Shrimant Peshwa
Bajirao I
Portrait by an unknown artist.Date unknown
7th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy
In office
17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740
MonarchShahu I
Preceded byBalaji Vishwanath
Succeeded byBalaji Bajirao
Personal details
Born
Visaji Bhat

(1700-08-18)18 August 1700
Dubere, Sinnar, Maratha Empire (present-day Nashik, Maharashtra, India)
Died28 April 1740(1740-04-28) (aged 39)
Rawerkhedi, Maratha Confederacy (present-day Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh, India)
Spouses
  • ​
    (m. 1720)​
  • ​
    (m. 1728)​
Children5, including Balaji Baji Rao, Shamsher Bahadur and Raghunath Rao
Parents
Relatives
Signature

Bajirao I (Bajirao Ballal;[1] Marathi pronunciation: [bad͡ʒiɾaːʋ bəlːaːɭ]; 18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740), born as Visaji,[2] was the 7th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy.

During his 20-year tenure as a Peshwa, his strategic prowess expanded Maratha influence in crucial regions, he engaged in several military conflicts such as Nizam's Carnatic campaigns (1725–27) and the Maratha invasion of Deccan (1739). In Bundelkhand, he rescued the Bundela ruler Chhatrasal from a Mughal siege, gaining independence for Bundelkhand. Gratefully, Chhatrasal granted Bajirao a jagir and his daughter's hand in marriage.

In the 1730s, Bajirao asserted Maratha tax rights in Gujarat, defeating rebel Trimbak Rao Dabhade in the 1731 Battle of Dabhoi; he aided and intervened in the Janjira war of succession of 1733, reclaiming parts of Konkan for the Marathas in the process; and also engaged in a diplomatic mission to persuade Rajput courts for chauth payments. Further efforts to establish Maratha dominance in the Subcontinent saw him responsible for the Maratha raid on Delhi (1737) and conflicts with the Portuguese such as the Luso–Maratha War of 1729–1732.[3]

Bajirao's life has been adventurous and thrilling, which has been picturized in Indian cinema and also featured in novels.[4][5][6] Bajirao's relationship with his wife Mastani is a controversial subject.[7][2] And her name was generally mentioned in cryptic words in the books, letters or documents from that era.

Early life

Bajirao hunting with his father Balaji Vishwanath.

Bajirao was born into the Bhat Family in Sinnar, near Nashik. His father Balaji Vishwanath was the Peshwa of Shahu I and his mother was Radhabai Barve.[8] Bajirao had a younger brother, Chimaji Appa, and two younger sisters, Anubai and Bhiubai. Anubai was married to Venkatrao Ghorpade (Joshi) of Ichalkaranji and Bhiubai was married to Abaji Naik Joshi of Baramati.

Being born in a Brahmin family, his education included reading, writing and learning Sanskrit however, he did not remain confined to his books. Bajirao displayed a passion for the military at an early age and often accompanied his father on military campaigns. He was with his father when his father was imprisoned by Damaji Thorat before being released for a ransom.[2] Bajirao had been on the expedition to Delhi in 1719 with his father and was convinced the Mughal Empire was disintegrating and would be unable to resist northward Maratha expansion.[9] When Balaji Vishwanath died in 1720, Shahu appointed the 20-year-old Bajirao as Peshwa despite opposition from other chieftains.[10]

Personal life

Bajirao's first wife was Kashibai, the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Bhawanibai of Chas (a wealthy banking family).[11] Bajirao always treated his wife Kashibai with love and respect.[12] Their relationship was healthy and happy.[13][12] They had four sons: Balaji Bajirao (also called Nanasaheb), Ramachandra Rao, Raghunath Rao and Janardhan Rao, who died at an early age.[14] Nanasaheb was appointed Peshwa by Shahu in 1740, succeeding his father.

