Battle of Basra (2008)
Part of the 2008 Iraq spring fighting (Iraq War)

Location of Basra
Date25 March – 24 April 2008
(4 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Basra, Iraq
Result Strategic Iraqi army victory
Territorial
changes		 Mahdi Army withdraws from the city
Belligerents

 Iraq
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Iraqi Kurdistan[1]

Badr Brigades[2]

Mahdi Army[3]
Special Groups
Fadhila Militia[4]

Thar Allah
Commanders and leaders
Iraq PM Nouri al-Maliki
Lt. Gen. Ali Ghaidan Majid
Lt. Gen. Mohan al-Furayji
Maj. Gen. Fadhil Jalil al-Barwari		 Muqtada al-Sadr
Shiek Ali al-Sauidi[5]
Yusuf al-Mosawi (POW) Executed
Units involved
  • Mahdi Army
  • Fadhila Militia
  • Thar Allah
Strength

Iraqi Security Forces

  • 16,000 (Iraqi Police)
  • 14,000 (Iraqi Army)[7]
  • 4 Mi-17 and 2 UH-1 helicopters
  • 2 C-130 cargo aircraft
  • 3 CH2000 reconnaissance aircraft
 16,000
Casualties and losses
Losses in personnel:
30 killed (15 soldiers,[8]
15 policemen[9][10]);
400 wounded;[8]
1,000–4,000 defected or captured[11]
Losses in equipment:
1 Mi-17 helicopter shot down[12]
1 BMP-1 and 5 Dzik armored vehicles destroyed[13][14][15]
9 armored vehicles captured		 210 killed,
600 wounded
155 captured (Iraqi Interior Ministry claim)[16]
Civilian casualties:
50 killed[17][18]

The Battle of Basra began on 25 March 2008, when the Iraqi Army launched an operation (code-named Saulat al-Fursan, meaning Operation Charge of the Knights in Arabic) to drive the Mahdi Army militia out of the southern Iraqi city of Basra. The operation was the first major operation to be planned and carried out by the Iraqi Army since the invasion of 2003.

Coalition and Iraqi aircraft patrolled the skies above Basra providing intelligence and carrying out air strikes in support of Iraqi forces on the ground. Coalition forces provided embedded military transition teams (MiTTs) in Iraqi Army units and American special forces also conducted joint operations with ISOF units.[19]

Iraqi forces faced heavy resistance from Mahdi Army militia inside the city and the offensive stalled, requiring American and British air and artillery support, eventually resulting in a stand-off. More than 1,000 casualties resulted in six days of heavy fighting.[20]

Following a ceasefire negotiated in Iran on 31 March, Muqtada al-Sadr withdrew his fighters from the streets, but had gained a major political victory. However, the Iraqi Army, reinforced with brigades from other parts of Iraq, including the 1st Division from al-Anbar, continued to carry out slower, more deliberate clearing operations in militia strongholds. The Hillah Special Weapons and Tactics Unit, as well as Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF), carried out a number of targeted raids on militia leaders. By 20 April, the Iraqi Army had taken control of the last major district controlled by the Mahdi Army, and by 24 April, Iraqi forces claimed to be in full control of the city centre.[21][22]

Background

During the invasion of Iraq, Basra was the first city to fall to Coalition forces, following two weeks of fighting between the British and Iraqi forces. Following the collapse of the Iraqi government, a number of Shi'ite Islamist groups, including the Sadrist Trend led by Muqtada al-Sadr, the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council and Fadhila, were able to expand their influence in Basra, solidifying their standing following the January 2005 elections. Basra became a center of smuggling activity in Iraq, including cigarette smuggling, opium from Afghanistan via Iran, oil and gas smuggling, illegal weapons, and other criminal rackets. Violence steadily increased as the three parties vied for control of Basra's resources, continuing through 2005 and 2006. At the same time, attacks on British forces increased following the use of highly sophisticated explosively formed penetrators (EFPs) smuggled in by Iran[23] restricting the British to their bases, which militia then targeted with rocket and mortar fire on a regular basis. The Mahdi Army also enforced strict Islamic rule in Basra, threatening women for wearing makeup and punishing individuals for playing secular Western and Arabic music.[24]

