Battle of Gallabat
Part of the Mahdist War

Gallabat in the Early 20th Century
Date9–10 March 1889
Location
Gallabat, Sudan
Result Mahdist Pyrrhic victory[1]
Belligerents
Mahdist State  Ethiopian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Zeki Tummal Yohannes IV of Ethiopia †
Ras Mengesha Yohannes
Ras Mikael of Wollo
Ras Alula
Strength
85,000 men 130,000 foot soldiers, 20,000 cavalry
Casualties and losses
~30,000 killed[2] ~30,000 killed[3]

The Battle of Gallabat (also called the Battle of Metemma) was an armed conflict fought on 9–10 March 1889 between the Mahdist Sudanese and Ethiopian forces. It is a critical event in Ethiopian history because Nəgusä Nägäst (or Emperor) Yohannes IV was killed in this battle, and because it was the last major battle on the Ethiopian front of the Mahdist War. The fighting occurred at the site of the twin settlements of Gallabat (in modern Sudan) and Metemma (in modern Ethiopia), so both names are commonly used and either can be argued to be correct.

Background

When the Mahdists rebelled against the Egyptians, many Egyptian garrisons found themselves isolated in Sudan. As a result, the British, who had taken over the government of Egypt, negotiated the Treaty of Adowa with Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia on 3 June 1884 whereby the Egyptian garrisons were allowed to evacuate to Massawa through Ethiopian territory. After that, the Mahdist Khalifa, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, considered the Ethiopians to be his enemies and sent his forces to attack them.

The twin communities of Gallabat and Metemma were located on the trade route from the Nile to Gondar, the old Imperial capital; the Mahdists used these communities as their base for attacks on Ethiopia. These raids led to a Mahdist defeat by Ras Alula on 23 September 1885 at the Battle of Kufit.

Sack of Gondar

In January 1887, Negus Tekle Haymanot (a Vassal of Emperor Yohannes) defeated the Mahdists in a battle somewhere between Gedaref and Gallabat.[4] As revenge, the next year, the Mahdists under the command of Abu Anga campaigned into Ethiopia with an Army 81,000 men strong.[5] Their objective was the historical town of Gondar. Tekle Haymanot confronted them at Sar Weha (in Dembiya) on 18 January 1888, but was defeated.[6] Joseph Ohrwalder, who witnessed the battle, stated that the forces of Tekle Haymanot fought with “the courage of lions” to protect their country and religion from the Muslim invaders, but were overwhelmed by the better disciplined Mahdist army.[7] As a result of this loss, northwestern Ethiopia was open to the Mahdists who entered Gondar to plunder it. Many churches were burnt and pillaged, priests were thrown down from rooves and killed, many people were massacred and hundreds of women and children were enslaved.[8]

Despite this damage to the historic capital, Emperor Yohannes held back from a counterattack due to his suspicions of Menelik II, then ruler of Shewa. He wanted to campaign against Menelik, but the clergy and his senior officers pressed him to handle the Mahdist threat first. The Abyssinians under Ras Gobana Dacche did defeat the Mahdists in the Battle of Guté Dili in the province of Welega on 14 October 1888. Following this victory, the Emperor accepted the advice of his people, and according to Alaqa Lamlam concluded "if I come back I can fight Shewa later on when I return. And if I die at Matamma in the hands of the heathens I shall go to heaven."[9]

Battle

In late January 1889, Yohannes mustered a huge army of 130,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry in Dembiya. The Sudanese gathered an army of 85,000 and fortified themselves in Gallabat, surrounding the town with a huge zariba, a barrier made of entwined thorn bushes, replicating the effect of barbed wire.

On 8 March 1889 the Ethiopian army arrived within sight of Gallabat, and the attack began in earnest the next day. The wings were commanded by the Emperor's nephews, Ras Haile Maryam Gugsa over the left wing and Ras Mengesha the right.[10] The Ethiopians managed to set the zariba alight, and, by concentrating their attack against one part of the defense, managed to break through the Mahdist lines into the town. The defenders suffered heavy losses and were about to break down completely, when the battle turned unexpectedly in their favour.

Emperor Yohannes, who led his army from the front, had shrugged off one bullet wound to his hand, but a second lodged in his chest, fatally wounded him. He was carried back to his tent, where he died that night; before he died, Yohannes commanded his nobles to recognize his natural son, Ras Mengesha, as his successor.[11] The Ethiopians, demoralized by the death of their ruler, began to melt away, leaving the field—and victory—to the Mahdists.