Bajirao took Mastani as his wife, the daughter of Rajput king Chhatrasal, born from his Muslim concubine.[15] The relationship was a political one, arranged to please Chhatrasal.[7] Mastani had a son, Krishna Rao, in 1734. Since his mother was Muslim, Hindu priests refused to conduct the upanayana ceremony and he became known as Shamsher Bahadur.[2] After the deaths of Bajirao and Mastani in 1740, Kashibai raised six-year-old Shamsher Bahadur as her own. Shamsher received a portion of his father's dominion of Banda and Kalpi. In 1761, he and his army fought alongside the Peshwa in the Third Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and the Afghans. Wounded in the battle, Shamsher died several days later in Deeg.[16][17]

Bajirao moved his base of operations from Saswad to Pune in 1728, laying the foundation for the transformation of the kasba into a large city.[18] He began the construction of Shaniwar Wada in 1730.

Stone fortress, with people in front for scale
Bajirao I's handwriting in Modi script.

Bajirao was appointed Peshwa, succeeding his father, by Shahu on 17 April 1720. By the time of his appointment, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah had upheld Maratha claims to the territories held by Shivaji at his death. A treaty gave the Marathas the right to collect taxes (chauth) in the Deccan's six provinces.[19] Bajirao convinced Shahu that the Maratha Empire had to go on the offensive against its enemies to defend itself.[20] He believed the Mughal Empire was in decline, and wanted to take advantage of the situation with aggressive expansion into North India. Bajirao compared the Mughals' declining fortune to a tree which, if attacked at its roots, would collapse. He is reported to have said:

Let us strike at the trunk of the withering tree and the branches will fall off themselves. Listen but to my counsel and I shall plant the Maratha flag on the walls of Attock.[21]

As a new Peshwa, however, he faced several challenges.[2] Bajirao promoted young men like himself, such as Malhar Rao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde, the Pawar brothers and Fateh Singh Bhosle, as commanders; these men did not belong to families who were hereditary Deshmukhs in the Deccan sultanates.[22] T

The Mughal viceroy of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I, Nizam of Hyderabad, had created a de facto autonomous kingdom in the region. He challenged Shahu 's right to collect taxes[23] on the pretext that he did not know whether Shahu or his cousin, Sambhaji II of Kolhapur, was the rightful heir to the Maratha throne.[2] The Marathas needed to assert their rights over the nobles of newly acquired territories in Malwa and Gujarat.[2] Several nominally-Maratha areas were not actually under the Peshwa's control; for example, the Siddis controlled the Janjira fort.[2]

Wars of Bajirao

The Nizam

Colour-coded map
Troop movements of Bajirao I and Asaf Jah I (Nizam-ul-Mulk) in the Battle of Palkhed

At the outset of Bajirao's Peshwa rule, the Mughal leaders, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk, rebelled against the Sayyid Brothers. To quell the uprising, the Sayyid brothers sought assistance from the Marathas. However, in the Battle of Balapur, where Bajirao, Malhar Rao Holkar, and Khanderao Dabhade were present, the combined forces of the Sayyid Brothers and the Marathas were defeated by the Nizam's forces. Sankarji Malhar was captured as a prisoner of war, marking Bajirao's first significant military engagement as Peshwa.[1][3]

On 4 January 1721, Bajirao met Nizam of Hyderabad at Chikhalthana to resolve their disputes. However, the Nizam refused to recognize the Maratha right to collect taxes from the Deccan provinces.[2] He was made vizier of the Mughal Empire in 1721 by emperor Muhammad Shah, who, alarmed at his increasing power, transferred him from the Deccan to Awadh in 1723. The Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as vizier and marched towards the Deccan. The emperor sent an army against him, which the Nizam defeated at the Battle of Sakhar-kheda; this forced the emperor to recognise him as viceroy of the Deccan. The Marathas, led by Bajirao, helped the Nizam win this battle. For his valor, Bajirao was honored with a robe, a 7,000-man mansabdari, an elephant, and a jewel. After the battle, the Nizam tried to appease the Maratha Chhatrapati Shahu and the Mughal emperor; in reality, however, he wanted to carve out a sovereign kingdom and considered the Marathas his rivals in the Deccan.[24]

In 1725, the Nizam sent an army to clear Maratha revenue collectors from the Carnatic region. The Marathas dispatched a force under Fateh Singh Bhosle to counter him; Bajirao accompanied Bhosle, but according to Stewart Gordon, Bajirao did not command the army. However, Bajirao was the Peshwa of the Marathas and his involvement in this campaign had severe importance. The Marathas were defeated and forced to retreat; they launched a second campaign after the monsoon season, but again were unable to prevent the Nizam from ousting the Maratha collectors.[23]