In late September 2006, British forces launched Operation Sinbad, a six-month operation originally intended to purge militia from the Iraqi police but eventually targeted the militias directly. However, British forces did not have sufficient numbers and despite a temporary decrease in violence, British troops were again under attack and withdrew to their positions at the palace and the airport.[24]

The UK military returned control of Basra to the Iraqi forces in December 2007 and concentrated its forces at the city airport.[19]

In February 2008, Muqtada al-Sadr's followers renewed a ceasefire which had been declared in August 2007, under which they pledged not to attack rival armed groups or American forces in Iraq. General Qassem Suleimani of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) ordered this truce. The truce, however, came under strain in the weeks before the battle as Iraqi forces detained "rogue" militia members.[19]

Preparations

In 2007, the Iraqi Army moved 4 brigades, including one of its two tank brigades from the 9th Division, and a special forces battalion to Basra. The existing brigade was transferred to Wasit province to break its ties to militia groups in Basra. The Iraqi National Police also moved two battalions to Basra.[25]

In August 2007, the Iraqi Army established the Basra Operational Command, a Corps-level command in charge of 2 Iraqi Army divisions (the 10th and the 14th), under the command of Lt General Mohan al-Furayji.

Iraqi army battalion trains for urban operations
New Iraqi Army T-72 tank.

The Vice Chief of Staff of the Iraqi Joint Staff said "We do not have enough forces there. That is why we are having a new division, the 14th Division, to be built in Basrah, especially with the possibility that the British might be leaving us in time."[26] The formation of this new division was not scheduled to be completed before June 2008 and was accelerated to deal with the upcoming operation. The 3rd brigade of the division graduated from the Besmaya Combat Training Center Program on 13 February 2008, five weeks before the battle[27] and the 4th brigade was still forming.[28]

In mid-March, the deputy prime minister, Barham Salih, called for a "very strong military presence in Basra to eradicate the militia". He also indicated possible Coalition force involvement in the plan. On Thursday, 20 March, Lt General Mohan al-Furayji warned his troops to prepare for a "final battle" in Basra to defeat Shia militia before provincial elections in October later that year.[29]

On 22 March, the Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki met with the commander of US forces in Iraq, General David Petraeus. During the meeting, al-Maliki explained that the impending operation would be an "entirely Iraqi affair ... to take on criminals and gang leaders" in Basra. General Petraeus advised al-Maliki not to rush into a fight and that the large scale movement of Iraqi forces would put strains on the Iraqi logistical and command and control networks, as well as "putting at risk" a lot of the gains made since the start of the US "Surge" in 2007 by threatening the ceasefire imposed on the Mahdi Army by Muqtada al-Sadr.[30]

The Mahdi Army had long been well-entrenched in their districts with sniper positions, ambush sites, roadside bombs and booby trapped buildings.

During the reign of Saddam Hussein over 202,000 refugees fled Iraq to refugee camps in Iran.[31] Many of the young men and children who lived in these camps were recruited by Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps in anticipation of repatriation back into Iraq.

Timeline of the battle

Note that not very much is actually known about the tactical operations. Because so few Coalition forces were involved in the operation there were no embeds in Basra and most broadcasts and print reports originated from Baghdad. Field reports from Basra have generally been filed by news agency "stringers", sometimes of dubious credibility.[32]

24 March

The Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and the commander in charge of all Iraqi ground forces, Lt General Ali Ghaidan Majid, arrived in Basra to oversee the operation, taking over from the Basra police chief, Maj. Gen. Abdul-Jalil Khalaf, and the head of the Basra Operational Command, Lt. Gen. Mohan al-Furayji. An indefinite nightly curfew was announced in Basra, as well as in al-Kut and Nasiriyah. Routes into Basra were sealed off, according to reports, and vehicles were also prohibited from entering the city. Sadr's organization promised violent retaliation in Basra if members of his Mahdi Army were targeted.[33]

