In Johann Sebastian Bach's time, the election or inauguration of a new town council, normally an annual event, was celebrated with a church service. A cantata written for such occasion was indicated with the term Ratswahl (council election) or Ratswechsel (council change). Bach composed such cantatas for Mühlhausen and for Leipzig. Five of these cantatas (BWV 71, 119, 120.1, 29 and 69.2) are entirely extant.[1] One further cantata, BWV 193.2, lost part of its music,[2] and there are another five that have only been known to exist (two for Mühlhausen),[3][4] or for which only the text is extant (three for Leipzig).[5][6][7]
Bach worked in Mühlhausen from 1707 to 1708. His first council election cantata for that town was performed and printed in 1708. Two further works for council election in Mühlhausen, BWV 1138.1 (in 1709) and 1138.2 (in 1710) are documented. These latter works are entirely lost, in contrast to the first, BWV 71, of which both Bach's autograph and the contemporary print survive.[8][9] During Bach's tenure as director musices in Leipzig, from 1723 to 1750, there were 27 instances where he had to provide music for the council election occasion.[10] For 20 of these instances no music is known to be extant: the librettos of three cantatas, BWV 1139.1 (programmed in 1725 and 1751), 1140 (programmed in 1730) and 1141 (programmed in 1740), did however survive.[5][6][7] Picander was the author of the first two of these librettos.[5][6]
Mühlhausen
On 1 July 1707 Johann Sebastian Bach assumed the position of organist in the Blasiuskirche (Divi Blasii), one of two major churches in Mühlhausen.[11] In that town, the council election cantata was performed on 4 February in the other major church, the Marienkirche (St. Mary's Church), with a repeat performance of the work in the Blasiuskirche on the first Sunday after the day of the première.[12] Customarily, the music and text of that cantata were printed on the town council's expenses.[13][14]
Notwithstanding that Bach had left for a new position in Weimar in the second half of June 1708, he kept in contact with his former employers at Mühlhausen, for instance supervising the remodelling of the organ of the Blasiuskirche according to his design, which was not completed until 1709, and also writing two more council election cantatas for the town.[14][15][16] Both text and music of these cantatas are lost, not even their title is known.[14][17]
- Extant
- 1708 (Saturday 4 and Sunday 5 February): Gott ist mein König, BWV 71 – Bach's first printed work.[1][9][13][14]
- Lost
Second council election cantata for Mühlhausen, BWV 1138.1 (Anh. 192)
Bach's lost second council election cantata for Mühlhausen, BWV 1138.1 (formerly BWV Anh. 192), was composed for 4 February 1709.[1][3][18]
Third council election cantata for Mühlhausen, BWV 1138.2
Bach's lost third council election cantata for Mühlhausen, BWV 1138.2, was composed for 4 February 1710.[4][19]
Leipzig
Bach was director musices of Leipzig's principal churches from late May 1723 until his death in July 1750.[10][20][21] In that town the council election service was held at the Nikolaikirche (St Nicholas Church) on the Monday following Bartholomew (Bartholomäus), 24 August.[10][22] From 1723 to 1749 that were 27 occasions where Bach had to provide the music for this service.[10] Four entirely extant cantatas cover, as far as known, only half a dozen of these occasions (1723, 1729 or earlier, 1731, 1739, 1748 and 1749).[23][24][25][26] Another, partially lost, council election cantata was performed in 1727.[2] For the 20 other occasions no music has been known to survive, although in a few instances (1725, 1730, 1740 and 1741), at least the libretto of the council election cantata is extant.[5][6][7]
- Extant
- Preise, Jerusalem, den Herrn, BWV 119, 30 August 1723.[23]
- Gott, man lobet dich in der Stille, BWV 120.1 (formerly BWV 120), 1729 or earlier.[24]
- Wir danken dir, Gott, wir danken dir, BWV 29, 27 August 1731 – also performed on 31 August 1739 and 24 August 1749.[25]
- Lobe den Herrn, meine Seele, BWV 69.2 (formerly BWV 69), 26 August 1748.[26]
- Philipp Spitta, Bach's 19th-century biographer, surmised that Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren, BWV 137, a chorale cantata for Trinity XII, was performed as a council election cantata on 25 August 1732.[27][28] According to later research, the cantata was first performed on 19 August 1725 (as part of Bach's chorale cantata cycle), while Spitta's hypothesis of a 1732 performance as council election cantata could not be proved.[29]
