The St Mark Passion (German: Markus-Passion), BWV 247, is a lost Passion setting by Johann Sebastian Bach, first performed in Leipzig on Good Friday, 23 March 1731. Though Bach's music is lost, the libretto by Picander is still extant, and from this, the work can to some degree be reconstructed.
History
Unlike Bach's earlier existing passions (St John Passion and St Matthew Passion), the Markus-Passion is probably a parody—it recycles previous works. The St Mark Passion seems to reuse virtually the whole of the Trauer Ode Laß, Fürstin, laß noch einen Strahl, BWV 198,[1] along with the two arias from Widerstehe doch der Sünde, BWV 54. In addition, two choruses from the St Mark Passion may have been reused in the Christmas Oratorio. This leaves only a couple of missing arias, which are taken from other Bach works when reconstructions are attempted. However, since Bach's recitative is lost, most reconstructions use the recitatives composed for a Markus-Passion attributed to Reinhard Keiser, a work which Bach himself performed on at least two occasions, which gives a certain authenticity to things, although it could be viewed as somewhat disrespectful to Keiser's work. However, Keiser's setting starts slightly later than Bach's, which requires a small amount of composition on the part of the reconstructor.
Bach's St. Mark Passion was first performed in Leipzig on Good Friday, 23 March 1731. Written under the pseudonym Picander, Christian Friedrich Henrici's libretto survives in a 1732 poetry collection.[2] The Markus-Passion is a modest setting, adding to Mark chapters 14 and 15 only eight free verse arias and 16 hymn stanzas. The chorales assume greater weight owing to their higher proportional use: 16 of the 46 movements are chorales in the St Mark Passion, whereas only 13 of 68 numbers are chorales in the St Matthew Passion. Five of the Markus-Passion texts appear to match the 1727 Trauer Ode, other likely parodies include BWV 54 and BWV 120a. However, no musical material remains for the Gospel texts or turba choruses. Further, we have no knowledge of the keys and orchestration which Bach used. While the libretto specifies which chorale melodies were used, Bach's harmonizations remain uncertain.
Structure
According to Bach Digital, the Passion was scored for SATB singers, two traversos, two oboes, two oboes d'amore, a string section consisting of two violin parts and two viola parts, organ and continuo, possibly complemented by two violas da gamba and two lutes.[3]
| column | content | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | # | Number of movement according to libretto at Bach Digital website,[4] followed, between brackets, by the movement number according to Heighes's reconstruction (1995).[5] |
| 2 | Incipit | Text incipit of the movement.[4] |
| 3 | Description | Description of the movement.[4] |
| 4 | Text origin | Origin of the text. |
| 5 | ≈BWV? | Conjectured relation to other known compositions by J. S. Bach, and other pieces used in reconstructions; Chorale settings outside the BWV 253–438 range indicate settings of the hymn tune included in other known larger works not necessarily reused in or composed for BWV 247; BC D 5, or BNB I/K/2, refers to Bach's second Leipzig version of the Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet pasticcio, containing a setting of St Mark's Passion text.[6] |
| # | Incipit | Description | Text origin | ≈BWV? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (↑up↑) | — Part I — | |||
| 1 (1) | Geh Jesu, geh zu deiner Pein! | Chorus | Picander 1732, p. 49 | 198/01[3] |