25 March

In the early morning, security forces entered the neighbourhood of al-Tamiya, a Mahdi Army stronghold. Shortly after, fighting erupted and the clashes later spread to five other neighbourhoods, including al-Jumhuriya, Five Miles and al-Hayania, the Mahdi Army's main stronghold in Basra.[34]

Nassar al-Rubaie, an official in al-Sadr's political movement, accused the Iraqi government of trying to weaken the Sadr trend ahead of provincial elections.[35] In response to the fighting the political movement of powerful Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest the raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army.[36]

26 March

By late in the evening, the assault on the port city stalled, as Shiite militiamen in the Mahdi Army fought day-long hit-and-run battles and refused to withdraw from their positions. The Mahdi Army fighters also managed to overrun a number of police stations and checkpoints.[37]

The Iraqi Prime Minister set a 72-hour deadline for militia in Basra to surrender their arms. A statement from the Basra Operational Command quoted Maliki: "We are not going to chase those who hand over their weapons within 72 hours. If they do not surrender their arms, the law will follow its course."[38]

27 March

By 27 March, residents in the city were beginning to run out of food and water. They said Iraqi army deserters broke into shops, took food and water, then set fire to shops and cars on the street.[39] An oil pipeline near Basra, which carries oil for export, was damaged by a bomb.[39]

The Dzik-3 was used by the Iraqi Army in Basra.

Mahdi Army fighters paraded around the wreckages of two Iraqi Army AMZ Dzik armored vehicles and a BMP infantry fighting vehicle which were seen destroyed on the streets. A captured Iraqi Army Humvee along with 20 Iraqi soldiers that were said to have surrendered voluntarily to the militants were also presented. At this point, reports were circulating that Iraqi policemen and soldiers were refusing to fight or deserting their posts and abandoning their uniforms. Overnight, the chief of the police force escaped a roadside bomb attack on his convoy just outside the city which killed three of his bodyguards. The deputy police chief was also attacked in central Basra.[40]

Late in the evening an Iraqi Army helicopter was shot down by militants.[41]

28 March

On Friday, Major Tom Holloway, spokesman for the British Armed Forces, reported two air strikes were made in support of Iraqi forces in Basra overnight. The air strikes, which occurred at 21:00 on Thursday and shortly after midnight involved US Navy or Marine F/A-18 fighters firing cannon rounds at a militia stronghold and on a mortar team in Basra. Major Holloway reported coalition aircraft had been flying surveillance operations over Basra since the beginning of the fighting in support of the Iraqi offensive.[42]

29 March

In the early hours of the morning, a US airstrike on the city killed eight Iraqi civilians, including 2 women and a child, according to Iraqi police. The Coalition spokesman, Major Brad Leighton, denied this report, saying an AC-130 gunship strafed heavily armed militants on the rooftops of three buildings, killing 16 militants. Major Leighton also reported the targets were identified by special operations forces before the attack.[43] According to a US military statement, the strike occurred during an Iraqi special forces operation in western Basra to "disrupt criminal activities and capture criminal leaders" in a "known criminal stronghold". In addition, 6 Insurgents were killed by the Iraqi special forces after being engaged by small arms fire and RPGs at the target building. Two Iraqi soldiers were wounded and a vehicle damaged during the operation.[44] UK artillery based at Basra airport fired 155mm shells into the city at a militia mortar position which had been firing at Iraqi security forces.[45]

By this point, the Iraqi military offensive against the city was faltering in the face of stiff resistance, as the 72-hour ultimatum by the government passed and the militants refused to surrender. Reports of defecting and deserting soldiers and policemen were circulating and the Mahdi Army confirmed that seven American-made Humvees were given to them by sympathisers within the Iraqi Army. An Iraqi Army battalion commander and two other Iraqi soldiers were killed during the night by a roadside bomb in central Basra.[41][46][47] Iraq's defense minister, Qadir Obeidi, stated that "We were surprised by a very strong resistance that made us change our plans."[48]

