Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden
BWV 6
Church cantata by J. S. Bach
Christ with Two Disciples, by Rembrandt
OccasionEaster Monday
Chorale
Performed2 April 1725 (1725-04-02): Leipzig
VocalSATB choir and solo
Instrumental
  • 2 oboes
  • oboe da caccia
  • 2 violins
  • viola
  • violoncello piccolo
  • continuo

Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden (Stay with us, for evening falls),[1] BWV 6, is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach for use in a Lutheran service. He composed it in Leipzig in 1725 for Easter Monday and first performed it on 2 April 1725.

The prescribed readings for the feast day were Peter's sermon from the Acts of the Apostles, and the Road to Emmaus narration from the Gospel of Luke. The text by an anonymous librettist begins with a line from the gospel, and includes as the third movement two stanzas from Philipp Melanchthon's hymn "Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ" and its second stanza by Nikolaus Selnecker. The text ends with the second stanza of Martin Luther's hymn "Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort". Derived from the gospel scene, the topic is pleading for light in a situation of threatening darkness.

Bach structured the cantata in six movements and scored it for four vocal soloists, a four-part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of oboes, strings and continuo. The extended opening chorus is formed like a French overture and has been compared to Ruht wohl, ihr heiligen Gebeine, the last chorus of Bach's St John Passion.

History and text

In 1723, Bach was appointed as Thomaskantor (director of church music) in Leipzig, where he was responsible for the music at four churches and for the training and education of boys singing in the Thomanerchor. He took office in the middle of the liturgical year, on the first Sunday after Trinity. In his first twelve months in office, Bach decided to compose new works for almost all liturgical events, known as his first cantata cycle. The year after, he continued that effort, composing chorale cantatas based on Lutheran hymns. He kept the format of the chorale cantata cycle until Palm Sunday of 1725, but then repeated an early Easter cantata, Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, on Easter Sunday, and wrote Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden for Second Day of Easter as the first cantata in that cycle that was not a chorale cantata.[2] The change was possibly due to the loss of a librettist.[3]

The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the Acts of the Apostles, the sermon of Peter (Acts 10:34–43), and from the Gospel of Luke, the Road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13–35). Bach used a text by an anonymous poet who had already supplied librettos for his first cycle.[2] The poet took verse 29 from the Gospel of Luke as a starting point: the two disciples ask the stranger whom they met on their way to stay with them, as darkness is about to fall. The situation represents the position of the Christian in general.[2] The librettist chose two stanzas from "Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ" for the third movement, one written by Philipp Melanchthon as a German version of "Vespera iam venit", and of similar content as the first movement, and the other the hymn's second stanza which was added by Nikolaus Selnecker. The closing chorale is the second stanza of Martin Luther's hymn "Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort" (Maintain us, Lord, within thy word).[3] The text, of rather dry and didactic quality, is focused on the contrast between light and dark, viewing Jesus as the light of a sinful world.[2]

Bach first performed the cantata on 2 April 1725.[4]

Music

Scoring and structure

Bach structured the cantata in six movements. The first and last are set for choir, while the inner movements are set for soloists, in a sequence of aria – chorale – recitative – aria. Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble: two oboes (Ob), oboe da caccia (Oc), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), violoncello piccolo (Vp) and basso continuo (Bc).[2][5] The duration of the piece was stated as 26 minutes by Bach scholar Alfred Dürr[2] but most currently available recordings last about 20 minutes.

In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe.[5] The keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr's book about the cantatas, using the symbol for common time (4/4).[2] The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements of Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden
No. Title Text Type Vocal Winds Strings Key Time
1 Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden Luke 24:29 Chorus SATB 2Ob Oc 2Vl Va C minor
  • 3/4
  • cut time
  • 3/4
2 Hochgelobter Gottessohn anon. Aria A Oc (or Va) E-flat major 3/8
3
  • Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ
  • In dieser letzt'n betrübten Zeit
  • Melanchthon
  • Selnecker
 Chorale S Vp B-flat major common time
4 Es hat die Dunkelheit an vielen Orten anon. Recitative B common time
5 Jesu, laß uns auf dich sehen anon. Aria T 2Vl Va G minor cut time
6 Beweis dein Macht, Herr Jesu Christ Luther Chorale SATB 2Ob Oc 2Vl Va G minor common time