In the Deccan, Sambhaji II of Kolhapur State had become a rival claimant to the title of Maratha King. The Nizam took advantage of the internal dispute, refusing to pay the chauth because it was unclear who was the real Chhatrapati (Shahu or Sambhaji II) and offering to arbitrate. Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi advised Shahu to begin negotiations and agree to arbitration. Sambhaji II was supported by Chandrasen Jadhav, who had fought Bajirao's father a decade earlier. Bajirao convinced Shahu to refuse the Nizam's offer and instead launch an assault.[23]

The Nizam invaded Pune, where he installed Sambhaji II as the King. He then marched out of the city, leaving behind a contingent headed by Fazal Beg. The Nizam plundered Loni, Pargaon, Patas, Supa and Baramati, using his artillery. On 27 August 1727, Bajirao began a retaliatory guerilla attack on the Nizam with his trusted lieutenants Malhar Rao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde and the Pawar brothers. He began to destroy the towns held by the Nizam; leaving Pune, he crossed the Godavari River near Puntamba and plundered Jalna and Sindkhed. Bajirao destroyed Berar, Mahur, Mangrulpir and Washim before turning north-west to Khandesh. He crossed the Tapi River at Kokarmunda and entered eastern Gujarat, reaching Chota Udaipur in January 1728. After hearing that the Nizam had returned to Pune, Bajirao feinted toward Burhanpur; he thought that after hearing about the threat to the strategically-important Burhanpur, the Nizam would try to save it. Bajirao did not enter Burhanpur, however, arriving at Betawad in Khandesh on 14 February 1728. When the Nizam heard that his northern territories had been devastated by Bajirao, he left Pune and marched towards the Godavari to meet Bajirao on an open plain where his artillery would be effective. The Nizam went on ahead of his artillery; on 25 February 1728, the armies of Bajirao and the Nizam faced each other at Palkhed, a town about 30 miles (48 km) west of Aurangabad. The Nizam was quickly surrounded by Maratha forces and trapped, his lines of supply and communication were cut. He was forced to make peace; he signed the Treaty of Mungi Shevgaon on 6 March, recognising Shahu as the King and the Maratha right to collect taxes in the Deccan.[2]

This event is considered as an example of brilliant execution of military strategy.[7] In his Military History of India, Jadunath Sarkar wrote: "This campaign gives a classic example of what the predatory horse, when led by a genius, could achieve in the age of light artillery."[25]

Deccan

Equestrian statue of Peshwa Bajirao I outside Shaniwar Wada, Pune

The Maratha invasion of Deccan in 1739, led by Peshwa Bajirao, was a military campaign of the Maratha Confederacy. Bajirao's Maratha forces invaded Hyderabad' territory

Between 1738 and 1740, Nader Shah launched an invasion of India.[26] In response to this threat, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah summoned the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah, to Delhi. Accepting the emperor's request, Asaf Jah mobilized his army and marched to Delhi in a bid to resist the invasion.[27][28]

In the absence of the Nizam, Bajirao, the then Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, launched an attack on Hyderabad with the aim of capturing the six provinces of Deccan. Having already secured Malwa through the Battle of Bhopal from Jai Singh II, Bajirao sought to expand Maratha influence by targeting Hyderabad in the absence of the Nizam.[29][30]

Bundelkhand

In Bundelkhand, Chhatrasal rebelled against the Mughal Empire and established an independent kingdom. In December 1728, a Mughal force led by Muhammad Khan Bangash attacked him and besieged his fort and family. Although Chhatrasal repeatedly sought Bajirao's assistance, he was busy in Malwa at the time. He compared his dire situation to that of Gajendra Moksha. In his letter to Bajirao, Chhatrasal wrote the following words:

Know you, that I am in the same sad plight in which the famous elephant was when caught by the crocodile. My valiant race is on point of extinction. Come and save my honour, O Baji Rao.[31]

