Battle of the Upper Washita River
Part of the Red River War

Camp Supply Stockade, Harper's Weekly, February 1869.
DateSeptember 9–14, 1874
Location
Upper Washita, Texas, United States (present-day Hemphill County, Texas)
35°46′N 100°11′W / 35.76°N 100.19°W / 35.76; -100.19
Belligerents
 United States Comanche
Kiowa
Commanders and leaders
Wyllys Lyman
Zachariah T. Woodall		 Big Bow
Big Tree
Guipago
Mamante
Satanta
Touhason
Battle of the Upper Washita River is located in Texas
Battle of the Upper Washita River
Location within Texas

The Battle of the Upper Washita River or the Battle of the Upper Washita,[1] which is sometimes known by its major engagement, the Battle of Lyman's Wagon Train, was a five-day armed engagement between combined forces of the Comanche and Kiowa tribes and a wagon train, led by Captain Wyllys Lyman, on its way to Camp Supply in September 1874 near present-day Canadian, Texas. The engagement was the longest and one of the most publicized of the Red River War.[1][2]

A 343 acres (139 ha) area of the battle site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 for its information potential as an archeological site.[3] As an archeological resource, the National Register does not disclose the location of the site.[4]

Tehan, a white member of the Kiowa who was imprisoned by the army, escaped in the event and returned to his Kiowa home.[1]

A number of soldiers and scouts received U.S. medals of honor for the battle. Thirteen troops were awarded the Medal of Honor on recommendation by Colonel Nelson A. Miles.[1]

Battle of Lyman's Wagon Train

Battle of Lyman's Wagon Train
Roadside historical marker near battle site
Nearest cityCanadian, Hemphill County, Texas
Area343 acres (139 ha)
MPSBattle Sites of the Red River War in the Texas Panhandle MPS[5]
NRHP reference No.01000875[3]
Added to NRHPAugust 13, 2001
Battle of Lyman's Wagon Train
DateSeptember 9 –14, 1874
Location
Upper Washita, Texas
Belligerents
 United States Comanche, Kiowa
Commanders and leaders
Wyllys Lyman Big Bow, Big Tree
Guipago, Mamante
Satanta, Touhason
Strength
96 soldiers 400 warriors

On September 9, 1874, Captain Wyllys Lyman led a wagon train full of rations to Camp Supply in the Indian Territory for Col. Nelson A. Miles' troops when they were confronted by a group of Comanches and Kiowas. In the ensuing battle, Lyman and 95 troops formed a wagon corral and held off their adversaries, numbered at about 400, and a scout was dispatched to send word to Camp Supply. Soon after, the Sixth Cavalry was sent without rest and during a rainstorm to aid the wagon train. Upon their arrival on September 14, the attackers fled. At the end of the battle, 2 soldiers had been killed and 3 were injured while at least 13 warriors had been killed.[1]

A marker was erected by the Texas State Historical Survey Committee in 1967 to commemorate the event, titled "Site of Lyman's Wagon Train Battle", and is located in Hemphill County, Texas.

Most of the conflict was fought near the Washita River. The site of the battle is located 10 miles East of State Highway 83 and 3 miles South of State Highway 33.[5]

Big Bow, Big Tree, Guipago, Mamante, Satanta,[1] and the nephew[6] of Touhason, who is sometimes known as Touhason the Younger, were Kiowa leaders present at the battle. Touhason's sister's son, Agiati or "Gathering Feathers", inherited his name in 1864 and was also known as Touhason.[1][6] Satanta's reported participation in the conflict likely contributed to his reincarceration at the state penitentiary at Huntsville for violation of his parole.[1]

Battle of Buffalo Wallow

Battle of Buffalo Wallow
alt=A granite slab that reads "Buffalo Wallow Battle Ground Here on September 12th, 1874, Two Scouts and Four Soldiers Defeated 125 Kiowa and Comanche Indians. Scouts William Dixon Amos Chapman Soldiers Sergeant Z. T. Woodall.Co.I. Peter Rath.Co.A. John Harrington.Co.H. George W. Smith.Co.M.6th.Cavalry. Stand Silent Heroes Here Have Been, Who Cleared The Way For Other Men. Erected By Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, September 12, 1925. This Site Marked Under Direction of L.L. Long Mobeetie Texas Mrs. William Dixon Miami Texas"
Granite marker erected on the battle's 51st anniversary in 1925 by the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society.
DateSeptember 12, 1874
Location
present-day Hemphill County, Texas
Belligerents
 United States Comanche
Kiowa

On September 12, 1874, civilian scouts, Amos Chapman and Billy Dixon, were carrying dispatches from McClellan Creek to Camp Supply with Sergeant Zachariah T. Woodall, Private Peter Roth, Private John Harrington, and Private George W. Smith, as part of Col. Nelson A. Miles' Sixth Cavalry when they were encircled at sunrise by a "large band of Kiowa and Comanche warriors" near the Washita River.[7]

Dismounting, George Smith was mortally wounded.[7]: 255  Soon, Woodall, Harrington, Dixon and Chapman were wounded.[7]: 257  All except Smith and Chapman had by noon made their way to a nearby bison wallow ten feet in diameter, where they used their hands and knives to throw up the sandy dirt all around the sides.[7]: 258  Sitting upright, each man "fired deliberately, taking good aim, and were picking off an indian at almost every round."[7]: 259  Dixon eventually ran for Chapman, whose left knee had been shattered, and carried him back to the wallow.[7]: 260  By 3 pm, a thunderstorm brought rain and relief from their thirst, but when the wind "shifted to the north", the cold brought discomfort to all parties, especially the Natives who sat on their horses out of rifle range "with their blankets drawn tightly around them."[7]: 262  Roth went for Smith's gun and ammunition, but when Smith was discovered still alive, Roth and Dixon brought Smith back to the wallow where he died during the night.[7]: 263 and 267  At daylight, Dixon went for help, soon encountering troops under the command of Major William R. Price.[7]: 269  For their participation in what became known as the Battle of Buffalo Wallow, Woodall and the five men under his command were awarded the Medal of Honor.[8][9]

Billy Dixon's medal is presently on display at the Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, Texas. Amos Chapman's and Billy Dixon's medals were revoked after a records review that was conducted from 1916 to 1917 found that they were ineligible because they were civilian scouts.[10] In 1989 an Army Board of Correction of Records reinstated the awards.

A Texas Historical Marker documents the battle site.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 H. Allen Anderson. "Lyman's Wagon Train". Texas State Historical Association.
  2. ↑ Brett Cruse (February 20, 2001). "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation: Battle Sites of the Red River War in the Texas Panhandle MPS". National Park Service. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  3. 1 2 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
  4. ↑ Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997.
  5. 1 2 "Battle Sites of the Red River War in the Texas Panhandle". Texas Historical Sites Atlas. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  6. 1 2 Mayhall, Mildred The Kiowas
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dixon, O. (1914). Life and Adventures of "Billy" Dixon. Guthrie: Co-operative Publishing Company.
  8. ↑ Anderson, H. Allen. "Buffalo Wallow Fight", Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  9. ↑ Lively, Garland R. (2009). "General Phillip Sheridan's Southern Plains Campaign of 1874–1875", MilitaryHistoryOnline.com. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  10. ↑ "PPHM Owned Battlesites". Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  11. ↑ "Buffalo Wallow Battleground". Historical Marker database. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

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