The multi-stage fitness test (MSFT), also known as the beep test, bleep test, PACER (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run), PACER test, FitnessGram PACER test, or the 20 m Shuttle Run Test (20 m SRT), is a running test used to estimate an athlete's aerobic capacity (VO2 max).

The test requires participants to run 20 meters back and forth across a marked track keeping time with beeps. Every minute or so, the next level commences: the time between beeps gets shorter; participants must run faster. If a participant fails to reach the relevant marker in time, they are cautioned. A second caution ends the test for that runner. The number of shuttles completed is recorded as the score of that runner. The score is recorded in Level.Shuttles format (e.g. 9.5). The maximum laps on the PACER test is 247,[1] which former Central Middle School student Dennis Mejia achieved,[2] the only person to ever reach such a level.

The test is used by sporting organizations around the world along with schools, the military, and others interested in gauging cardiovascular endurance, an important component of overall physical fitness. The multi-stage fitness test is also part of most health-related fitness test batteries for children and adolescents, such as Eurofit,[3] Alpha-fit,[3] FitnessGram[4][3] and ASSOFTB.[5]

The multi-stage fitness test was first described by Luc Léger[6] with the original 1-minute protocol, which starts at a speed of 8.5 km/h, and increases by 0.5 km/h each minute. Other variations of the test have also been developed, where the protocol starts at a speed of 8.0 km/h and with either 1 or 2-minute stages, but the original protocol is nevertheless recommended.[7] The test appears to encourage maximal effort by children. Additionally, the test's prediction of aerobic capacity is valid for most individuals, including those who are overweight or obese.[8]

Procedure

Prior to the test commencing, runners line up at the 0m marker, facing the 20m marker. Following a countdown, a double beep or voice cue signals the start.

  1. Runners commence running towards the 20m marker
  2. At or before the following beep, runners must reach the 20m marker. Touching with a single foot is acceptable
  3. At or after, but not before, the same beep, runners commence running back to the 0m marker
  4. At or before the next beep, runners must reach the 0m marker
  5. At or after, but not before, the same beep, runners start the next circuit (i.e. back to Step 1)

Every minute or so, the level changes. This is signaled, usually, by a double beep or, possibly, a voice cue. The required speed at the new speed level will be 0.5 km/h faster.

Notes: The distance between the "start" and "turn around" markers is usually 20m; however, the test can also be carried out using a 15m track. Shuttle completion times are modified in proportion.

Leger specified a 1-minute protocol: that is, each level was meant to last approximately 1 minute. However, because speed changes mid-shuttle confuses matters, the algorithm for a change in level is as follows: "the next level commences on completion of the current shuttle when the absolute difference between the time spent at the level and 60 seconds is the least".[9]

Scoring

A runner who fails to reach the relevant marker in time is cautioned; if they want to continue, they must touch the marker before turning back. Two consecutive failures terminates their attempt. Their most recent completed shuttle is marked as their score.

Scoring is usually done using "Level.Shuttle" terminology; for example, 10.2, which means "completed 2 shuttles at level 10".

Estimating VO2 max

VO2 max, or milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute (e.g., mL/(kg·min)), is considered an excellent proxy for aerobic fitness.[10] Attempts have been made to correlate MSFT scores with VO2 max. Do note that such estimations are fraught with difficulty as test scores, while substantially dependent on VO2 max, also depend on running efficiency, test familiarity, anaerobic capacity, personal drive, ambient temperature, running equipment (floor, shoes) and other factors.

A paper by Flouris, et al. (2005) determined the following:

[11]

An earlier paper by Ramsbottom, et al. (1988) suggested the following:

[12]

Variations

Luc Léger, the originator of the multi-stage fitness test, never did patent it. Consequently, organizations around the world have been able to incorporate subtle variations into the test. The most common[4][13] variations are:

First level at 8.0 km/h

The Léger test requires the first level to be run at 8.5 km/h. Some organizations require it to be run at 8.0 km/h. Note that the second level is always[4] run at 9.0 km/h. Also, speeds at subsequent levels always increment by 0.5 km/h. The impact of this variation is insignificant as almost all runners' scores easily exceed level 1.