In March 1729, the Peshwa responded to Chhatrasal's request and marched towards Bundelkhand with 25,000 horsemen and his lieutenants Pilaji Jadhav, Tukoji Pawar, Naro Shankar, and Davalji Somwanshi. Bangash was later forced to leave, signing an agreement that "he would never attack Bundelkhand again". Chhatrasal's position as ruler of Bundelkhand was restored. He granted a large jagir to Bajirao, and gave him his daughter Mastani. Before Chhatrasal's death in December 1731, he ceded one-third of his territories to the Marathas.[2]

Gujarat

20th century depiction of Bajirao in battle

After consolidating Maratha influence in central India, Bajirao decided to assert the Maratha right to collect taxes from the wealthy province of Gujarat and sent a Maratha force under Chimaji Appa there in 1730. Sarbuland Khan, the province's Mughal governor, ceded the right to collect chauth to the Marathas. He was soon replaced by Abhay Singh, who also recognized the Maratha right to collect taxes. This irked Shahu's senapati (commander-in-chief), Trimbak Rao Dabhade, whose ancestors had raided Gujarat several times and asserted their right to collect taxes from the province. Annoyed at Bajirao's control of what he considered his family's sphere of influence, he rebelled against the Peshwa.[32] Two other Maratha nobles from Gujarat, Damaji Rao Gaekwad and Kadam Bande, also sided with Dabhade.[23]

After Girdhar Bahadur's defeat in 1728, the Mughal emperor had appointed Jai Singh II to subdue the Marathas. Jai Singh recommended a peaceful agreement; the emperor disagreed, replacing him with Muhammad Khan Bangash. Bangash formed an alliance with the Nizam, Trimbak Rao and Sambhaji II. Bajirao learned that Dabhade and Gaikwad had made preparations for an open fight on the plain of Dabhoi with a force of 40 thousand, while Bajirao's numbers hardly reached 25 thousand in all. Bajirao repeatedly sent messages to Dabhade to solve the dispute amicably in the presence of Shahu. Bajirao resolved the dispute with Sambhaji II on 13 April by signing the Treaty of Warna, which demarcated the territories of Shahu and Sambhaji II. The Nizam met Bajirao at Rohe-Rameshwar on 27 December 1732, and promised not to interfere with Maratha expeditions.[2]

Shahu and Bajirao avoided a rivalry with the powerful Dabhade clan after subduing Trimbak Rao; Trimbak's son, Yashwant Rao, was appointed as Shahu's senapati. The Dabhade clan were allowed to continue collecting chauth from Gujarat if they deposited half the revenue in Shahu's treasury.[2]

Siddis

The Siddis of Janjira controlled a small, strategically-important territory on India's west coast. Although they originally held only the Janjira fort, after Shivaji's death they expanded their rule to a large part of central and northern Konkan.[23] After the death of Siddi chief Yakut Khan in 1733, a war of succession broke out among his sons; one, Abdul Rehman, asked Bajirao for help. Bajirao sent a Maratha force led by Sekhoji Angre, son of Kanhoji Angre. The Marathas regained control of several portions of the Konkan, and besieged Janjira. Their strength was diverted after Peshwa's rival, Pant Pratinidhi, occupied Raigad Fort (near Janjira) in June 1733. Sekhoji Angre died in August (further weakening the Maratha position), and Bajirao signed a peace treaty with the Siddis. He allowed the Siddis to retain control of Janjira if they accepted Abdul Rehman as the ruler; they were also allowed to retain control of Anjanvel, Gowalkot and Underi. The Marathas retained Raigad, Rewas, Thal and Chaul.[2]

The Siddis launched an offensive to regain their lost territories soon after the Peshwa returned to Satara, then Bajirao dispatched a force to prevent them from taking over Raigad Fort in June 1734. Chimnaji made a surprise attack on a Siddi camp near Rewas on 19 April 1736, killing about 1,500 (including their leader, Siddi Sat). in June 1736, Bajirao dispatched a force under Yesaji Gaikwad, Dhanaji Thorat and Sidoji Barge to gain the control territories like Gowalkot. On 25 September of that year, the Siddis signed a peace treaty which confined them to Janjira, Gowalkot and Anjanvel.[2]

