Isotopes of bismuth

Isotopes of bismuth (₈₃Bi)
α	206Tl
α	206Tl
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Bi)
	208.98040±0.00001; 208.98±0.01 (abridged);

Bismuth (₈₃Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from ¹⁸⁴Bi to ²²⁴Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×10¹⁹ years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides ²⁰⁹Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are ^210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, ²⁰⁸Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and ²⁰⁷Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic ²¹⁰Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. ^210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Excitation energy^{[n 8]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁸⁴Bi^[5]		83	101	184 00135(13)#	13(2) ms	α	¹⁸⁰Tl	3+#
^184mBi		150(100)# keV			6.6(15) ms	α	¹⁸⁰Tl	10−#
¹⁸⁵Bi^[6]		83	102	184.99760(9)#	2.8+2.3 −1.0 μs	p (92%)	¹⁸⁴Pb	(1/2+)
¹⁸⁵Bi^[6]		83	102	184.99760(9)#	2.8+2.3 −1.0 μs	α (8%)	¹⁸¹Tl	(1/2+)
^185mBi		70(50)# keV			58(2) μs	IT	¹⁸⁵Bi	(7/2−, 9/2−)
¹⁸⁶Bi^[7]		83	103	185.996623(18)	14.8(7) ms	α	¹⁸²Tl	(3+)
						β⁺?	¹⁸⁶Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.011%)	(various)
^186mBi		170(100)# keV			9.8(4) ms	α	¹⁸²Tl	(10−)
						β⁺?	¹⁸⁶Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.011%)	(various)
¹⁸⁷Bi^[7]		83	104	186.993147(11)	37(2) ms	α	¹⁸³Tl	(9/2−)
¹⁸⁷Bi^[7]		83	104	186.993147(11)	37(2) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸⁷Pb	(9/2−)
^187m1Bi		108(8) keV			370(20) μs	α	¹⁸³Tl	(1/2+)
^187m2Bi		252(3) keV			7(5) μs	IT	¹⁸⁷Bi	(13/2+)
¹⁸⁸Bi^[7]		83	105	187.992276(12)	60(3) ms	α	¹⁸⁴Tl	(3+)
						β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸⁸Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.0014%)	(various)
^188m1Bi		66(30) keV			>5 μs	IT	¹⁸⁴Tl	7+#
^188m2Bi		153(30) keV			265(15) ms	α	¹⁸⁴Tl	(10−)
^188m2Bi		153(30) keV			265(15) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸⁸Pb	(10−)
¹⁸⁹Bi^[7]		83	106	188.989195(22)	688(5) ms	α	¹⁸⁵Tl	(9/2−)
¹⁸⁹Bi^[7]		83	106	188.989195(22)	688(5) ms	β⁺?	¹⁸⁹Pb	(9/2−)
^189m1Bi		184(5) keV			5.0(1) ms	α (83%)	¹⁸⁵Tl	(1/2+)
^189m1Bi		184(5) keV			5.0(1) ms	IT (17%)	¹⁸⁹Bi	(1/2+)
^189m2Bi		357.6(5) keV			880(50) ns	IT	¹⁸⁹Bi	(13/2+)
¹⁹⁰Bi^[7]		83	107	189.988625(23)	6.3(1) s	α (77%)	¹⁸⁶Tl	(3+)
						β⁺ (23%)	¹⁹⁰Pb
						β⁺, SF (6×10^-6%)	(various)
^190m1Bi		120(40) keV			6.2(1) s	α (70%)	¹⁸⁶Tl	(10−)
						β⁺ (30%)	¹⁹⁰Pb
						β⁺,SF (4×10^-6%)	(various)
^190m2Bi		121(15) keV			175(8) ns	IT	¹⁹⁰Bi	(5−)
^190m3Bi		394(40) keV			1.3(8) μs	IT	¹⁹⁰Bi	(8−)
¹⁹¹Bi^[7]		83	108	190.985787(8)	12.4(3) s	α (51%)	¹⁸⁷Tl	(9/2−)
¹⁹¹Bi^[7]		83	108	190.985787(8)	12.4(3) s	β⁺ (49%)	¹⁹¹Pb	(9/2−)
^191m1Bi		242(4) keV			124(5) ms	α (68%)	¹⁸⁷Tl	(1/2+)
						IT (32%)	¹⁹¹Bi
						β⁺ (rare)	¹⁹¹Pb
^191m2Bi		429.7(5) keV			562(10) ns	IT	¹⁹¹Bi	(13/2+)