30 March

On 30 March, militia fighters stormed a state TV facility in Basra forcing Iraqi military guards surrounding the building to flee and setting armored vehicles on fire. A mortar attack against the palace that houses the military operations center killed one of al-Maliki's top security officials.[49]

Later in the day, after running low on ammunition, al-Sadr ordered his followers to cease fighting.[50] In a statement to the media, Sadr said: "Because of the religious responsibility, and to stop Iraqi blood being shed, and to maintain the unity of Iraq and to put an end to this sedition that the occupiers and their followers want to spread among the Iraqi people, we call for an end to armed appearances in Basra and all other provinces,"

The New York Times reported that as of 30 March, Shiite militiamen still controlled large parts of Basra and were continuing to stage raids on Iraqi government forces.[48]

USA Today reported that after the Mahdi Army requested a ceasefire, a negotiating team was sent by the Iraqi Government to Iran where an agreement for ceasefire was negotiated.[51]

McClatchy Newspapers reports that the Iraqi Central Government sent representatives of five Iraqi political parties to Qom, Iran to negotiate with Moqtada al-Sadr and Brig. Gen. Qassem Suleimani, the Commander of Iran's Quds Force. "Ali al Adeeb, a member of Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki's Dawa party, and Hadi al Ameri, the head of the Badr Organization, the military wing of the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, had two aims, lawmakers said: to ask Sadr to stand down his militia and to ask Iranian officials to stop supplying weapons to Shiite militants in Iraq."[52]

General Suleimani was instrumental in the negotiations that put Maliki in power. Suleimani traveled into the Baghdad Green Zone to negotiate with the relevant parties. The IRGC has been a player in Iraqi politics for some time.

31 March

Members of the Iraqi Army board an Iraqi C-130 Hercules for a flight to Basra, Iraq at New Al Muthana Air Base in Baghdad on 30 Mar.

Following the ceasefire, armed Mahdi Army militiamen no longer openly appeared on the streets and Basra appeared to be returning to normal with shops and schools starting to reopen. The commander of the 14th Division, Major-General Mohammed Jawan Huweidi, said his forces had control of the towns around Basra, as well as inside the city. He reported that his troops were now beginning to clear roadside bombs in the city.[53] According to a spokesman for Nouri Al Maliki, Iraqi troops and police were in control of much of Basra, and local security forces were going house-to-house in some districts to confiscate weapons.[54]

Time magazine reported that there had been "a large-scale retreat of the Mahdi Army in the oil-rich Iraqi port city because of low morale and because ammunition was low due to the closure of the Iranian border."[55] A US military officer confirmed that assessment to the Long War Journal, saying "In short [the Mahdi Army] had no ability to sustain the effort".[56]

Nouri al-Maliki said security operations against "criminals and terrorist activities" would continue in Basra. The Iraqi defense spokesman said that reinforcements were being sent to Basra and preparations for fresh military operations to clear the city were being made.[57]

According to a US military statement, Iraqi Special Forces raided a school being used by "criminals" to store weapons, ammunition and explosives. The special forces, supported by US special forces and Coalition aircraft, killed 14 of the criminals and released six Iraqi soldiers being held at the school.[58]

Aftermath

Following the handover by British armed forces military to local governance in 2007, Basra had become a lawless place with widespread violence, kidnappings, sectarian attacks against Sunnis and Christians and attacks on alcohol and music shops and women not wearing head scarves. By contrast, after the army had regained control of the city, it was described by a foreign visitor as a "very safe" city with only the presence of troops as a sign of abnormality.[59]

The outcome of the battle has been a subject of much public debate with British military commanders calling it a 'complete disaster'.[60] Militarily, the battle ended indecisively with the Iraqi security forces clearing some districts but facing ferocious resistance in others. Although Mahdi Army fighters withdrew from the streets, clashes between Iraqi Security Forces and militia continued.