Rajputana

With Shahu's consent, Bajirao began a northward journey on 9 October 1735. Accompanied by his wife, Kashibai,[33] he intended to visit Rajput courts and persuade them to pay chauth. Bajirao arrived at Mewar's southern frontier in January 1736, where Rana Jagat Singh II had made arrangements for his visit.[34]

Diplomatic talks got underway. Bajirao also visited Jagmandir Palace, in the centre of Pichola Lake (at Rana Jagat Singh's invitation), and Nath-Dwara. After resolving matters in Mewar, Bajirao advanced towards Jaipur. Jai Singh hastened south with his forces, and they met in Bhambholao (near Kishangarh).[34]

Their meeting lasted for several days, with talks about chauth and the cession of Malwa from the Mughal Emperor. Bajirao then returned to the Deccan. The emperor did not agree to his demands, however, and he planned to march on Delhi to force him to agree.[35]

March to Delhi

Bajirao I riding a horse into battle c.1720–1740
Bajirao and Malhar Rao Holkar c.18th century

After the death of Trimbak Rao, Bangash's alliance against the Marathas fell apart. The Mughal emperor recalled him from Malwa, and re-appointed Jai Singh II as the governor of Malwa. However, the Maratha chief Holkar defeated Jai Singh in the 1733 Battle of Mandsaur. After two more battles, the Mughals decided to offer the Marathas the right to collect the equivalent of ₹22 lakh in chauth from Malwa. On 4 March 1736, Bajirao and Jai Singh reached an agreement at Kishangad. Jai Singh convinced the emperor to agree to the plan, and Bajirao was appointed deputy governor of the region. Jai Singh is believed to have secretly informed Bajirao that it was a good time to subdue the weakening Mughal emperor.[2]

Learning of the advancing Maratha army, the Mughal emperor asked Saadat Ali Khan I to march from Agra and check the advance. The Maratha chiefs Malhar Rao Holkar, Vithoji Bule and Pilaji Jadhav crossed Yamuna and plundered the Mughal territories in the Doab. Saadat Khan led a force of 150,000, defeated them at Jalesar, and retired to Mathura. Malhar Rao Holkar rejoined Bajirao's army near Gwalior. Samsam-ud-Daulah, Mir Bakshi and Muhammad Khan Bangash invited Saadat Ali Khan to a banquet in Samsam-ud-Daulah's tent in Mathura, thinking that the Marathas had retreated to the Deccan. During the feast, they learnt Bajirao had slipped along the Jat and Mewati hill route (avoiding the direct Agra-Delhi route) and was at Delhi. The Mughal commanders left the feast and began a hasty return to capital.[36] The Mughal emperor dispatched a force, led by Mir Hasan Khan Koka, to check Bajirao's advance. The Marathas defeated his force in the 28 March 1737 Battle of Delhi. Bajirao then retreated from the capital, concerned about the approach of a larger Mughal force from Mathura.[2] However, he was defeated at Badshahpur by the Mughal Vizier Qamar-ud Din Khan and lost 30 men.[37][38]

Bajirao's dash on Delhi was executed with such daring and audacity that neither the Mughal generals nor the Mughal intelligence could comprehend or predict his moves.[39]

Battle of Bhopal

Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah sought help from the Nizam after Bajirao's march to Delhi; the Nizam set out from the Deccan, met Bajirao's returning force at Sironj, and told the Peshwa he was going to Delhi to repair his relationship with the Mughal emperor. The Nizam was joined by other Mughal chiefs, and a 30,000-man Mughal army (reinforced by artillery), was dispatched against Bajirao. The Peshwa assembled an 80,000-man force. To counter aid to the Nizam from the Deccan, Bajirao stationed a force of 10,000 (under Chimaji Appa) on the Tapti River with instructions to prevent Nasir Jung from advancing beyond Burhanpur. He and his forces crossed the Narmada in early December 1737, communicating with agents and spies posted to observe enemy moves. The Nizam sheltered in Bhopal, a fortified town with a lake at his rear, to keep his army and artillery secure.[40]