| 2 (2) | Und nach zween Tagen war | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 14:01–02a | |
| 3 (2) | Ja nicht auf das Fest | Chorus (turba) | Mark 14:02b | |
| 4 (2) | Und da er zu Bethanien war | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 14:03–04a | |
| 5 (2) | Was soll doch dieser Unrat? | Chorus (turba) | Mark 14:04b–05a | |
| 6 (2) | Und murreten über sie | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 14:05b | |
| 7 (3) | Sie stellen uns wie Ketzern nach | Chorale | "Wo Gott der Herr", v. 4 | 256[7] 257[8] 258[9] |
| 8 (4) | Jesus aber sprach | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:06–11 | |
| 9 (5) | Mir hat die Welt trüglich gericht | Chorale | "In dich hab ich gehoffet", v. 5[10] | 52/6[11] 244/32[12] 248/46[13] |
| 10 (6) | Und am ersten Tage | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 14:12a | |
| 11 (6) | Wo willst du, dass wir hingehen | Chorus (turba) | Mark 14:12b | |
| 12 (6) | Und er sandte seiner Jünger | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:13–19 | |
| 13 (7) | Ich, ich und meine Sünden | Chorale | "O Welt, sieh hier dein Leben", v. 4 | 393[14] |
| 14 (8) | Er antwortete, und sprach zu | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:20–25 | |
| 15 (9) | Mein Heiland, dich... | Aria (alto) | Picander 1732, p. 52 | 198/05[3] |
| 16 (10) | Und da sie den Lobgesang | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:26–28 | BC D 5/02a |
| 17 (11) | Wach auf, o Mensch | Chorale | "O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort", v. 13 | 397[15] |
| 18 (12) | Petrus aber sagte zu ihm | Recitative (ev., Peter, Christ) | Mark 14:29–34 | BC D 5/02b, /04a |
| 19 (13) | Betrübtes Herz sei wohlgemut | Chorale | "Betrübtes Herz", v. 1 | 428[16] 430[17] |
| 20 (14) | Und ging ein wenig fürbaß | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:35–36 | BC D 5/04b |
| 21 (15) | Mach's mit mir Gott | Chorale | "Mach's mit mir Gott", v. 1 | 377[18] |
| 21 (16) | Und kam und fand sie schlafend | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:37–42 | BC D 5/06a |
| 22 (17) | Er kommt, er kommt | Aria (soprano) | Picander 1732, p. 55 | 198/03[3] |
| 23 (18) | Und alsbald, da er noch redete | Recitative (ev., Judas) | Mark 14:43–45 | BC D 5/06b |
| 24 (19) | Falsche Welt | Aria (alto) | Picander 1732, p. 56 | 54/1[3] |
| 25 (20) | Die aber legten ihre Hände | Recitative (ev., Christ) | Mark 14:46–49 | BC D 5/08a |
| 26 (21) | Jesu, ohne Missetat | Chorale | "Jesu Leiden", v. 8[19] | 159/5[20] 245/14,[21] /28[22] |
| 27 (22) | Und die Jünger verließen ihn | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 14:50–52 | BC D 5/08b(a) |
| 28 (23) | Ich will hier bei dir stehen | Chorale | "O Haupt voll Blut", v. 6 | 270[23] 271[24] |
| (↑up↑) | — Part II — | |||
| 29 (24) | Mein Tröster ist nicht mehr | Aria (tenor) | Picander 1732, p. 57 | 198/08[3] |
| 30 (25) | Und sie führeten Jesum | Recitative (ev., testes) | Mark 14:53–59 | BC D 5/08b(b)–08d(a) |
| 31 (26) | Was Menschenkraft | Chorale | "Wo Gott der Herr", v. 2 | 248/28[3] 257[8] |
| 32 (27) | Und der Hohe Priester | Recitative (ev., high pr.) | Mark 14:60–61a | BC D 5/08d(b) |
| 33 (28) | Befiehl du deine Wege | Chorale | "Befiehl du deine Wege", v. 1 | 270[23] 271[24] |
| 34 (29) | Da fragte ihn der Hohe Priester | Recitative (ev., high pr., Chr., choir) | Mark 14:61b–65 | BC D 5/08d(c), /10a–c |
| 35 (30) | Du edles Angesichte | Chorale | "O Haupt voll Blut", v. 2 | 271[24] |
| 36 (31) | Und Petrus war danieden | Recitative (ev., ancilla, Pet., choir) | Mark 14:66–72 | BC D 5/10c–e |