^191m3Bi		1875(25)# keV			400(40) ns	IT	¹⁹¹Bi	25/2-#
¹⁹²Bi		83	109	191.98547(3)	34.6(9) s	β⁺ (82%)	¹⁹²Pb	(3+)
¹⁹²Bi		83	109	191.98547(3)	34.6(9) s	α (18%)	¹⁸⁸Tl	(3+)
^192mBi		150(30) keV			39.6(4) s	β⁺ (90.8%)	¹⁹²Pb	(10−)
^192mBi		150(30) keV			39.6(4) s	α (9.2%)	¹⁸⁸Tl	(10−)
¹⁹³Bi		83	110	192.982947(8)	67(3) s	β⁺ (95%)	¹⁹³Pb	(9/2−)
¹⁹³Bi		83	110	192.982947(8)	67(3) s	α (5%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	(9/2−)
^193mBi		308(7) keV			3.2(6) s	α (90%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	(1/2+)
^193mBi		308(7) keV			3.2(6) s	β⁺ (10%)	¹⁹³Pb	(1/2+)
¹⁹⁴Bi		83	111	193.982799(6)	95(3) s	β⁺ (99.54%)	¹⁹⁴Pb	(3+)
¹⁹⁴Bi		83	111	193.982799(6)	95(3) s	α (.46%)	¹⁹⁰Tl	(3+)
^194m1Bi		110(70) keV			125(2) s	β⁺	¹⁹⁴Pb	(6+, 7+)
^194m1Bi		110(70) keV			125(2) s	α (rare)	¹⁹⁰Tl	(6+, 7+)
^194m2Bi		230(90)# keV			115(4) s			(10−)
¹⁹⁵Bi		83	112	194.980649(6)	183(4) s	β⁺ (99.97%)	¹⁹⁵Pb	(9/2−)
¹⁹⁵Bi		83	112	194.980649(6)	183(4) s	α (.03%)	¹⁹¹Tl	(9/2−)
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	β⁺ (67%)	¹⁹⁵Pb	(1/2+)
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	α (33%)	¹⁹¹Tl	(1/2+)
^195m2Bi		2311.4+X keV			750(50) ns			(29/2−)
¹⁹⁶Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.1(2) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁹⁶Pb	(3+)
¹⁹⁶Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.1(2) min	α (.00115%)	¹⁹²Tl	(3+)
^196m1Bi		166.6(30) keV			0.6(5) s	IT	¹⁹⁶Bi	(7+)
^196m1Bi		166.6(30) keV			0.6(5) s	β⁺	¹⁹⁶Pb	(7+)
^196m2Bi		270(3) keV			4.00(5) min			(10−)
¹⁹⁷Bi		83	114	196.978865(9)	9.33(50) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁹⁷Pb	(9/2−)
¹⁹⁷Bi		83	114	196.978865(9)	9.33(50) min	α (10⁻⁴%)	¹⁹³Tl	(9/2−)
^197m1Bi		690(110) keV			5.04(16) min	α (55%)	¹⁹³Tl	(1/2+)
						β⁺ (45%)	¹⁹⁷Pb
						IT (.3%)	¹⁹⁷Bi
^197m2Bi		2129.3(4) keV			204(18) ns			(23/2−)
^197m3Bi		2360.4(5)+X keV			263(13) ns			(29/2−)
^197m4Bi		2383.1(7)+X keV			253(39) ns			(29/2−)
^197m5Bi		2929.5(5) keV			209(30) ns			(31/2−)
¹⁹⁸Bi		83	115	197.979201(30)	10.3(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Pb	(2+, 3+)
^198m1Bi		280(40) keV			11.6(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Pb	(7+)
^198m2Bi		530(40) keV			7.7(5) s			10−
¹⁹⁹Bi		83	116	198.977673(11)	27(1) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁹Pb	9/2−
^199m1Bi		667(4) keV			24.70(15) min	β⁺ (98%)	¹⁹⁹Pb	(1/2+)
						IT (2%)	¹⁹⁹Bi
						α (.01%)	¹⁹⁵Tl
^199m2Bi		1947(25) keV			0.10(3) μs			(25/2+)
^199m3Bi		~2547.0 keV			168(13) ns			29/2−
²⁰⁰Bi		83	117	199.978131(24)	36.4(5) min	β⁺	²⁰⁰Pb	7+
^200m1Bi		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	EC (90%)	²⁰⁰Pb	(2+)
^200m1Bi		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	IT (10%)	²⁰⁰Bi	(2+)
^200m2Bi		428.20(10) keV			400(50) ms			(10−)
²⁰¹Bi		83	118	200.976995(13)	108(3) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	²⁰¹Pb	9/2−