- Music partially lost
- Ihr Tore zu Zion, BWV 193.2 (formerly BWV 193), 25 August 1727[2]
- Only text extant
- Wünschet Jerusalem Glück, BWV 1139.1 (formerly BWV Anh. 4), 27 August 1725 and 28 August 1741 (libretto by Picander).[5]
- Gott, gib dein Gerichte dem Könige, BWV 1140 (formerly BWV Anh. 3), 28 August 1730 (libretto by Picander).[6]
- Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren, BWV 1141 (formerly BWV Anh. 193), 28 August 1740.[7]
Wünschet Jerusalem Glück, BWV 1139.1 (Anh. 4)
An extant contemporary print of the libretto, recovered in the first decade of the 21st century, shows that the council election cantata Wünschet Jerusalem Glück (Wish luck to Jerusalem), BWV 1139.1 (formerly BWV Anh. 4), was first performed on 27 August 1725.[5][30] The recovered text has these sections, which are assumed to have been the movements of Bach's composition:
| # | Incipit | Type |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wünschet Jerusalem Glück | Dictum |
| 2 | Rühm' und lobe, sing' und preise | Aria |
| 3 | Gott Lob! Der Herr hat viel an uns gethan! | (Recitative) |
| 4 | Der Höchste steh uns ferner bey | Arioso |
| 5 | Herrscher aller Seraphinen | Aria |
| 6 | Herr, weihe selbst das Regiment | (Recitative) |
| 7 | Verleih uns Frieden gnädiglich | Chorale |
The opening dictum is the German version of Psalm 122:6–7:[33]
Wünschet Jerusalem Glück; Es müsse wohl gehen denen, die dich lieben; |
Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love thee. |
| —"Ps. CXXII, 6. 7." in Picander 1725[32] | —Psalms 122:6–7 (KJV translation) |
The closing chorale is the two-stanza variant of the "Verleih uns Frieden gnädiglich" hymn: Bach's extant four-part settings of this text, BWV 42/7 and 126/6, are based on the Zahn 1945 hymn tune.[34][35] Picander, the author of the BWV 1139.1 libretto, published it in 1729, however without the second recitative, and with a minor adjustment in the text of the third movement.[36][37]
A variant version of the cantata, BWV 1139.2 (formerly BWV Anh. 4a) was performed on 27 June 1730, as last of three cantatas Bach performed for the 200th Anniversary of the Augsburg Confession.[38][39] Likely that version of the cantata, which is also lost apart from its libretto, shared the music of only three movements with the 1725 council election cantata.[38][39]
Another performance of BWV 1139.1 as council election cantata is documented for 28 August 1741.[5][38] According to the libretto published in the Nützliche Nachrichten of 1741, the cantata was then performed in a six-movement version, that is, without the central arioso movement of the first version, but including the "Herr, weihe selbst das Regiment" recitative.[38][40][41][42]
Gott, gib dein Gerichte dem Könige, BWV 1140 (Anh. 3)
Picander published his libretto Cantata auf die Raths-Wahl zu Leipzig, 1730 (Cantata on the council election at Leipzig, 1730) in 1732.[6][43] Bach's lost setting of that libretto, Gott, gib dein Gerichte dem Könige (God, give now thy judgement unto the King), BWV 1140 (formerly BWV Anh. 3), had been performed on 28 August 1730.[6][44] Picander's text has these sections:[43][45]
| # | Incipit | Type |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gott, gieb Dein Gerichte dem Könige | (Dictum) |
| 2 | Höchster, zeige Dein Gerichte | Aria |
| 3 | Herr Zebaoth, Du bist getreu | (Recitative and chorale) |
| 4 | Wir schauen Wir bauen | Aria |
| 5 | Darum verleih, Daß unser Regiment geruhig sey | (Recitative and chorale) |
The opening dictum quotes the first two verses of Psalm 72:[22][48]
Gott, gieb Dein Gerichte dem Könige, und Deine Gerechtigkeit, des Königs Sohne. |
Give the king thy judgments, O God, and thy righteousness unto the king's son. |
| —Picander 1732 | —Psalms 72:1–2 (KJV translation) |
The chorale lines figuring in the third and fifth movements are:[45][46][47]
(from third movement:)
...
Sprich Ja zu seinen Thaten.
...
Hilff selbst das Beste rathen.
...
Anfang, Fortgang, und Ende
O! Herr, zum Besten wende.
(from fifth movement:)
...
Mit Segen uns beschütte,
...
Das Hertz sey Deine Hütte.
...
Laß uns das Labsal speisen;
...
Biß wir gen Himmel reisen.
