The Right Honourable
The Lord Anson
PC, FRS, RN
Portrait of Lord Anson by Thomas Hudson
First Lord of the Admiralty
In office
1757–1762
Prime MinisterThe Duke of Newcastle
The Earl of Bute
Preceded byThe Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham
Succeeded byThe Earl of Halifax
In office
1751–1756
Prime MinisterHenry Pelham
The Duke of Newcastle
Preceded byThe Earl of Sandwich
Succeeded byThe Earl Temple
Personal details
Born23 April 1697[1]
Staffordshire, England
Died6 June 1762(1762-06-06) (aged 65)
Moor Park, Hertfordshire, England
Military service
Allegiance Kingdom of Great Britain
Branch/service Royal Navy
Years of service1711–1762
RankAdmiral of the Fleet
CommandsHMS Weazel
HMS Scarborough
HMS Garland
HMS Diamond
HMS Squirrel
HMS Centurion
Battles/warsWar of the Spanish Succession
War of the Quadruple Alliance
War of Jenkins' Ear
War of the Austrian Succession
Seven Years' War

Admiral of the Fleet George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, PC, FRS (23 April 1697 – 6 June 1762) was a Royal Navy officer, politician and peer. Anson served as a junior officer during the War of the Spanish Succession and then saw active service against Spain at the Battle of Cape Passaro, off the south tip of Sicily, during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. He then undertook a circumnavigation of the globe during the War of Jenkins' Ear. Anson commanded the fleet that defeated the French Admiral de la Jonquière at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747, during the War of the Austrian Succession.

Anson went on to be First Lord of the Admiralty during the Seven Years' War. Among his reforms were the removal of corrupt defence contractors, improved medical care, submitting a revision of the Articles of War to Parliament to tighten discipline throughout the Navy, uniforms for commissioned officers, the transfer of the Marines from Army to Navy authority, and a system for rating ships according to their number of guns.

Background

Family

Anson was the son of William Anson of Shugborough in Staffordshire and Isabella Carrier,[2] whose brother-in-law was the Earl of Macclesfield and Lord Chancellor, a relationship that proved very useful to the future admiral. He was born on 23 April 1697,[1][4] at Shugborough Manor.[3] He was one of eight surviving children of the couple, and the younger brother of the politician Thomas Anson.[5]

Early career

In February 1712, amid the War of the Spanish Succession, Anson entered the navy at the age of 15.[3] He served as a volunteer aboard the fourth-rate HMS Ruby, before transferring to the third-rate HMS Monmouth.[6]

Promoted to lieutenant on 17 March 1716, he was assigned to the fourth-rate HMS Hampshire in service as part of a Baltic Sea fleet commanded by Admiral John Norris.[7] Anson transferred to the aging fourth-rate HMS Montagu in March 1718, and saw active service against Spain at the Battle of Cape Passaro in August 1718 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance.[8] He then transferred to the second-rate HMS Barfleur, flagship of Admiral George Byng, in October 1719.[7]

Anson was promoted to commander in June 1722 and given command of the small 8-gun HMS Weazel. Anson's orders were to suppress smuggling between Britain and Holland, a task he swiftly and effectively performed. In recognition of his efforts he was promoted to the rank of post-captain in February 1723 and given command of the 32-gun sixth-rate HMS Scarborough with orders to escort British merchant convoys from the Carolinas.[8] (The Ansonborough district of Charleston, South Carolina, still commemorates his time there.)[3]

He transferred to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Garland, still on the Carolinas station, in July 1728, then to the command of the fifth-rate HMS Diamond in the Channel Fleet in 1730, and to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Squirrel back on the Carolinas station in 1731.[7] He was given command of the 60-gun third-rate HMS Centurion in the West Africa Squadron in 1737 and, having been promoted to commodore with his broad pennant in HMS Centurion, he took command of a squadron sent to attack Spanish possessions in South America at the outset of the War of Jenkins' Ear.[9]

Voyage around the world

George Anson's capture of the Manila galleon 'Nuestra Señora de Covadonga', by Samuel Scott.