| 37 (32) | Herr, ich habe missgehandelt | Chorale | "Herr, ich habe", v. 1 | 331[25] |
| 38 (33) | Und bald am Morgen | Recitative (ev., Pilate, Chr., choir) | Mark 15:01–14 | BC D 5/14, /16a–d |
| 39 (34) | Angenehmes Mordgeschrei! | Aria (soprano) | Picander 1732, p. 62 | 248/45[3] |
| 39 (35) | Pilatus aber gedachte | Recitative (ev., choir) | Mark 15:15–19 | BC D 5/19a–c |
| 40 (36) | Man hat dich sehr hart | Chorale | "Jesu, meines Lebens Leben", v. 4 | |
| 41 (37) | Und da sie ihn verspottet hatten | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 15:20–24 | BC D 5/19c, /21, /23 |
| 42 (38) | Das Wort sie sollen lassen | Chorale | "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott", v. 4 | 302[26] |
| 43 (39) | Und es war um die dritte Stunde Pfui dich, wie fein zerbrichts do den Tempel Desselben gleichen Die Hohenpriester verspotteten Er hat andern geholfen Und die mit ihm gekreuzigt waren Eli, Eli, lama asabthani? Das ist verdolmetscht |
Recitative (ev.) chorale recitative (ev.) chorale recitative (ev.) Chr. recitative (ev.) |
Mark 15:25–34 | BC D 5/23, /25a–e, /27a–c |
| 44 (40) | Keinen hat Gott verlassen | Chorale | "Keinen hat Gott verlassen", v. 1 | 369[27] |
| 45 (41) | Und Etliche, die dabei stunden | Recitative (ev., choir, miles) | Mark 15:35–37 | BC D 5/27c–e |
| 46 (42) | Welt und Himmel nehmt | Aria (bass) | Picander 1732, p. 66 | 7/2[3] |
| 47 (43) | Und der Vorhang im Tempel | Recitative (ev., centurio) | Mark 15:38–45 | BC D 5/21, /33 |
| 48 (44) | O! Jesu du | Chorale | "O Traurigkeit, o Herzeleid", v. 8 | 404[28] |
| 49 (45) | Und er kaufte ein Leinwand | Recitative (ev.) | Mark 15:46–47 | BC D 5/35 |
| 50 (46) | Bei deinem Grab | Chorus | Picander 1732, p. 67 | 198/10[3] 244a/7[3] |
Reconstructed versions
Hellmann (1964) – Koch (1999)
Diethard Hellmann completed a reconstruction in 1964 based on parodies and chorale harmonization choices only. The English premiere took place in Oxford, July 1965. A 1976 edition includes additional choruses to be used with a spoken delivery of the gospel text. Carus-Verlag published Hellmann's work with newly composed recitatives and arias by Johannes Koch in 1999. The orchestration for the work matches that of BWV 198.
Recordings:
- Wolfgang Gönnenwein, South German Madrigal Choir (Stuttgart), Pforzheim Chamber Orchestra (Erato, 1965; later [1972?] Musical Heritage Society; LC 72-751034)
- Bongiovanni GB 2024/25-2 (recorded 1984)[29]
- In 2009 a performance and live recording of the reconstructed version by Diethard Hellmann and Andreas Glöckner, in the Frauenkirche Dresden with the augmented ensemble Amarcord and the Kölner Akademie was conducted by Michael Alexander Willens. The lost recitatives were replaced by recitation.[30]
Heighes (1995)
Simon Heighes's reconstruction was completed in 1995.[5]
Recordings:
- Jörg Breiding for Rondeau[31]
- A recording of Simon Heighes's reconstruction was made by the European Union Baroque Orchestra with the Ring Ensemble of Finland conducted by Roy Goodman. Rogers Covey-Crump EVANGELIST, Gordon Jones JESUS, Connor Burrowes treble, David James alto, Paul Agnew tenor, and Teppo Tolonen baritone. It was published by Brilliant Classics, recorded 25–30 March 1996 in the Chapel of New College, Oxford.[32]
Gomme (1997)
Andor Gomme edited a 1997 reconstruction published by Bärenreiter that utilizes BWV 198 and choruses from BWV 204, 216, 120a, and 54. The recitatives and turba choruses are drawn from a St Mark Passion traditionally attributed to Reinhard Keiser (1674–1739).