These are reworked from the last two stanzas of Paul Gerhardt's hymn "Wach auf, mein Herz, und singe":[22]
Sprich Ja zu meinen Taten, |
Bach's extant setting of precisely these two stanzas of Gerhardt's hymn, in the last movement of his cantata Höchsterwünschtes Freudenfest, BWV 194.2,[49] is based on Nikolaus Selnecker's hymn tune, Zahn 159, for Ludwig Helmbold's hymn "Nun laßt uns Gott dem Herren".[50]
Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren, BWV 1141 (Anh. 193)
The libretto of the lost council election cantata for 28 August 1740, Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren, BWV 1141 (formerly BWV Anh. 193), was published in the Nützliche Nachrichten of 1740, under this header:[7][51][52][53]
Den 29. Aug. |
The 29th of August |
| —Nützliche Nachrichten[54][55] | —Translation (KJV, Psalms 115:12, for Bible quote) |
The libretto, the author of which is unknown, has these sections:[56]
| # | Incipit | Type |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren | Chorus |
| 2 | Gott, welcher selbst Regenten setzt | (Recitative) |
| 3 | Gerechte müßen wie Palmen | Aria |
| 4 | Gesegnete, beglückte Stadt | (Recitative) |
| 5 | Dancke Gott, daß er in Segen | Aria |
| 6 | So sencke doch, o Höchster, Geist und Kraft | (Recitative) |
| 7 | Es falle ietzt auf uns dein himmliches Feuer | Chorus |
The music of the closing movement may have been an adaptation of the chorus that closes the Hunting Cantata (Was mir behagt, ist nur die muntre Jagd, BWV 208), composed nearly three decades earlier.[7][58]
References
- 1 2 3 Mincham 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Ihr Tore zu Zion BWV 193.2; BWV 193". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- 1 2 3 "Zweite Mühlhäuser Ratswahlkantate BWV 1138.1; BWV Anh. 192". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2018-08-07.
- 1 2 3 "Dritte Mühlhäuser Ratswahlkantate BWV 1138.2". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2018-07-31.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Wünschet Jerusalem Glück BWV 1139.1; BWV Anh. 4". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-04-30.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Gott, gib dein Gerichte dem Könige BWV 1140; BWV Anh. 3". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren BWV 1141; BWV Anh. 193". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-31.
- ↑ Wolff 2002.
- 1 2 "Gott ist mein König BWV 71". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- 1 2 3 4 Neumann 1962, pp. 52–53.
- ↑ Wolff 2002, pp. 103–104.
- ↑ Wolff 2002, pp. 109–110.
- 1 2 Wolff 2002, pp. 110–111.
- 1 2 3 4 Emans & Hiemke 2015, pp. 227–228.
- ↑ Wolff 2002, pp. 111–112.
- ↑ Eidam 2001.
- ↑ Wolff 2002, p. 111.
- ↑ Fröde 1992, p. 85.
- ↑ Fröde 1992, p. 87.
- ↑ Spitta 1899, II, pp. 184–187.
- ↑ Bach, Johann Sebastian at Bach Digital website.
- 1 2 3 Schering 1933, p. 51.
- 1 2 "Preise, Jerusalem, den Herrn BWV 119". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-05-21.
- 1 2 "Gott, man lobet dich in der Stille BWV 120.1; BWV 120". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-05-21.
- 1 2 "Wir danken dir, Gott, wir danken dir BWV 29". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2020-04-16.
- 1 2 "Lobe den Herrn, meine Seele BWV 69.2; BWV 69". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- ↑ Spitta 1899, III, pp. 455–456.
- ↑ Spitta 1880, pp. 286–287.
- ↑ "Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren BWV 137". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- ↑ Schabalina 2008, pp. 63, 91.
- ↑ Schabalina 2008, pp. 62, 91–92.
- 1 2 Ambrose 2020, XVIa (BWV Anh. 4) Wünschet Jerusalem Glück.
- ↑ Schabalina 2008, pp. 62, 91.
- ↑ "Verleih uns Frieden gnädiglich BWV 42/7". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-05-22.
- ↑ "Verleih uns Frieden gnädiglich BWV 126/6". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-05-24.
- ↑ Schabalina 2008, pp. 62, 64.
- ↑ Picander 1729.
- 1 2 3 4 Schabalina 2008, p. 64.
- 1 2 "Wünschet Jerusalem Glück BWV 1139.2; BWV Anh. 4a". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- ↑ Spitta 1899, II, pp. 469–470.
- ↑ Spitta 1880, p. 299.
- ↑ Nützliche Nachrichten 1741.
- 1 2 Picander 1732.
- ↑ Fröde 1994, p. 13.
- 1 2 Schering 1933, pp. 50–51.
- 1 2 Lyrics of "Gott, gib dein Gerichte dem Könige BWV 1140; BWV Anh. 3". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-11.
- 1 2 Ambrose 2020, XI (BWV Anh. 3) Gott, gieb Dein Gerichte dem Könige.
- ↑ Psalmen 72:1–20 (Lutherbibel 1545) at biblia
.com - ↑ Lyrics of "Höchsterwünschtes Freudenfest (Störmthal version) BWV 194.2". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-10-22.
