Babylon
ⲡⲁⲃⲓⲗⲱⲛ
Babylon Fortress
Babylon Fortress is located in Egypt
Babylon Fortress
Shown within Egypt
Alternative nameⲡⲁⲃⲓⲗⲱⲛ
LocationCairo Governorate, Egypt
RegionLower Egypt
Coordinates30°0′22″N 31°13′47″E / 30.00611°N 31.22972°E / 30.00611; 31.22972

30°0′22″N 31°13′47″E / 30.00611°N 31.22972°E / 30.00611; 31.22972

Babylon Fortress (Arabic: حصن بابليون; Coptic: ⲡⲁⲃⲓⲗⲱⲛ or Ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ)[1] is an Ancient Roman[2] fortress, built around 30 BC with the arrival of emperor Augustus in Egypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile Delta,[2] located in the area known today as Coptic Cairo. It is situated in the former area of the Heliopolite Nome, upon the east bank of the Nile, at latitude 30°N, near the commencement of the Pharaonic Canal (also called Ptolemy's Canal and Trajan's Canal), from the Nile to the Red Sea.

It was at the boundary between Lower and Middle Egypt, where the river craft paid tolls when ascending or descending the Nile. Diodorus ascribes the erection of the first fort to rebel Assyrian captives in the reign of Sesostris, and Ctesias[3] dates it to the time of Semiramis; but Josephus, with greater probability, attributes its structure to some Babylonian followers of Cambyses,[4] in 525 BC. The Romans built a new fortress nearer the river, with typically Roman red and white banded masonry.

Within the fortress's enclosure are the Coptic Museum, a convent, and several churches, including the Church of St. George and the Hanging Church.

Name

T28D34O49
ẖrj ꜥḥꜣ (Kheriaha)[5][6]
in hieroglyphs
Era: Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)
O1
Z1		 V28D36
Q3
N36		 N35
O28 W24
O49
pr ḥꜥpj n wn (Perhabinon)[7]
in hieroglyphs

Babylon was originally the dominant city of Mesopotamia. According to Egyptologists the ancient name of modern Babylon area in Cairo is Kheriaha, although Spiegelberg derives the modern Babylon name from Perhabinon.[8]

Situation

Babylon lay northeast of Memphis, on the east bank of the Nile, at latitude 30° N, and near the commencement of the Canal of the Pharaohs connecting the Nile to the Red Sea. It was the boundary town between Lower and Middle Egypt, where the river craft paid tolls when ascending or descending the Nile.

During an uprising, Babylonian prisoners established a stronghold between Memphis and Heliopolis, on an elevation on the east bank of the Nile. Persians and Romans later garrisoned the fortress with their troops.[9] Because of water delivery problems, the Roman Emperor Trajan relocated the fort to its present location, which at that time was nearer to the river. Since then, the Nile's course has moved some 400 metres (440 yards) to the north.

Roman and Byzantine era

In the age of Augustus the Deltaic Babylon became a town of some importance, and was the headquarters of the three legions which ensured the obedience of Egypt. In the Notitia Imperii, Babylon is mentioned as the quarters of Legio XIII Gemina.[10][11] Ruins of the town and fortress are still visible a little to the north of Fostat or Old Cairo, among which are vestiges of the Great Aqueduct mentioned by Strabo and the early Arabian topographers.

The town was the seat of a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of Leontopolis, the capital and metropolitan see of the Roman province of Augustamnica Secunda. The names of several of its bishops are recorded. After the Council of Chalcedon (451), some are of those who accepted the council, but most are of those who rejected it.[12][13] No longer a residential bishopric, Babylon is today listed by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church as a titular see.[14]

During the Eastern Roman Empire period the city revolted against the rule of its emperor, Phocas.

Muslim conquest and early rule

During the Arab conquest of Egypt the Byzantine fortress held out for about seven months before finally falling in December 640 to the Arab general 'Amr ibn al-'As. The history of this conquest, and of the subsequent rule of the then still Coptic Christian city by the Arabs, is told by John Bishop of Nikiû in his Chronicle, which survives now only in Ethiopic manuscripts.

References

  1. ↑ st-takla.org
  2. 1 2 "The Roman fortress of Babylon in Cairo".
  3. ↑ Ctesias. Persica.
  4. ↑ Josephus. "How The Hebrews Under The Conduct Of Moses Left Egypt". Antiquitates Iudaicae [Antiquities of the Jews] (in Latin). Vol. II.
  5. ↑ Gauthier, Henri (1927). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4. p. 203.
  6. ↑ Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1030.
  7. ↑ Gauthier (1925), p. 110
  8. ↑ Spiegelberg, Wilhelm (1904). Aegyptologische Randglossen zum Alten Testament. Schlesier & Schweikhardt. p. 39.
  9. ↑ Champollion, Jean-François (1814). L'Égypte sous les Pharaons (in French). Vol. II. Paris: De Bure. pp. 33–35.
  10. ↑ It. Anton.
  11. ↑ Geographus Ravennas. Ravenna Cosmography.
  12. ↑ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 555–560
  13. ↑ Klaas A. Worp, A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 – c. 750), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 283–318
  14. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 844

Bibliography

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