Recording:
- A recording of Gomme's reconstruction was made in 1998 by the Choir of Gonville & Caius College and the Cambridge Baroque Camerata, led by Geoffrey Webber. The recording was issued in 1999 by ASV.[33]
Kelber (1998)
In 1998 Rudolf Kelber reconstructed the St Mark Passion as a pasticcio: he completed Bach's fragments using arias from cantatas by Bach, recitatives by Keiser, motives by Telemann.
Koopman (1999)
In 1999, Ton Koopman presented a reconstruction that does not utilize BWV 198, but instead draws on Es ist nichts Gesundes an meinem Leibe, BWV 25 (opening chorus) and Siehe zu, daß deine Gottesfurcht nicht Heuchelei sei, BWV 179 (turba choruses).
Recordings conducted by Ton Koopman:
Boysen (2010)
In 2010, harpsichordist and conductor Jörn Boysen made a new version utilizing choruses and arias from BWV 198 and an aria from BWV 54. He composed all missing recitatives, turba choirs and one aria. This version has been performed in the Netherlands and Germany in 2011 and 2012.[36]
Grychtolik (2010)
In 2010, Alexander Ferdinand Grychtolik made a first edition of the late version of the St Mark Passion (from 1744) as a stylistically consistent reconstruction, published by Edition Peters. The text of this unknown later version was discovered in 2009 in Saint Petersburg. In this version, Bach added two arias and he made small changes in Picander's text.[37]
Eichelberger (2015)
In 2015, Organist Freddy Eichelberger offered a second reconstruction of the 1744 version based on the BWV 198 and composed all missing recitatives, turba choirs and some chorals.
Wilson-Dickson (2016)
In 2016, composer and conductor Andrew Wilson-Dickson made a new stylistically coherent reconstruction using BWV 198, 7, 54 and 171, and newly composed music for the missing recitatives and turba choruses. The work was premiered by the Welsh Camerata and Welsh Baroque Orchestra at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, Cardiff, on Good Friday, 2016.[38]
Fischer (2016)
In 2015, church musician Andreas Fischer reconstructed the Markus Passion by parodying only works by Bach. He paid attention to the proximity of text and music and avoided using music from the known passions, so as not to produce a "small" St. Matthew Passion. Ortus (Berlin, Germany) published this work in the year 2016.[39]
Koolstra (2017)
In 2017, the Dutch organist and harpsichordist Robert Koolstra made his reconstruction based on the text booklet from 1744. For this version he used, among other things, the 'Trauerode' and the cantatas 13, 54, 55. He composed most of the recitatives himself, but also reused parts of Bach's other passions. He also created a new choir, Keinen hat Gott verlassen. Picander writes Chorus here instead of Choral in the new text booklet. This version is regularly performed worldwide. (Including performances in the United States, Canada, Hongkong, The Netherlands) The score and parts of this version are available for free via the International Music Score Library Project. (IMSLP)
Savall (2018)
On 30 March 2018, Jordi Savall produced a reconstruction which aired on BBC Radio 3.[40][41]
References
- ↑ Wilhelm Rust. "Vorwort" (Preface) of Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, Vol. 20.2: Kammermusik für Gesang – Band 2. Bärenreiter, 1873, pp. VIII–IX. (in German)
- ↑ Picander (=Christian Friedrich Henrici). Ernst-Schertzhaffte und Satyrische Gedichte, Volume III. Leipzig: Joh. Theod. Boetii Tochter (1732; 2nd printing 1737), pp. 49–69. (in German)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Work 00313 at Bach Digital website, 5 July 2017
- 1 2 3 St Mark Passion (lyrics) at Bach Digital website
- 1 2 Eduard van Hengel. Johann Sebastian Bach: Markus-Passion (BWV 247, 1731), in de reconstructie van Simon Heighes (1995) at eduardvh
.home , 2010. (in Dutch).xs4all .nl - ↑ Work 01680 at Bach Digital website, 17 October 2015
- ↑ BWV 256 at bach-chorales
.com website - 1 2 BWV 257 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 258 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ Gottfried Vopelius (editor). Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch. Leipzig: Christoph Klinger, 1682, pp. 668–670.