- ↑ "Nun lasst uns Gott dem Herren BWV 194.2/12". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-05-24.
- ↑ Fröde 1994, p. 69.
- ↑ Neumann 1962, pp. 53–54.
- ↑ Nützliche Nachrichten 1740.
- ↑ Neumann 1962, p. 54.
- 1 2 Ambrose 2020, V (BWV Anh. 193) Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren.
- ↑ Neumann 1962, pp. 54–55.
- ↑ Lyrics of "Herrscher des Himmels, König der Ehren BWV 1141; BWV Anh. 193". Bach Digital. Leipzig: Bach Archive; et al. 2019-03-31.
- ↑ Neumann 1962, pp. 55–57.
Sources
- Ambrose, Z. Philip (26 June 2020). "J. S. Bach: Texts of the Complete Vocal Works with English Translation and Commentary". College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Classics. University of Vermont. ISBN 9781664119840.
- Eidam, Klaus (2001). "V". The True Life of Johann Sebastian Bach. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-01861-0.
- Emans, Reinmar; Hiemke, Sven (2015). "Editionen der Werke Johann Sebastian Bachs". In Emans, Reinmar; Krämer, Ulrich (eds.). Musikeditionen im Wandel der Geschichte (in German). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 227–260. ISBN 978-3110434354.
- Fröde, Christine (1992). Ratswahlkantaten I [Council Election Cantatas I]. New Bach Edition (in German). Vol. I, 32/1 (Critical commentary). Bärenreiter. ISMN 9790006463633. BA 5073-41.
- Fröde, Christine (1994). Ratswahlkantaten II [Council Election Cantatas II]. New Bach Edition (in German). Vol. I, 32/2 (Critical commentary). Bärenreiter. ISMN 9790006494446. BA 5077-41.
- Mincham, Julian (2020). "Chapter 82 BWV 71 Gott ist mein König". www.jsbachcantatas.com.
- Neumann, Werner (1962). "Eine verschollene Ratswechselkantate J. S. Bachs" [A lost council change cantata by J. S. Bach]. In Dürr, Alfred; Neumann, Werner (eds.). Bach-Jahrbuch 1961 [Bach Yearbook 1961]. Bach-Jahrbuch (in German). Vol. 48. Neue Bachgesellschaft. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. pp. 52–57. doi:10.13141/bjb.v1961.
- Nützliche Nachrichten Von Denen Bemühen derer Gelehrten und andern Begebenheiten in Leipzig (in German). Leipzig: Johann Christian Langenheim. 1740. pp. 82ff.
- Nützliche Nachrichten Von Denen Bemühen derer Gelehrten und andern Begebenheiten in Leipzig (in German). Leipzig: Johann Christian Langenheim. 1741. pp. 82ff.
- Picander (1729). "Text zur Kirchen-Music in Leipzig, nach gehaltener Raths-Predigt". Ernst-Scherzhaffte und Satyrische Gedichte (in German). Vol. II. Leipzig: Boetius. pp. 50–52.
- Picander (1732). "Cantata auf die Raths-Wahl zu Leipzig, 1730". Ernst-Scherzhaffte und Satyrische Gedichte (in German). Vol. III. Leipzig: Boetii Tochter. pp. 67–69.
- Schabalina, Tatjana (2008). "Texte zur Music in Sankt Petersburg: Neue Quellen zur Leipziger Musikgeschichte sowie zur Kompositions- und Aufführungstätigkeit Johann Sebastian Bachs" [Texte zur Music in Saint Petersburg: New sources on Leipzig's music history, including on Johann Sebastian Bach's compositional and performatory practices]. In Wollny, Peter (ed.). Bach-Jahrbuch 2008 [Bach Yearbook 2008]. Bach-Jahrbuch (in German). Vol. 94. Neue Bachgesellschaft. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. pp. 33–98. doi:10.13141/bjb.v2008. ISBN 978-3-374-02668-5. ISSN 0084-7682.
- Schering, Arnold (1933). "Kleine Bachstudien" [Small Bach studies]. Bach-Jahrbuch 1933 [Bach Yearbook 1933]. Bach-Jahrbuch (in German). Vol. 30. Neue Bachgesellschaft. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. pp. 30–70. doi:10.13141/bjb.v1933.
- Spitta, Philipp (1880). Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. II (3rd ed.). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel (published 1921).
{{cite book}}: External link in|volume= - Spitta, Philipp (1899). Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750. Vol. I – II – III. Translated by Bell, Clara; Fuller Maitland, John Alexander. London: Novello & Co.
{{cite book}}: External link in|volume= - Wolff, Christoph (2002). "At the Blasius Church in Mühlhausen". Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. Norton. pp. 102–115. ISBN 9780199248841.