The Nizam, unable to hold out any longer, signed a peace agreement at Doraha on 7 January 1738.[41] Malwa was ceded to the Marathas; the Mughals agreed to pay the equivalent of ₹5,000,000 in reparations, with the Nizam swearing on the Quran to abide by the treaty.[2]

The Portuguese

The Luso–Maratha War of 1729–1732 was an armed conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Maratha Confederacy, who invaded Portuguese territory in India.. This Resulted in Portuguese victory. The Marathas withdrew from Portuguese territory.[42] Nevertheless, Bajirao planned to resume hostilities against the Portuguese with an attack on Salcette Island on 13 March 1733. Peace would prove to be short, as five years later the Marathas would again invade Portuguese territory and attack Bassein.[42]

Battle tactics and character

Seal of Bajirao I
Stone fortress, with people in front for scale
The Shaniwar Wada fortress in Pune was built as the seat of the Peshwa rulers during Bajirao's reign.

Bajirao was known for rapid tactical movements in battle, using cavalry inherited from Maratha generals such as Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav.[43] British field marshal Bernard Montgomery studied Bajirao's tactics in the Palkhed campaign, particularly his rapid movements and his troops' ability to live off the land (with little concern about supply and communication lines) while conducting "maneuver warfare" against the enemy. In his book, A Concise History of Warfare, Montgomery wrote the following about Bajirao's victory at Palkhed:

They (Marathas) were at their best in the eighteenth century, and the Palkhed campaign of 1727–28 in which Baji Rao I outgeneralled Nizam-ul-Mulk, is a masterpiece of strategic mobility. Baji Rao's army was a purely mounted force, armed only with sabre, lance, a bow in some units and a round shield. There was a spare horse for every two men. The Marathas moved unencumbered by artillery, baggage, or even handguns and defensive armour. They supplied themselves by looting.[44]

Montgomery further wrote,

Baji Rao resented the Nizam's rule over the Deccan and it was he who struck the first blow. In October 1727, as soon as rainy season ended, Baji Rao burst into the territories of Nizam. The lightly equipped Marathas moved with great rapidity, avoiding the main towns and fortresses, living off the country, burning and plundering. They met one reverse at the hands of Nizam's able lieutenant, Iwaz Khan, at the beginning of November 1727, but within a month they had fully recovered and were off again, dashing east, north, west, with sudden changes in direction. The Nizam had mobilised his forces, and for a time pursued them, but he was bewildered by the swift unpredictable movements of Marathas, and his men became exhausted.[44]

Bajirao is considered one of celebrated personality in the history of Maratha Empire by many historians.[45][9]

In his introduction to Bajirao I: The Great Peshwa, K. M. Panikkar wrote:

Baji Rao, the great Peshwa, was without doubt the most outstanding statesman and general India produced in [the] 18th century. If Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of Maratha State, Baji Rao could claim that he was the one who saved it from disruption and transformed what was national state in[to] an Empire.[46]

He is also considered to be one of the greatest military generals of his time.[47] Jadunath Sarkar called Bajirao, "a heavenly-born cavalry leader". Also describing his twenty years military career, Jadunath Sarkar wrote:

Twenty years spent in breathless activity and tireless journeys across the Indian continent, from Delhi to Srirangpatan and Gujarat to Hyderabad, wore out the most wonderful man of action that the Hindu race has produced since the days of the great Shivaji Maharaj.[48]

Shahu also had an implicit faith on Bajirao. On the other occasion he has called Bajirao as "the man with iron nerves".[49]

Death

Exterior of Baji Rao's tomb
Baji Rao I memorial at Raverkhedi

Bajirao's body was exhausted due to ceaseless wars and military campaigns.[50] He was cremated the same day on the bank of Narmada River. Balaji Bajirao ordered Ranoji Shinde to build a chhatri as a memorial. The memorial is enclosed by a dharmashala. The compound has two temples, dedicated to Nilkantheshwar Mahadev (Shiva) and Rameshwar (Rama).[51]