²⁰¹Bi		83	118	200.976995(13)	108(3) min	α (10⁻⁴%)	¹⁹⁷Tl	9/2−
^201m1Bi		846.34(21) keV			59.1(6) min	EC (92.9%)	²⁰¹Pb	1/2+
						IT (6.8%)	²⁰¹Bi
						α (.3%)	¹⁹⁷Tl
^201m2Bi		1932.2+X keV			118(28) ns			(25/2+)
^201m3Bi		1971.2+X keV			105(75) ns			(27/2+)
^201m4Bi		2739.90(20)+X keV			124(4) ns			(29/2−)
²⁰²Bi		83	119	201.977723(15)	1.72(5) h	β⁺	²⁰²Pb	5(+#)
²⁰²Bi		83	119	201.977723(15)	1.72(5) h	α (10⁻⁵%)	¹⁹⁸Tl	5(+#)
^202m1Bi		615(7) keV			3.04(6) μs			(10#)−
^202m2Bi		2607.1(5) keV			310(50) ns			(17+)
²⁰³Bi		83	120	202.976892(14)	11.76(5) h	β⁺	²⁰³Pb	9/2−
²⁰³Bi		83	120	202.976892(14)	11.76(5) h	α (10⁻⁵%)	¹⁹⁹Tl	9/2−
^203m1Bi		1098.14(7) keV			303(5) ms	IT	²⁰³Bi	1/2+
^203m2Bi		2041.5(6) keV			194(30) ns			25/2+
²⁰⁴Bi		83	121	203.977836(10)	11.22(10) h	β⁺	²⁰⁴Pb	6+
^204m1Bi		805.5(3) keV			13.0(1) ms	IT	²⁰⁴Bi	10−
^204m2Bi		2833.4(11) keV			1.07(3) ms			(17+)
²⁰⁵Bi		83	122	204.977385(5)	15.31(4) d	β⁺	²⁰⁵Pb	9/2−
²⁰⁶Bi		83	123	205.978499(8)	6.243(3) d	β⁺	²⁰⁶Pb	6(+)
^206m1Bi		59.897(17) keV			7.7(2) μs			(4+)
^206m2Bi		1044.8(5) keV			890(10) μs			(10−)
²⁰⁷Bi		83	124	206.9784706(26)	32.9(14) y	β⁺	²⁰⁷Pb	9/2−
^207mBi		2101.49(16) keV			182(6) μs			21/2+
²⁰⁸Bi		83	125	207.9797421(25)	3.68(4)×10⁵ y	β⁺	²⁰⁸Pb	(5)+
^208mBi		1571.1(4) keV			2.58(4) ms	IT	²⁰⁸Bi	(10)−
²⁰⁹Bi ^{[n 9]}^{[n 10]}		83	126	208.9803986(15)	2.01(8)×10¹⁹ y ^{[n 11]}	α	²⁰⁵Tl	9/2−	1.0000
²¹⁰Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841202(15)	5.012(5) d	β⁻	²¹⁰Po	1−	Trace^{[n 12]}
²¹⁰Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841202(15)	5.012(5) d	α (1.32×10⁻⁴%)	²⁰⁶Tl	1−	Trace^{[n 12]}
^210mBi		271.31(11) keV			3.04(6)×10⁶ y	α	²⁰⁶Tl	9−
²¹¹Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	α (99.72%)	²⁰⁷Tl	9/2−	Trace^{[n 13]}
²¹¹Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	β⁻ (.276%)	²¹¹Po	9/2−	Trace^{[n 13]}
^211mBi		1257(10) keV			1.4(3) μs			(25/2−)
²¹²Bi	Thorium C	83	129	211.991285(2)	60.55(6) min	β⁻ (64.05%)	²¹²Po	1(−)	Trace^{[n 14]}
						α (35.94%)	²⁰⁸Tl
						β⁻, α (.014%)	²⁰⁸Pb
^212m1Bi		250(30) keV			25.0(2) min	α (67%)	²⁰⁸Tl	(9−)
						β⁻ (33%)	^212mPo
						β⁻, α (.3%)	²⁰⁸Pb
^212m2Bi		2200(200)# keV			7.0(3) min			>16
²¹³Bi ^{[n 15]}^{[n 16]}		83	130	212.994384(5)	45.59(6) min	β⁻ (97.91%)	²¹³Po	9/2−	Trace^{[n 17]}
²¹³Bi ^{[n 15]}^{[n 16]}		83	130	212.994384(5)	45.59(6) min	α (2.09%)	²⁰⁹Tl	9/2−	Trace^{[n 17]}
²¹⁴Bi	Radium C	83	131	213.998711(12)	19.9(4) min	β⁻ (99.97%)	²¹⁴Po	1−	Trace^{[n 12]}
						α (.021%)	²¹⁰Tl
						β⁻, α (.003%)	²¹⁰Pb
²¹⁵Bi		83	132	215.001749(6)	7.6(2) min	β⁻	²¹⁵Po	(9/2−)	Trace^{[n 13]}
^215mBi		1347.5(25) keV			36.9(6) s	IT (76.9%)	²¹⁵Bi	(25/2−)
^215mBi		1347.5(25) keV			36.9(6) s	β⁻ (23.1%)	²¹⁵Po	(25/2−)
²¹⁶Bi		83	133	216.006306(12)	2.17(5) min	β⁻	²¹⁶Po	(6−, 7−)
^216mBi		24(19) keV			6.6(21) min	β⁻	²¹⁶Po	3−#
²¹⁷Bi		83	134	217.009372(19)	98.5(8) s	β⁻	²¹⁷Po	9/2−#
^217mBi		1480(40) keV			2.70(6) μs	IT	²¹⁷Bi	25/2−#