The battle triggered a nationwide political debate on the role of militias in the future Iraq. It seemed as if most political parties were leaning towards Maliki's position, which was basically that militias have no place in the future of Iraq.[61]

Iran's actions in Iraq were described by Ryan Crocker, US Ambassador to Iraq, as a proxy war[62] and evidence of Iran's negative role in Iraq.

Administration officials have long accused Iran of supporting Shiite militias in attacks on American forces in Iraq. The difference now is that administration officials are trying to convince the Iraqi government that Iran may not be the ally it thought, and is behind attacks against Iraqi government forces. That is a harder sell, given that Iran has supported Iraq’s government.

After the battle, the Iraqi government dismissed 1,300 soldiers and policemen who deserted or refused to fight during the operation.[63]

War Stories coverage

Oliver North, host of the Fox News program War Stories, contacted some of the Coalition personnel with whom their team was embedded with in December 2007 during the show's ninth trip to Iraq. The following is a selection of what American troops had to say about their Iraqi allies and their adversaries:

The Iraqis planned and executed the operation with little U.S. involvement and managed to commit more than 40,000 troops in high-intensity combat against well-armed, militia-terrorists in six cities—a feat that would have been impossible just six months prior.

Conventional Iraqi Army and police units operated effectively together in multiple large-scale, simultaneous urban combat for the first time. Though there were inevitable "SNAFUs," most of the problems were logistical, not operational. All commended the courage and tenacity of the Iraqi soldiers.

The Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) and Hillah SWAT units, with which we were embedded in December, killed or captured more than 200 "high profile criminals" for which they had arrest warrants. Most of those apprehended or killed were renegade members of Muqtada al-Sadr's Jaish al Mahdi—the Mahdi Army.

Intelligence collected during the operation confirms that Iranian Quds Force fighters have heavily infiltrated southern Iraq and that Iranian weapons, explosives and equipment continue to be delivered to areas previously controlled by the Mahdi Army.

Though the ISF lacks the sophisticated casualty evacuation and medical treatment available to U.S. troops, their compassion toward wounded and injured non-combatants rallied civilians to the side of the Iraqi government.[64]

Casualties

Police and health workers said at least 236 people were killed and 600 wounded in the fighting in districts of central and northern Basra, with at least 50 civilians among the dead. These claims are questionable though, since Al Sadr followers are known to be prominent in the health organization.[18][19][65] Among the dead were at least 30 members of the security forces, including 15 soldiers and 15 policemen.

The Iraqi interior ministry chief, Maj. General Abdul-Kareem Khalaf, claimed 210 militiamen killed, 600 wounded and 155 captured since the beginning of the operation.[66][67][68]