After setting off later than planned, Anson's squadron encountered successive disasters. The lateness of the season forced him to round the Horn in very stormy weather, and the navigating instruments of the time did not allow for exact observations.[1] Two of his vessels, the fifth-rate HMS Pearl and the fourth-rate HMS Severn, failed to round Cape Horn and returned home. Meanwhile, the sixth-rate HMS Wager was wrecked off the coast of Chile, where the crew subsequently mutinied.[10]

By the time Anson reached the Juan Fernández Islands in June 1741, only three of his six ships remained (HMS Centurion, the fourth-rate HMS Gloucester, and the sloop HMS Tryall), while the strength of his crews had fallen from 961 to 335. In the absence of any effective Spanish force on the coast, he was able to harass the enemy and to sack the small port city of Paita in Peru in November 1741. The steady decrease of his crews by scurvy and the worn-out state of his remaining consorts compelled him to collect all the remaining survivors in Centurion.[11] He rested at the island of Tinian, and then made his way to Macau in November 1742.[1][9]

After considerable difficulties with the Chinese, he sailed again with his one remaining vessel to cruise in search of one of the Manila galleons that conducted the trade between Mexico and the Chinese merchants in the Philippines, where he captured the Nuestra Señora de Covadonga[1] with 1,313,843 pieces of eight[9] on board, which he had encountered off Cape Espiritu Santo on 20 June 1743. The charts captured with the ship added many islands (and phantom islands) to the British knowledge of the Pacific, including the so-called Anson Archipelago.[12][13]

Anson took his prize back to Macau, sold her cargo to the Chinese, kept the specie, and sailed for England via the Cape of Good Hope. Passing by means of a thick fog a French fleet then patrolling the Channel, he reached England on 15 June 1744. The prize money earned from the capture of the galleon made Anson a rich man for life[1] and bought him considerable political influence.[9] He initially refused promotion to Rear-Admiral of the Blue[3] however, out of anger that the admiralty refused to sanction a captain's commission he had given one of his officers.[14]

Senior officer

Anson's victory at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre in May 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession
Portrait of George Anson by Joshua Reynolds, 1755

Anson was elected Member of Parliament for Hedon in the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1744. He joined the Board of Admiralty led by the Duke of Bedford in December 1744.[15] Promoted to Rear-Admiral of the White[16] on 23 April 1745[17] and to vice-admiral of the blue[3] in July 1745, he took command of the Western Squadron, with his flag in the third-rate HMS Yarmouth, in July 1746.[9]

"Sir, you have vanquished the Invincible and Glory follows with you."[18]

Anson commanded the fleet that defeated the Marquis de la Jonquière at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre in May 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. His force captured the entire French squadron: four ships of the line, two frigates, and six merchantmen[19] The treasure amounted to £300,000.[20] He was elevated to the peerage as Lord Anson, Baron of Soberton, in the County of Southampton on 11 June 1747.[21] In 1748, the memoir of Anson's circumnavigation—Voyage Round the World in the Years MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV[22]—was published, having been edited from his notes and Richard Walter's journals by Benjamin Robins.[3] It was a vast popular and commercial success.[3] He was promoted to admiral of the blue on 12 May 1748[3] and became Vice-Admiral of Great Britain on 4 July 1749.[23] He was advanced to Senior Naval Lord on the Admiralty Board in November 1749.[24]

First Lord of the Admiralty

Moor Park, Anson's home in Hertfordshire
Plaque to George Lord Anson, Colwich Church, Staffordshire

Anson became First Lord of the Admiralty in the Broad Bottom Ministry in June 1751 and continued to serve during the first Newcastle ministry.[15] Among his reforms was the removal of corrupt defence contractors, improved medical care, submitting a revision of the Articles of War to Parliament so tightening discipline throughout the Navy, uniforms for commissioned officers, the transfer of the Marines from Army to Navy authority and a system for rating ships according to their number of guns.[19]

Anson oversaw the Navy for much of the Seven Years' War, and established a permanent squadron at Devonport which could patrol the western approaches to both Britain and France. He was particularly concerned at the prospect of a French invasion of the British Isles[25] which led him to keep a large force in the English Channel. In 1756 he was criticised for not sending enough ships with Admiral Byng to relieve Minorca because he wanted to protect Britain from a threatened invasion, only to see Byng fail to save Minorca while no invasion attempt materialised. He left the Admiralty when the Newcastle ministry fell in November 1756 and then served again as First Lord when the Pitt–Newcastle ministry was created in June 1757.[26]

In July 1758, after Edward Hawke had decided to strike his flag and return to port over a misunderstanding at which he took offence, Anson hoisted his own flag in the first-rate HMS Royal George and took over command of the Western Squadron again.[19] Anson oversaw Britain's naval response to a more serious French invasion attempt in 1759. He instituted a close blockade of the French coast, which proved crippling to the French economy and ensured no invasion fleet could slip out undetected. The British victories at the Battle of Lagos in August 1759 and the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759 ended any realistic chance of a major invasion of the British Isles.[27]