Time spent at each level

All versions of the test evaluate for a change of level only on completion of shuttles. The Léger test's algorithm requires that each level lasts approximately 60 seconds. This means the next level commences when the absolute difference between the time spent at the level and 60 seconds is least. Put simply, some levels may run for a trifle less than 60 seconds, others a little more than 60 seconds and the odd one exactly 60 seconds. On the other hand, a few non-Léger versions of the test trigger a level change only when the time spent at a level first exceeds 60 seconds. This variation results in one extra shuttle being run at some levels.

In practice, since the speed change at a new level (rather than an extra lap) is most likely to trigger "failure", this variation also has an insignificant change on one's achievable score.[13]

Scoring starts from zero

Scoring of the Léger test starts from 1. That is, at the end of the very first shuttle, the participant has scored 1.1. A variation has scoring starting from 0; at the end of the first shuttle, the runner has achieved 0.1. The impact of this variation is purely administrative: just add or subtract 1 to convert scores.

World record

Participation

The Guinness World Record for the largest group beep test is held by Army Foundation College, in Harrogate, North Yorkshire; 941 people took part.[14]

The introductory explanation of one multi-stage fitness test, the FitnessGram PACER test, has been widely spread as a copypasta, meme, and through other comedic ways due to the test's modern use in schools, primarily in physical education classes.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Leger and Lambert – The FitnessGram Pacer Test". Genius. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  2. ↑ "CMS's Dennis Mejia Breaks National PACER Test". 47abc. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  3. 1 2 3 Kolimechkov, S. (2017). Рhуѕісаl fіtnеѕѕ аѕѕеѕѕmеnt іn сhіldrеn аnd аdоlеѕсеntѕ: а ѕуѕtеmаtіс review. Еurореаn Јоurnаl оf Рhуѕісаl Еduсаtіоn аnd Ѕроrt Ѕсіеnсе, 3(4), 65-78. https://www.stk-sport.co.uk/sports-science-research-ejpess-vol-3-2017.html
  4. 1 2 3 "FitnessGram PACER Test". FitnessGram - The Cooper Institute. Retrieved 12 Sep 2020.
  5. ↑ Bianco, Antonino & Jemni, Monèm & Thomas, Ewan & Patti, Antonino & Paoli, Antonio & Roque, Joana & Palma, Antonio & Mammina, Caterina & Tabacchi, Garden. (2015). "A systematic review to determine reliability and usefulness of the field-based test batteries for the assessment of physical fitness in adolescents – The ASSO Project". International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 28. 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00393.
  6. ↑ Léger, L.; Lambert, J.; Goulet, A.; Rowan, C.; Dinelle, Y. (June 1984). "Aerobic capacity of 6 to 17-year-old Quebecois--20 meter shuttle run test with 1 minute stages". Journal Canadien des Sciences Appliquées au Sport. 9 (2): 64–69. ISSN 0700-3978. PMID 6733834.
  7. ↑ Tomkinson, Grant R.; Léger, Luc A.; Olds, Tim S.; Cazorla, Georges (2003). "Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents (1980-2000): an analysis of 55 studies of the 20m shuttle run test in 11 countries". Sports Medicine. 33 (4): 285–300. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333040-00003. ISSN 0112-1642. PMID 12688827. S2CID 25864098.
  8. ↑ Voss, Christine; Sandercock, Gavin (February 2009). "Does the twenty meter shuttle-run test elicit maximal effort in 11- to 16-year-olds?". Pediatric Exercise Science. 21 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1123/pes.21.1.55. ISSN 0899-8493. PMID 19411711.
  9. ↑ Quebec Kinesiologist Federation. "20m Shuttle Run Test". www.kinesiologue.com/. Retrieved 22 Sep 2022.
  10. ↑ Howley ET, Bassett DR Jr, Welch HG. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(9):1292-1301.
  11. ↑ Flouris, A D; Metsios, G S; Koutedakis, Y (2005). "Enhancing the efficacy of the 20 m multistage shuttle run test". Br J Sports Med. 39 (3): 166–170. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.012500. PMC 1725157. PMID 15728698.
  12. ↑ Ramsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1988;22:141-144. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/22/4/141.full.pdf Retrieved 5 Oct 2023.
  13. 1 2 topend Sports. "20m Multistage Fitness Test (Beep Test) Instructions". topend Sports. Retrieved 22 Sep 2022.
  14. ↑ Guinness World Records. "Most participants in a bleep test". Guinness World Records.
  15. ↑ "FACT CHECK: Was the Pacer Test Banned for Child Cruelty?". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2022-09-18.
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