Reactions

  • Iraq Kurdish and Sunni political parties expressed support for the operation. Massoud Barzani, the head of the Kurdish controlled region offered Kurdish troops to help fight the Mahdi Army. The Sunni Vice President, Tariq al-Hashemi signed a joint statement between the Kurdish President, Jalal Talabani and the Shi'ite Vice President, Adil Abdul-Mahdi, expressing support for the Basra operation.[1]
  • United States US President George W. Bush praised the Iraqi offensive, describing it as "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq". He emphasized the operation was al-Maliki's decision. "People were wondering if Iraq was going to be able to do this and it's happening,"[69]
  • Iran Iran's ambassador, Hasan Kazemi Qomi, said his government backed the Iraqi offensive against "outlaws" in Basra. "We are in favor of a strong army in Iraq. All weapons must be in the hands of the government. There are 28 militias that exist in Iraq. We want to see all of them dissolved," Qomi said, while criticizing the American offensive against Sadr City.[70]
  • United Kingdom Des Browne, the British defense minister, announced troops levels in southern Iraq would remain constant at the current level of around 4,000. "In the light of the last week's events, however, it is prudent that we pause any further reductions while the current situation is unfolding", Browne said. UK troop levels were expected to drop to 2,500 before the Iraqi offensive and subsequent violence.[71]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Hendawi, Hamza (5 April 2008). "Analysis: Iraqi PM Wins Rare Kurdish, Sunni Support". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008.
  2. ↑ «Армия Махди» в Ираке: формирование и развитие // Дмитрий Рустемович Жантиев, Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13. Востоковедение (2012 год)
  3. ↑ Baxter, Sarah; Marie Colvin; Hala Jaber (6 April 2008). "Iran joined militias in battle for Basra". Times Online (London).
  4. ↑ Kamber, Michael; Glanz, James (26 March 2008). "Iraqi Crackdown on Shiite Forces Sets Off Fighting". The New York Times.
  5. ↑ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (28 March 2008). "We're fighting for survival, says Mahdi army commander". The Guardian. London.
  6. ↑ IA Advisor 2008
  7. ↑ James Glanz - Iraqi Army’s Assault on Militias in Basra Stalls - The New York Times
  8. 1 2 15 soldiers killed, 400 wounded since security plan launched in Basra - Aswat Aliraq
  9. ↑ Hammoudi, Laith (26 March 2008). "Round-up of Daily Violence in Iraq - Wednesday 26 March 2008". McClatchy Washington Bureau. Archived from the original on 31 March 2008.
  10. ↑ 18 people killed, 100 wounded in Basra as clashes continue - Aswat Aliraq
  11. ↑ "Basra Update". 3 April 2008.
  12. ↑ "Iraqi copter shot down by gunmen in Basra". Aswat Aliraq. 29 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  13. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - France 24
  14. ↑ Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine - Getty Images
  15. ↑ - CNN
  16. ↑ Paul Wood - Britain and the Battle For Basra - BBC
  17. ↑ Griffis, Margaret (29 March 2008). "Saturday: 2 US Soldiers, 171 Iraqis Killed, 289 Wounded".
  18. 1 2 Iraqi cleric calls off militias - BBC
  19. 1 2 3 4 Iraq forces battle Basra militias – BBC
  20. ↑ Sudarsan Raghavan and Sholnn Freeman - U.S. Appears to Take Lead in Fighting in Baghdad - The Washington Post
  21. ↑ Glanz, James; Rubin, Alissa J. (20 April 2008). "Iraqi Army Takes Last Basra Areas From Sadr Force". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  22. ↑ Karim Jamil (24 April 2008). "Iraqi army claims it is in full control of Basra". AFP via Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  23. ↑ "Defense Update News Analysis: The EFP Killer Strikes again in Basra - by David Eshel". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  24. 1 2 Cochrane, Marisa (23 June 2008). "The Battle for Basra" (PDF). Iraq Reports. Institute for the Study of War. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  25. ↑ Basrah: Missing the Iraqi Security Force Deployment - Long War Journal
  26. ↑ Iraqi Security Forces Order of Battle: September 2007 Update - Long War Journal
  27. ↑ Iraqi Brigade Graduates Besmaya Combat Training Center - MNF-I