- ↑ BWV 52.6 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 244.32 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 248(5).46(4) at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 393 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 397 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 428 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 430 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 377 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ Gottfried Vopelius (editor). Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch. Leipzig: Christoph Klinger, 1682, pp. 165–168.
- ↑ BWV 159.5 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 245.14 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 245.28 at bach-chorales
.com website - 1 2 BWV 270 at bach-chorales
.com website - 1 2 3 BWV 271 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 331 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 302 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 369 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ BWV 404 at bach-chorales
.com website - ↑ Passione secondo San Marco (DBX1477) and Passione secondo San Marco (DBX2510) at www
.muziekweb .nl - ↑ Michael Cookson (2010). "Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) St. Mark Passion, BWV 247". musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ↑ Johann Sebastian Bach: Markus-Passion BWV 247 Rondeau Productions
- ↑ Markus Passion (DBX4279) and Bach Edition: Markus Passion, BWV 247 (DBX6091) at www
.muziekweb .nl - ↑ Bach: St Mark Passion (DBX5292) at www
.muziekweb .nl - ↑ Markus-Passion (DBX5694) at www
.muziekweb .nl - ↑ Johann Sebastian Bach: Markus Passion 1731 (DBD0034) at www
.muziekweb .nl - ↑ A recording from 2016 can be found online: Boysen, Jörn. "St Mark Passion – Prima Parte". concertzender.nl. and Boysen, Jörn. "St Mark Passion – Seconda Parte". concertzender.nl.
- ↑ Schablina, Tatjana. "Texte zur Music" in St. Petersburg – Weitere Funde, in: Bach-Jahrbuch 2009, Knabenkantorei Basel is the first Choir to record this rekonstruction pp. 11–48.
- ↑ "JS Bach's St Mark Passion – Welsh Camerata Chamber Choir". Classical-music.com. Immediate Media. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ↑ "om212 Johann Sebastian Bach, Markus-Passion". ortus.de. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ↑ https://philharmoniedeparis.fr/sites/default/files/documents/npsc_30-03_20h30_bach_st-marc_bd.pdf
- ↑ "Afternoon Concert, Music for Good Friday". BBC Radio 3.
Further reading
- Bärenreiter. "St. Mark Passion BWV 247." www.baerenreiter.com
- Butt, John. "Reconstructing Bach." Early Music. November 1998, 673–675.
- Carus-Verlag. "Markuspassion." www.carus-verlag.com
- Koopman, Ton. "Research." www.tonkoopman.nl
- Neumann, Werner. Sämtliche von Johann Sebastian Bach vertonte Texte. Leipzig: VEB D eutscher Verlag für Musik, 1974.
- Melamed, Daniel R. Hearing Bach's Passions. "Parody and Reconstruction: the Saint Mark Passion BWV 247." New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Terry, Charles Sanford. Bach: The Cantatas and Oratorios, the Passions, the Magnificat, Lutheran Masses, and Motets. Five volumes in one. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1972.
- Theill, Gustav Adolf. Die Markuspassion von Joh. Seb. Bach (BWV 247). Steinfeld : Salvator, 1978.