According to David L. Lewis, the Mahdists were unaware of the Emperor's death until "stench from the rapidly decaying imperial corpse alerted a spy, and the nearly beaten Sudanese thundered out of their zariba to scatter the downcast Ethiopians like starlings."[12] On 12 March, the forces of the Mahdist commander, Zeki Tummal, overtook Rasses Mangasha and Alula and their remaining followers near the Atbara River, who were escorting the Emperor's body to safety. The Mahdists inflicted heavy losses upon the Ethiopians and captured the body of the dead Emperor, whose head they cut off and sent back to Omdurman as a trophy.[13]

Aftermath

The death of the Emperor caused a period of political turmoil in Ethiopia. Yohannes on his deathbed named his son Ras Mengesha as his heir, and begged Ras Alula and his other nobles to support him. However, Tigray was in disarray, famine had broken out and chiefs were fighting amongst themselves. Though Alula urged Mengesha to declare himself Emperor, Mengesha refused realizing that without the unequivocal support from all of Tigray no-one would take his bid for the throne seriously. Within a matter of weeks Menelik II was recognized as the new emperor, thus cementing Shoan domination over Ethiopia.[14]

After Menelik's accession to the throne, Mahdist raids would continue into Ethiopia reaching as far as Dembiya, however Menelik would seek friendly relations with the Mahdists. When Menelik denounced the Treaty of Wuchale in 1893, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad sent an emissary to Ethiopia. On the eve of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, Menelik sent a letter to the Khalifa stating:

When you were at war with Emperor Yohannes, I was also fighting against him, there has never been a war between us. Now we are confronted by an enemy worse then ever. The enemy has come to enslave both of us. We are of the same color. Therefore, we must cooperate to get rid of our common enemy.[15]

Due to the growing pressure of the colonial powers, the Khalifa was susceptible to the friendly overture of Menelik and sent small raiding parties to Italian Eritrea, but they were easily repulsed. After the Mahdist defeat seemed inevitable, Menelik declared the Mahdists as enemies of the empire and sent an expedition to seize the gold producing region of Bani Shangul (now the Benishangul region in western Ethiopia), incorporating it into Ethiopia by 1897.[16]

Notes

  1. ↑ Churchill, Winston, The River War (London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1952) p. 83 "For the Mahdists the consequences were severe, as many of their best soldiers had perished in the battle, seriously weakening their military strength. The Khalifa prudently decided to stop offensive actions against Ethiopia and the conflict dwindled to small-scale cross-border raiding."
  2. ↑ Winston Churchill (The River War, p. 137) "No reliable sources are available, but it may be reasonable to assume that both sides sustained a loss of less than 30,000 fighting men each."
  3. ↑ Winston Churchill (The River War, p. 137) "No reliable sources are available, but it may be reasonable to assume that both sides sustained a loss of less than 30,000 fighting men each."
  4. ↑ Keown-Boyd, Henry (1986). A Good Dusting: The Sudan Campaigns 1883-1899. Pen and Sword. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-436-23288-6.
  5. ↑ Ohrwalder, Joseph (1893). Ten Years' Captivity in the Mahdi's Camp, 1882-1892: From the Original Manuscripts of Father Joseph Ohrwalder. p. 291.
  6. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1488. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
  7. ↑ Ohrwalder, Joseph (1893). Ten Years' Captivity in the Mahdi's Camp, 1882-1892: From the Original Manuscripts of Father Joseph Ohrwalder. p. 292.
  8. ↑ Ohrwalder, Joseph (1893). Ten Years' Captivity in the Mahdi's Camp, 1882-1892: From the Original Manuscripts of Father Joseph Ohrwalder. p. 293.
  9. ↑ Erlich, Haggai (1996). Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa. Lawrenceville: Red Sea. p. 133. ISBN 1-56902-029-9.
  10. ↑ Erlich, Ras Alula, p. 134
  11. ↑ Erlich (Ras Alula, p. 134) states that until the Emperor's dying declaration, Ras Mangesha had been considered the Emperor's nephew.
  12. ↑ David L. Lewis, The Race to Fashoda (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987), p. 107
  13. ↑ Erlich, Ras Alula, p. 135f
  14. ↑ Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave. p. 162. ISBN 0-312-22719-1.
  15. ↑ Milkias, Paulos (29 October 2023). The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism. B&T Database Management. p. 119. ISBN 9780875864150.
  16. ↑ Milkias, Paulos (29 October 2023). The Battle of Adwa Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism. B&T Database Management. p. 121. ISBN 9780875864150.

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