men than punish one innocent man! Do you hear, do you hear that majestic voice from the past century of our glorious history? It is not for an insignificant person like me to remind you that the Russian court does not exist for the punishment only, but also for the salvation of the criminal! Let other nations think of retribution and the letter of the law, we will cling to the spirit and the meaning—the salvation and the reformation of the lost. If this is true, if Russia and her justice are such, she may go forward with good cheer! Do not try to scare us with your frenzied troikas from which all the nations stand aside in disgust. Not a runaway troika, but the stately chariot of Russia will move calmly and majestically to its goal. In your hands is the fate of my client, in your hands is the fate of Russian justice. You will defend it, you will save it, you will prove that there are men to watch over it, that it is in good hands!”
    19. ↑ Сурмачёв, Олег (6 February 2021). "Постулат Кромпейна: "лутчее есть 10 винных освободить, нежели одного невиннаго к смерти приговорить". | Адвокат Сурмачёв Олег Григорьевич" (in Russian). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    20. ↑ The Russian lawyer Oleg Surmachev on his website provides information about the German lawyer from Reval, Ernst Friedrich Krompein, who, having been captured by Russian troops in Vyborg in 1710, began to serve the interests of Peter I, and created and published in 1712 the first Russian military Code of Criminal Procedure, where in chapter 5 of paragraph 9 he wrote down this maxim:"... it is better to free 10 guilty people than to sentence one innocent to death." He did it 48 years earlier than respected lawyer William Blackstone.
    21. ↑ ""It is from him that the nations hold this great principle, thet it is better to risk saving a guilty man than to condemn an innocent man."
    22. ↑ Epps 2015 p.1086
    23. ↑ United States v. Fatico, 458 F.Supp. 388, 411 (EDNY 1978).; cited in Epps 2015 p.1145
    24. ↑ Pi, Daniel; Parisi, Francesco; Luppi, Barbara (2020). "Quantifying Reasonable Doubt". Rutgers University Law Review. Social Science Research Network. 72 (2). SSRN 3226479. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
    25. ↑ Epps 2015 pp.1074, 1145
    26. ↑ Epps 2015; Appleman, Laura I (10 February 2015). "A Tragedy of Errors: Blackstone, Procedural Asymmetry, and Criminal Justice". Harvard Law Review Forum. 128: 91–98.
    27. ↑ Allhoff, Fritz (2018). "Wrongful Convictions, Wrongful Acquittals, and Blackstone's Ratio" (PDF). Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy. 43: 39–57.
    28. ↑ Shapiro, David M (11 September 2019). "Is it Constitutional to Punish Innocent People?". MacArthur Justice Center. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
    29. ↑ Short, Philip (8 February 2005). Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. Macmillan. pp. 299, 496. ISBN 978-0-8050-6662-3.
    30. ↑ Henri Locard, Pol Pot's Little Red Book: The Sayings of Angkar Chang Mai (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2005), pp. 208-209.
    31. ↑ "Schäuble: Zur Not auch gegen Unschuldige vorgehen". FAZ.
    32. ↑ Bankoff, Caroline (14 December 2014). "Dick Cheney Simply Does Not Care That the CIA Tortured Innocent People". Intelligencer. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    33. ↑ Volokh 1997, p. 210, citing Daniels v. State, 11 So. 2d 756,758 (Ala. 1943).; Robinson v. State, 11 So. 2d 732,733 (Ala. 1943)..
    34. ↑ Volokh 1997, p. 211, citing Lawson, Dominic (8 April 1995), "Notebook: The Voters Want Cash, Mr. Clarke", Daily Telegraph (London), p. 17.

    Sources

    • Epps, Daniel (9 February 2015). "The Consequences of Error in Criminal Justice". Harvard Law Review. 128 (4): 1065–1151.
    • Volokh, Alexander (November 1997). "n Guilty Men". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 146 (1): 173–216. doi:10.2307/3312707. JSTOR 3312707.

    Media related to Blackstone's ratio at Wikimedia Commons

    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.