| Battle of Ambarawa | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Indonesian National Revolution | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Indonesia |
Supported by: NICA | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Col. Soedirman (Leader of People's Security Army, Division V/Banyumas) Lt. Col. Isdiman † Lt. Col. Gatot Subroto (Division V/Purwokerto) Lt. Col. M. Sarbini (Central Kedu Regiment) Maj. Sarjono (Battalion VIII Division III/Surabaya) Maj. Soeharto (Battalion X Division IX/Yogyakarta) |
 Brigadier R. G. Bethell | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 10,000+ | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 2,000 killed[1] | 100 killed | ||||||||
The Battle of Ambarawa (Indonesian: Palagan Ambarawa) was a battle between the recently created Indonesian Army and the British Army that occurred between 20 October and 15 December 1945 in Ambarawa, Indonesia.
Prelude
On 19 October 1945, Allied troops under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Edwardes landed in Semarang to disarm Japanese troops and liberate POWs still detained in camps in Central Java. Initially, the troops were welcomed by the Indonesians because their presence halted the attacks on them by Japanese troops in revenge for the massacre of around 200 imprisoned Japanese civilians by Indonesian "extremists" in nearby Semarang. The troops were under orders to remain neutral in "political matters". At a meeting with Central Java governor Wongsonegoro, agreement was reached that the Indonesian police would be allowed to keep their weapons, but that civilians would be disarmed.[2]
However, when Allied and NICA troops began freeing and arming freed Dutch POWs in Ambarawa and Magelang, many locals were angered. Relations were further ruined when the Allies began disarming members of the Indonesian Army. Indonesian troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel M. Sarbini began besieging Allied troops stationed in Magelang in reprisal for their attempted disarmament. Indonesian president Sukarno intervened in the situation to calm tensions, and the Allies secretly left Magelang to their stronghold in Ambarawa. Sarbini's regiment followed the Allies in pursuit, and was later joined by other Indonesian troops from Ambarawa, Suruh, and Surakarta. Allied troops were later driven out of the nearby village of Jambu by the combined force of the Indonesian Army.
At the village of Ngipik, Allied troops were once again forced to retreat by the Indonesian Army, after attempting to establish control over two villages around Ambarawa. Indonesian troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman tried to free the two villages, but Isdiman was killed in action before reinforcements arrived. Commander of the 5th Banyumas Division, Colonel Soedirman, vowed to avenge Isdiman's death and called in reinforcements to besiege Allied positions in Central Java. Unknown to his servicemen, he had been elected Commander of the Armed Forces on 12 November in absentia, as he was still with his division.
Battle
On the morning of 23 November 1945, Indonesian troops began firing on Allied troops stationed in Ambarawa. A counterattack by the Allies forced the Indonesian Army to retreat to the village of Bedono.
On 11 December 1945, Soedirman held a meeting with various commanders of the Indonesian Army. The next day at 4:30 AM, the Indonesian Army launched an assault on the Allies in Ambarawa. Indonesian artillery pounded Allied positions, which were later overrun by infantry. When the Semarang-Ambarawa highway was captured by Indonesian troops, Soedirman immediately ordered his forces to cut off the supply routes of the remaining Allied troops by using a pincer maneuver.[3] The battle ended four days later on 15 December 1945, when Indonesia succeeded in regaining control over Ambarawa and the Allies retreated to Semarang.
Aftermath
Just three days after the victory, Soedirman was promoted to major general and his election as Commander of the Armed Forces, retroactive to 12 November, was confirmed, succeeding Oerip Soemohardjo, the ad interim chief for the forces, who was appointed chief of staff.
The Palagan Ambarawa Monument in Ambarawa was erected in memory of the battle. The battle's anniversary is also celebrated nationwide as Indonesian Army Day (Hari Juang Kartika TNI Angkatan Darat), a day of celebration of the first ever victory of the young army in the Indonesian National Revolution.
References
- ↑ Matanasi, Petrik (15 December 2017). "Pertempuran Ambarawa, Kemenangan yang Memakan Banyak Korban". Tirto.id. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ↑ McMillan 2006, p. 27.
- ↑ G., Dwipayana (1989). Soeharto : Pikiran, Ucapan dan Tindakan Saya. Jakarta: Citra Kharisma Bunda. ISBN 979-8085-01-9.
Bibliography
- Anderson, Benedict R. O'G (1972). Java in a time of revolution: occupation and resistance,1944-1946. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
- McMillan, Richard (2006). The British Occupation of Indonesia 1945-1946: Britain, The Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35551-6.
- G., Dwipayana (1989). Soeharto : Pikiran, Ucapan dan Tindakan Saya. Jakarta: Citra Kharisma Bunda. ISBN 979-8085-01-9.