  28. ↑ A look at Operation Knights' Assault - Long War Journal
  29. ↑ Kim Sengupta The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general The Independent
  30. ↑ MICHAEL R. GORDON, ERIC SCHMITT and STEPHEN FARRELL - U.S. Cites Planning Gaps in Iraqi Assault on Basra - The New York Times
  31. ↑ UN refugee agency closes camps in Iran as Iraqi exiles return home - UN
  32. ↑ "Basra — fact and fiction". The Washington Times.
  33. ↑ Qassim Abdul-Zahra, Iraqi PM removes commanders in Basra amid deteriorating security Archived 1 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press
  34. ↑ Iraqi forces battle Basra militias | Al Jazeera English News
  35. ↑ "Peaceful Iraq protests spark clashes; 50 reported dead - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com.
  36. ↑ Iraqi raids anger Shiite militia | CNN
  37. ↑ Iraqi Army’s Assault on Militias in Basra Stalls - The New York Times
  38. ↑ Iraq PM gives Shiite militia 72 hour deadline to lay down arms - AFP via Google News
  39. 1 2 Fresh clashes grip southern Iraq - BBC News
  40. ↑ Iraq's Basra police chief survives bomb attack - Xinhua News
  41. 1 2 Saturday: 2 US Soldiers, 171 Iraqis Killed, 289 Wounded - Antiwar.com
  42. ↑ Erica Goode - US Airstrikes aid Iraqi Army in Basra - The New York Times
  43. ↑ US: 16 killed in Basra airstrikes - AP
  44. ↑ Iraqi Special Operations Forces engage, kill 22 in Basra - MNF-Iraq
  45. ↑ Patrick Cockburn - British and US forces drawn into battle for Basra - The Independent
  46. ↑ Robert H. Reid - Shiite leader al-Sadr defies Iraq gov't - AP
  47. ↑ Aqeel Hussein and Colin Freeman - Iraqi army forces defect to Moqtada al-Sadr - Telegraph
  48. 1 2 JAMES GLANZ and MICHAEL KAMBER - Shiite Militias Cling to Swaths of Basra and Stage Raids - The New York Times
  49. ↑ Qassim Abdul-Zahra and Hamid Ahme - Shiite cleric Sadr pulls fighters off streets - International Herald Tribune
  50. ↑ Khaled Farhan, Peter Graff and Samia Nakhoul - Iraq's Sadr orders armed followers off the streets - Reuters
  51. ↑ Iraqi political effort targets al-Sadr - USAToday.com
  52. ↑ Leila Fadel - Iranian general played key role in Iraq cease-fire Archived 2 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine - McClatchy Newspapers
  53. ↑ Peter Graff and Ross Colvin - Basra returning to normal after Sadr truce - Reuters
  54. ↑ Mohammed Tawfeeq and Jonathan Wald - Sources: Iran helped prod al-Sadr cease-fire - CNN
  55. ↑ CHARLES CRAIN AND ABIGAIL HAUSLOHNER - Sadr's Ambiguous Cease-Fire Offer - Time Magazine
  56. ↑ Bill Roggio - Maliki: "Security operations in Basra will continue" - The Long War Journal
  57. ↑ Iraqi PM vows to continue operations in Basra - Aswat Aliraq
  58. ↑ Iraqi Special Operations Forces kill 14 criminals in Basra Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine - MNF-I
  59. ↑ The paradox of Basra, Mary Kaldor (published by openDemocracy), 13 January 2009
  60. ↑ Correspondent, Sean Rayment, Defence (19 April 2008). "Battle to retake Basra was 'complete disaster'" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ "Transcript: Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki on Iraq - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com.
  62. ↑ Cooper, Helene (12 April 2008). "Iran Fighting Proxy War in Iraq, U.S. Envoy Says". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  63. ↑ Farrell, Stephen; Mizher, Qais (14 April 2008). "Iraq Dismisses 1,300 After Basra Offensive". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  64. ↑ "Basra: Fact and Fiction". Fox News. 4 April 2008.
  65. ↑ Fresh clashes break out in Basra | BBC
  66. ↑ 210 gunmen killed, 600 wounded in military campaign in Basra - Aswat Aliraq
  67. ↑ Basra returning to normal after Sadr truce - AP via Yahoo News
  68. ↑ Iraq says more than 200 killed in clashes in Basra - Reuters
  69. ↑ Pesce, Carolyn (28 March 2008). "Bush: Basra crackdown is 'defining moment'". USA Today.
  70. ↑ "Iran slams US for bombings in Baghdad militia bastion". Yahoo! News. Agence France Press. 19 April 2008.
  71. ↑ "UK halts troop cuts after Iraq clashes". CNN. 1 April 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Basra (2008).

30°30′00″N 47°48′00″E / 30.5000°N 47.8000°E / 30.5000; 47.8000

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.