  • Character of Bajirao is portrayed in Marathi audio web series 'Shrimant Kashibai Bajirao Peshwe' created by Cultural Legacy of India.
  • Bajirao Mastani, a 1925 Indian silent film about the Peshwa directed by Nanubhai B. Desai and Bhalji Pendharkar.[52]
  • Rau, a 1972 fictional Marathi novel by Nagnath S. Inamdar, featured a love story of Bajirao I and Mastani.[53]
  • Mastani, 1955 film directed by Dhirubhai Desai. It starred Nigar Sultana, Manher Desai, Shahu Modak and Agha.[54]
  • The 2015 historical drama film Bajirao Mastani, directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, starred Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I.[55]
  • Shrimant Peshwa Bajirao Mastani, another Indian TV series broadcast on ETV Marathi in 2015.[56]
  • Peshwa Bajirao, a 2017 TV series starring Rudra Soni as young Bajirao and Karan Suchak as the adult Bajirao, aired on Sony TV.[4]
  • "The Era Of Bajirao", a book written by Uday S. Kulkarni on the life and tenure of Peshwa Bajirao I.[57]
  • "Shahmatpanah Bajirao", a Marathi book written by Kaustubh S. Kasture on the life of Bajirao I.[58]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Gokhale, Sandhya (2008). The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918. Shubhi. p. 82. ISBN 978-8182901322.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Chhabra, G. S. (2005) [1971]. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1813) (Revised ed.). Lotus Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-8189093068.
  3. 1 2 Lobato, Alexandre (1965). Relações luso-maratas, 1658-1737 (in Portuguese). Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. p. 126.
  4. 1 2 "Peshwa Bajirao Review: Anuja Sathe shines as Radhabai in the period drama", India Today, 25 January 2017
  5. ↑ Jha, Subhash K (19 October 2015). "Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015". Firstpost. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  6. ↑ Palsokar, R. D. (1996). Bajirao I An Outstanding Cavalry General. Merven Technologies. ISBN 9788193989586.
  7. 1 2 3 Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813. New Delhi: New Dawn Press. pp. 97, 215. ISBN 978-1932705546. 'The reputation of the young Peshwa as a brilliant military general soared very high...',"They objected to the marriage of Baji Rao with Mastani..."
  8. ↑ Barave, Dinakara Dattātraya; Barve (Barave) Kula Snehasãvardhaka Maṇḍaḷa (2007). Barave (Barve) gharāṇyācā kulavr̥ttānta. p. 471. OCLC 824536402.
  9. 1 2 Gordon, Stewart (1993). The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
  10. ↑ Sharma, Shripad Rama (1951). The Making of Modern India: From A. D. 1526 to the Present Day. Orient Longmans. p. 239.
  11. ↑ Gokhale, Sandhya (2008). The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818–1918. Sandhya Gokhale. p. 82. ISBN 978-8182901322.
  12. 1 2 Mishra, Garima (3 January 2016). "Tracing Kashibai: The 'first' lady from Bhansali's Bajirao Mastani". The Indian Express. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  13. ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813. New Delhi: New Dawn Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1932705546.
  14. ↑ Saha, B. P. (1997). Begams, concubines, and memsahibs. Vikas. p. 88. ISBN 978-8125902850.
  15. ↑ Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 108. ISBN 978-1932705546. Of his own sweet will The Rajput king bestowed a large number of Personal Jagir to Bajirao near Jhansi and further offered his daughter Mastani born from his Muslim Concubine
  16. ↑ Srinivasachari, Chidambaram S. (1951). The Inwardness of British Annexations in India. University of Madras. p. 219.
  17. ↑ Crill, Rosemary; Jariwala, Kapil (2010). The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860. Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-8189995379.
  18. ↑ Kosambi, Meera (1989). "Glory of Peshwa Pune". Economic and Political Weekly. 24 (5): 247.
  19. ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813. New Delhi: New Dawn Press. pp. 492–494. ISBN 978-1932705546.
  20. ↑ Chhabra, G. S. (2005) [1971]. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1813) (Revised ed.). Lotus Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-8189093068.
  21. ↑ Sen, S. N. (2006). History Modern India. New Age International. p. 11. ISBN 978-8122417746.
  22. ↑ Gordon, Stewart (2007). The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–121. ISBN 978-0521033169.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Gordon, Stewart (2007). The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–131. ISBN 978-0521033169.