²¹⁸Bi		83	135	218.014188(29)	33(1) s	β⁻	²¹⁸Po	(6−, 7−, 8−)
²¹⁹Bi		83	136	219.01752(22)#	8.7(29) s	β⁻	²¹⁹Po	9/2−#
²²⁰Bi		83	137	220.02250(32)#	9.5(57) s	β⁻	²²⁰Po	1−#
²²¹Bi		83	138	221.02598(32)#	2# s	β⁻?	²²¹Po	9/2−#
²²¹Bi		83	138	221.02598(32)#	2# s	β⁻, n?	²²⁰Po	9/2−#
²²²Bi		83	139	222.03108(32)#	3# s	β⁻?	²²²Po	1−#
²²²Bi		83	139	222.03108(32)#	3# s	β⁻, n?	²²¹Po	1−#
²²³Bi		83	140	223.03461(43)#	1# s	β⁻?	²²³Po	9/2−#
²²³Bi		83	140	223.03461(43)#	1# s	β⁻, n?	²²²Po	9/2−#
²²⁴Bi		83	141	224.03980(43)#	1# s	β⁻?	²²⁴Po	1−#
²²⁴Bi		83	141	224.03980(43)#	1# s	β⁻, n?	²²³Po	1−#
This table header & footer:

↑ ^mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
↑ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
↑ Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np
↑ Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th
↑ Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
↑ A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (²¹³Bi) has a half-life of 45 minutes and decays via alpha emission. Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, which populates its progenitor actinium-225. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with ²¹³Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.^[8] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel bred by thorium reactors.

References

↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
↑ Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
↑ Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl:20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641. S2CID 233794940.
↑ Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[4] Bi – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[9] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

p: Proton emission

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-12] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[16] Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain

[17] Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np

[18] Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide

[us-19] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U

[as-20] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U

[21] Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th

[22] Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.

[23] A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.

[24] Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[AME2020_II-5] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[13] Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[14] Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl:20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[NUBASE2020v-15] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641. S2CID 233794940.

[213Bi-Imam-25] Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

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