Battle of Amritsar
Part of Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani and Afghan-Sikh Wars

19th century painting of a headless Baba Deep Singh fighting the Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar, by Gian Singh Naqqash
Date11 November 1757
Location
A village named Gohalwar near Amritsar[1]
Result Disputed
Belligerents
Shaheedan Misl Durrani Empire
Commanders and leaders
Baba Deep Singh †
Ram Singh †
Sajjan Singh †
Bahadur Singh †
Agarh Singh †
Hira Singh †
Kuar Singh †
Mana Singh †
Sant Singh †
 Timur Shah Durrani
Haji Atai Khan
Jahan Khan
Jamal Shah †
Qasim Khan
Mir Nimat Khan †
Strength

5,000 or 6,000[2]

Numerically larger than the Afghans (According to Tom Landsford)[1]

20,000 or 22,000[3]

Numerically Smaller than the Sikhs (According to Tom Landsford)[1]
20th century portrait of Baba Deep Singh during the Battle of Amritsar

The Battle of Amritsar, also known as the Battle of Gohalwar, was fought between the Durrani Empire and Shaheedan Misl of the Dal Khalsa on 11 November 1757.[1] Following the fourth invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani, his army was attacked by Sikh bands under the command of Ala Singh and Baba Deep Singh.[4][5] Following the attacks, Ahmad Shah desecrated the Sikh holy site known as the Shri Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar.[5][6] The news of the desecration reached Baba Deep Singh who vowed to liberate the holy site from the Afghans.[7] This resulted in a pitched battle being fought in the village of Gohalwar, near Amritsar.[4] The battle resulted in Baba Deep Singh being killed.[8] The exact result of the battle is disputed among historians.

Background

In January 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani was returning to Afghanistan after raiding Hindustan and sacking Delhi, when his army under Prince Timur Shah and Jahan Khan were attacked by Sikh bands under Ala Singh and Baba Deep Singh near Sirhind, seizing the treasures they were carrying. The army was again attacked, harassed and plundered at Malerkotla.[4][5] When Ahmad Shah reached Lahore, he sent a military detachment to sack the town of Amritsar, which destroyed the Shri Harmandir Sahib and massacred the Sikh population.[6][5]

In May 1757, Ahmad Shah appointed Timur Shah as Governor of Lahore, with Jahan Khan as his deputy, and ordered Timur Shah to chastise the Sikhs.[4][5] The Afghan government pursued the Sikhs, who sought refuge in Himalayan tracts and the Malwa Desert.[7] News of the desecration of Shri Harmandir Sahib reached Baba Deep Singh, who was stationed at Damdama Sahib.[7] Infuriated, he vowed to liberate Harmandir Sahib from the Afghans, and to celebrate the Diwali festival at Amritsar.[7] Baba Deep Singh managed to gather a band of around a thousand followers from different villages before advancing towards Amritsar.[7][6][9]

Battle

Having received intelligence that the Sikhs had gathered at Amritsar, Jahan Khan mobilized an Afghan force to fight them.[7][10] He ordered every man in Lahore who owned a horse, whether in the service of the government or not, to join his expedition against the Sikhs.[10][7] Mughlani Begum sent her personal guards to join him,[10] and Qasim Khan also joined the expedition against the Sikhs.[10] Jahan Khan sent word to Haji Atai Khan asking him to join him at Amritsar,[7][10] and with an army of two thousand troops reached the village of Gohalwar.[7][10] The total number of Afghan soldiers in the battle was around 20,000, whereas Baba Deep Singh mobilized an army of 5,000 or 6,000 soldiers.[lower-alpha 1][6][9][11][2] According to Tom Landsford, the Sikhs outnumbered the Afghan forces during the battle.[1]

The outcome of the battle is disputed:

  • According to one account, Jahan Khan was surprised that the Afghan forces of Atai Khan had not arrived at the rendezvous point, and delayed his march.[7][10] The Sikhs attacked and Afghan forces under Jahan Khan were overwhelmed by the Sikhs, and his soldiers retreated.[lower-alpha 2][4][1]
  • According to another account, Jahan Khan was nearly overwhelmed by Sikh forces until reinforcements from Haji Atai Khan arrived later during the battle.[12] The Sikhs were defeated and many were massacred, while Jahan Khan achieved both a victory and the death of Baba Deep Singh.[13][14]

Baba Deep Singh dueled Jamal Shah, one of the Afghan commanders,[2] and suffered a mortal wound to the neck, while Jamal Shah was killed.[2] Despite the severe injury, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight until he collapsed and fell dead.[13][4][8] According to Tony Jacques, Baba Deep Singh was killed by Attal Khan.[4]

Legend says that Baba Deep Singh was fully decapitated but continued to fight against the Afghans while holding his head on one hand and his sword on the other.[8]

Aftermath

According to historian Ganda Singh, once the reinforcements led under Haji Atai Khan arrived, they defeated the Sikhs and pursued them all the way to Amritsar.[10]

When the Afghans entered the city, they clashed with five Sikh soldiers stationed at the main gate. During this incident Mir Nimat Khan, one of the chiefs from Lahore, was killed.[10] The Afghans set up camp for the night and returned to Lahore a few days later.[10] A monument was built to commemorate Baba Deep Singh along with the other Sikhs who were killed in the battle.[7] Other Sikh soldiers and commanders who were killed in the battle include Ram Singh, Sajjan Singh, Bahadur Singh, Agarh Singh, Hira Singh, Kuar Singh, Mana Singh, and Sant Singh.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Five hundred Sikhs did so, and en route to Amritsar their number swelled to five thousand. Five miles from the temple, an army of twenty thousand Afghan soldiers lay in wait for them."[11]
  2. ↑ Tony Jacques says that the Sikhs were outnumbered but chased off the Afghan army.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lansford 2017, p. 20.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Singh, Bhagat (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Punjabi University, Patiala. p. 242. ISBN 978-8130201818.
  3. ↑ Surjit Singh Gandhi (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. Singh Bros. p. 218. ISBN 9788172052171.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jacques 2006, p. 400.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House. pp. 187–190.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Singha 2000, p. 57.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Gupta, Hari (2007). History Of The Sikhs Vol. II Evolution Of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69). Munishram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt.Ltd. pp. 134–137. ISBN 81-215-0248-9. Retrieved 12 January 2023. Leaving his nephew Sada Singh in charge of the shrine, Dip Singh raised a band of followers from villages of Jaga, Bahman, Nahanawala, Banjhoke, Guruchautra, Phul, Mehraj, Daraj, Bhachhu, Govindpura, Kot and Lakhi Jungle, numbering in all about 1,000.
  8. 1 2 3 Singh, Harbans (1995). The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism Vol I A-D (2nd ed.). Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 587–588. ISBN 81-7380-100-2.
  9. 1 2 Singha, H. S (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. p. 36. ISBN 9788170102458.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Singh, Ganda. Ahmad Shah Durrani. pp. 191–192.
  11. 1 2 Barlow 2015, p. 91.
  12. ↑ Grewal 1990, p. 91.
  13. 1 2 Singh 2015, p. 65.
  14. ↑ Banerjee 2002, p. 46.

Sources

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