As well as securing home defence, Anson co-ordinated with William Pitt a series of British attacks on French colonies around the globe. By 1760 the British had captured Canada, Senegal and Guadeloupe from the French, and followed it up by capturing Belle Île and Dominica in 1761. In 1762 the entry of Spain into the war offered further chances for British expeditions. Anson was the architect of a plan to seize Manila in the Philippines and, using the idea and plans of Admiral Sir Charles Knowles[28] to capture Havana. Anson had been concerned that the combined strength of the French and Spanish navies would overpower Britain, but he still threw himself into the task of directing these expeditions. The British also captured Martinique and Grenada in the French West Indies.[29] Anson was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 30 July 1761.[30] His last service was to convey Queen Charlotte to England.[3]

He died at Moor Park in Hertfordshire on 6 June 1762 and was buried at St Michael and All Angels’ Church in Colwich, Staffordshire.[19] Places named after him include Anson County, North Carolina[31] and Anson, Maine.[32] Eight warships of the Royal Navy have also been named after him.[33]

Anson was a prominent figure in Britain throughout his life, having earned nicknames such as "Father of the British Navy" and accomplishing a wide range of arduous tasks throughout his career, but in the last decades of his life, his fame waned.[34]

Family

In April 1748, Anson married Lady Elizabeth Yorke, daughter of Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke; they had no children.[19]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 EB (1911), p. 83.
  2. ↑ Cokayne, p. 173
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 EB (1878).
  4. ↑ The 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica gives the 22nd.[3]
  5. ↑ Baker, Andrew (2019). Thomas Anson of Shugborough and the Greek Revival (PDF). Unpublished. p. 16. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  6. ↑ Anson 1912, p. 1
  7. 1 2 3 Heathcote, p. 11
  8. 1 2 Anson 1912, pp. 2-3
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Heathcote, p. 12
  10. ↑ Pack, S. W. C. (1964). The Wager Mutiny. A. Redman. p. 54. OCLC 5152716.
  11. ↑ Price, Catherine (2017). "The Age of Scurvy". Distillations. 3 (2): 12–23. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  12. ↑ Stommel, Henry (1984). Lost Islands: The Story of Islands That Have Vanished from Nautical Charts. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. xvii, 105ff. ISBN 0-7748-0210-3.
  13. ↑ James Hingston Tuckey: Maritime Geography and Statistics. Black, Parry & Company, 1815
  14. ↑ EB (1911), pp. 83–84.
  15. 1 2 "Sainty, JC, Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660-1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660-1870 (1975), pp. 18-31". Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  16. ↑ EB (1911), p. 84.
  17. ↑ "No. 8426". The London Gazette. 23 April 1745. p. 2.
  18. ↑ French: Monsieur, vous avez vaincu l'Invincible, et la Gloire vous suit.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Heathcote, p. 13
  20. ↑ Household, H.W., ed. (1901), "Introduction", Anson's Voyage Round the World, the Text Reduced, London: Rivington's
  21. ↑ "No. 8648". The London Gazette. 9 June 1747. p. 2.
  22. ↑ Walter, Richard; Robins, Benjamin, eds. (1748), Voyage Round the World in the Years MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV by George Anson, Esq; Commander in Chief of a Squadron of His Majesty's Ships, sent upon an Expedition to the South-Seas, London: John and Paul Knapton for the author.
  23. ↑ "No. 8863". The London Gazette. 1 July 1749. p. 4.
  24. ↑ Rodger, p. 51-52
  25. ↑ Lambert p. 149
  26. ↑ Lambert pp. 143-45
  27. ↑ Anderson pp. 381-83
  28. ↑ Battle for Empire The very first world war 1756-63 by Tom Pocock. Michael O’Mara Books Ltd. 1998. pp.185, 199, 207.
  29. ↑ Corbett p. 209-27
  30. ↑ "No. 10126". The London Gazette. 28 July 1761. p. 2.
  31. ↑ Anson 1912, p. 3
  32. ↑ "Anson". Skowhegan Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  33. ↑ "HMS Anson". Royal Navy. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  34. ↑ Grann, David (2023). The Wager: A Tale of Shipwreck, Mutiny and Murder (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-385-53426-0.

Sources

  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "George Lord Anson" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 93
  • Anderson, Fred (2001). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571205356.
  • Anson, Walter Vernon (1912). The Life of Admiral Lord Anson, the father of the British Navy 1697-1762. London, John Murray.
  • Cokayne, G. E. (2000). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14, 1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes. Vol. I. Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-1145312296.
  • Corbett, Julian Stafford (1907). England in the Seven Years War: A study in combined operations, Volume II. London.
  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.
  • Lambert, Andrew (2009). Admirals: The Naval Commanders Who Made Britain Great. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571231577.
  • Rodger, N.A.M. (1979). The Admiralty. Offices of State. Lavenham: T. Dalton Ltd. ISBN 0900963948.

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