Movements

1

The cantata opens with "Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden" (Abide with us; for it is toward evening),[3] a large-scale tripartite chorus,[2] reminiscent of a slow sarabande or of the closing Ruht wohl, ihr heiligen Gebeine of the St John Passion.[6] The instruments, a choir of three oboes and strings, present a theme which Dürr describes as "of speech-like gestures".[2] It is picked up by the voices, first in homophony. The vocal lines in this movement descend on "denn es will Abend werden" (for evening is nigh) "as if the gloom of night were weighing upon them".[7] While the beginning of the movement has no tempo marking, the middle section is marked Andante and in Alla-breve time, suggesting a faster pace.[2] The voices, accompanied first only by the continuo, perform a fugue on two subjects at the same time: "denn es will Abend werden" (for it is toward evening) and "und der Tag hat sich geneiget" (and the day is far spent). A third motif, long notes on the same pitch, illustrates the "abiding" or staying.[3] The movement is closed by a shortened reprise of the beginning.[2] The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann compares the slow-fast-slow structure of the movement to the French overture and notes that it opens a new series of cantatas.[3] John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000, notes the similarity to the last chorus Ruht wohl from Bach's St John Passion, describing the cantata's "tender pleadings which become ever more gestural and urgent for enlightenment in a darkening world from which Jesus' presence has been removed."[6]

2

The second movement, "Hochgelobter Gottessohn" (Highly praised Son of God),[1] is a da capo aria for the alto, accompanied by an obbligato oboe da caccia, which was replaced by viola in later performances. Dürr describes the choice of voice and obbligato in the same range as unusual and "of special charme".[2] The opening phrase is illustrated by an upward line, while the mention of falling darkness is interpreted by downward whole-tone steps.[2]

3

The third movement, "Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ" (Ah remain with us, Lord Jesus Christ),[1] is a setting of the chorale with a virtuoso part for violincello piccolo.[8] This movement was later adapted as one of the Schübler Chorales, BWV 649.[2]

4

The only recitative is for bass, "Es hat die Dunkelheit an vielen Orten überhand genommen." (The darkness has taken over in many places).[1] Its "threatening chromatic bass line" reminds the listeners of "the gravity of the situation".[8]

5

The last aria, "Jesu, laß uns auf dich sehen" (Jesus, let us look upon You),[1] is for tenor with string accompaniment. It is characterised by a persistent walking rhythm, somewhat mitigated by the flowing triplets in the violin line.[8] Hofmann notes that the lively violin figures illustrate from the start the text about the "light of the Word of God shining more brightly", which appears only in the second part.[3]

6

The four-part closing chorale, "Beweis dein Macht, Herr Jesu Christ" (Reveal Your strength, Lord Jesus Christ,),[1] chorale is "quarried very little for musical building blocks", according to Julian Mincham, ending the work on a sombre tone.[8]

Recordings

The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach Cantatas Website.[9] Instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header "Instr.".

Recordings of Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden
Title Conductor / Choir / Orchestra Soloists Label Year Instr.
J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 6 & BWV 19 Hans Grischkat
Stuttgart Choral Society
Bach-Orchester Stuttgart
Renaissance 1951 (1951)
Les Grandes Cantates de J. S. Bach Vol. 7 Fritz Werner
Heinrich-Schütz-Chor Heilbronn
Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra
Erato 1959 (1959) (reissued) Chamber
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 2 Nikolaus Harnoncourt
Concentus Musicus Wien
Teldec 1971 (1971) Period
Bach Cantatas Vol. 2 – Easter Karl Richter
Münchener Bach-Chor
Münchener Bach-Orchester
Archiv Produktion 1974 (1974)
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 11 Helmuth Rilling
Gächinger Kantorei
Bach-Collegium Stuttgart
Hänssler 1980 (1980)
J. S. Bach: Easter Cantatas John Eliot Gardiner
Monteverdi Choir
English Baroque Soloists
Archiv Produktion 1999 (1999) Period
Bach Edition Vol. 11 – Cantatas Vol. 5 Pieter Jan Leusink
Holland Boys Choir
Netherlands Bach Collegium
Brilliant Classics 1999 (1999) Period
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 14 Ton Koopman
Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir
Antoine Marchand 2001 (2001) Period
J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 36 – Cantatas from Leipzig 1725 Masaaki Suzuki
Bach Collegium Japan
BIS 2006 (2006) Period
Bach: Ascension oratorio & Easter cantatas, BWV 43 & 6 Philippe Herreweghe
Collegium Vocale Gent
YouTube 2014 (2014) Period

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dellal, Pamela (2012). "BWV 6 – Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Dürr, Alfred; Jones, Richard D. P. (2006). The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 278–280. ISBN 978-0-19-929776-4.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hofmann, Klaus (2007). "Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden / Abide with us; for it is toward evening, BWV 6" (PDF). Bach Cantatas Website. pp. 8–10. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden BWV 6; BC A 57 / Sacred cantata (2nd Easter Day)". Bach digital. Bach Archive, SLUB, SBB and Leipzig University. 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  5. 1 2 Bischof, Walter F. (2010). "BWV 6 Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden". University of Alberta. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  6. 1 2 Gardiner, John Eliot (2007). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / Cantatas Nos 4, 6, 31, 66, 134 & 145 (Media notes). Soli Deo Gloria (at Hyperion Records website). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  7. ↑ Schweitzer, Albert (1905). J. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète (in French). Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 338–339.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 43 Bwv 6 – The Cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  9. ↑ Oron, Aryeh (2016). "Cantata BWV 6 Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden". Bach Cantatas Website. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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