  24. ↑ Kate, P. V. (1987). Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948. Mittal. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-8170990178.
  25. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1960). Military History of India. M. C. Sarkar and Sons. p. 143.
  26. ↑ Axworthy, Michael (24 March 2010). Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 177–187. ISBN 978-0-85773-347-4.
  27. ↑ Malik, Zahiruddin (1977). The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748. Asia Publishing House. pp. 170–180. ISBN 978-0-210-40598-7.
  28. ↑ Dunbar, Sir George (1951). India and the Passing of Empire. Nicholson & Watson.
  29. ↑ Bhatt, Rajendra Shankar (2005). Sawai Jai Singh. National Book Trust, India. pp. 70–75. ISBN 978-81-237-4418-6.
  30. ↑ Cheema, G. S. (2002). The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 176. ISBN 978-81-7304-416-8.
  31. ↑ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1946). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707–1772. Phoenix Publications. p. 106.
  32. ↑ Chhabra, G. S. (2005) [1971]. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India (Volume 1: 1707–1813) (Revised ed.). Lotus Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-8189093068.
  33. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1964). Fall Of The Mughal Empire. Vol. 1. Longman Group. p. 161.
  34. 1 2 Sarkar, Jadunath (1964). Fall Of The Mughal Empire. Vol. 1. Longman Group. p. 162.
  35. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1964). Fall Of The Mughal Empire. Vol. 1. Longman Group. pp. 163–164, 168.
  36. ↑ Irvine, William. Later Mughals. Vol. 2. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. p. 288.
  37. ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram (1961). Marathas and Panipat. Panjab University. p. 335.
  38. ↑ Malik, Zahiruddin (1977). The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748. Asia Publishing House. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-210-40598-7.
  39. ↑ Srinivasan, C. K. (1961). Baji Rao I: The Great Peshwa. New Delhi: Asia Publishing House. p. 105.
  40. ↑ Malik, Zahiruddin (1977). The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748. Asia Publishing House. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-210-40598-7.
  41. ↑ Bakshi, S. R.; Ralhan, O. P. (2007). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 384. ISBN 978-8176258067.
  42. 1 2 Lobato 1965, p. 126.
  43. ↑ Kantak, M.R. (1993). The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774–1783: A Military Study of Major Battles. Popular Prakashan Pvt Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-8171546961.
  44. 1 2 Montgomery, Bernard (1972). A Concise History of Warfare. Collins. pp. 132, 135. ISBN 978-0001921498.
  45. ↑ Sen, S.N. (2006). History Modern India. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 113. ISBN 8122417744.
  46. ↑ Srinivasan, C. K. (1961). Baji Rao I: The Great Peshwa. New Delhi: Asia Publishing House. p. ix.
  47. ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813. New Delhi: New Dawn Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1932705546.
  48. ↑ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1942). Marathi Riyasat. p. 11.
  49. ↑ Dighe, Vishvanath Govind (1944). Peshwa Bajirao I and Maratha Expansion. Karnatak Publishing House. p. 196.
  50. ↑ Srinivasan, C. K. (1961). Baji Rao I: The Great Peshwa. New Delhi: Asia Publishing House. p. 128.
  51. ↑ "Brindaban dedicated to the memory of Shrimant Baji Rao Peshwa". ASI Bhopal. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  52. ↑ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. British Film Institute. ISBN 9780851706696. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  53. ↑ Inamdar, N. S. (20 October 2016). Rau – The Great Love Story of Bajirao Mastani. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-5098-5227-7.
  54. ↑ Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (10 July 2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-135-94318-9.
  55. ↑ Jha, Subhash K (19 October 2015). "Bajirao Mastani review: This gloriously epic Priyanka, Deepika and Ranveer-starrer is the best film of 2015". Firstpost. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  56. ↑ Chari, Mridula (16 December 2015). "Historians know very little about Mastani—or her relationship with Bajirao". Quartz India.
  57. ↑ The Era Of Bajirao (Marathi) https://amzn.eu/d/atFsVc8
  58. ↑ Shahmatpanah Bajirav (Marathi) https://amzn.eu/d/bl0LX7j

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