Ash Hollow Formation
Stratigraphic range: Neogene
Ash Hollow Formation in Nebraska
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofOgallala Group
Location
Region Nebraska  South Dakota
Country United States

The Ash Hollow Formation of the Ogallala Group is a geological formation found in Nebraska and South Dakota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period. It was named after Ash Hollow, Nebraska and can be seen in Ash Hollow State Historical Park.[1] Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park is within this formation.[2]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Mammals

Bats

Bats reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Lasiurus L. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[3] Merritt Dam Member.[3] Distal portion of a left humerus (UNSM 100140).[3] A hairy-tailed bat.
Myotis M. sp. indet. Ashfall Fossil Beds.[3] Cap Rock Member.[3] A right dentary (UNSM 27898).[3] A mouse-eared bat.

Carnivorans

Carnivorans reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Aelurodon A. taxoides Brown, Cherry, Keyapaha, Knox, Sheridan, Hitchcock & Banner counties, Nebraska.[4] Cap Rock & Merritt Dam Members.[4] Abundant remains.[4] A borophagine dog.
Barbourofelis B. fricki Channel deposits resting on upper part of the formation.[5] A barbourofelid.
B. morrisi Cherry County, Nebraska.[5] Channel deposit resting unconformably on the Cap Rock Member.[5] Skull (F:AM 79999) and right ramus (F:AM 80000).[5] A barbourofelid.
?B. whitfordi Brown County, Nebraska.[5] Lower part of the formation.[5] Right ramus (UNSM 25546).[5] A barbourofelid.
Carpocyon C. robustus Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska.[4] Merritt Dam Member.[4] Skull elements.[4] A borophagine dog.
Epicyon E. haydeni Brown, Cherry, Keith and Sheridan counties, Nebraska.[4] Merritt Dam Member.[4] Multiple specimens.[4] A borophagine dog.
E. saevus Brown, Cherry, Antelope & Keith counties, Nebraska.[4] Cap Rock & Merritt Dam members.[4] Multiple specimens.[4] A borophagine dog.
Eucyon? E.? skinneri Hans Johnson Quarry, Cherry County, Nebraska.[6] Merritt Dam Member.[6] Partial mandible (F:AM 25143).[6] A canine dog.
Ischyrocyon I. gidleyi Cherry & Keyapaha counties, Nebraska; Todd, Bennett & Mellette counties, South Dakota.[7] Cap Rock Member.[7] A bear-dog.
Leptarctus L. wortmani Nebraska & South Dakota.[8] Many undescribed specimens.[8] A mustelid.
Leptocyon L. matthewi Cherry, Brown & Antelope counties, Nebraska.[6] Merritt Dam & Cap Rock members.[6] Skull and limb elements.[6] A canine dog.
Metalopex M. merriami Frontier County, Nebraska.[9] Premaxilla, maxilla and ramus fragments.[9] A fox.
Paratomarctus P. euthos Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska, & Todd County, South Dakota.[4] Cap Rock & Merritt Dam members.[4] Numerous specimens.[4] A borophagine dog.
Pseudocyon P. sp. Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska.[7] Cap Rock & Merritt Dam members.[7] A bear-dog.
Vulpes V. stenognathus Frontier County, Nebraska.[6] Left molar (UNSM 26136).[6] A fox.

Eulipotyphlans

Eulipotyphlans reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Achlyoscapter A. sp. Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] A right ramal fragment (UW 6670).[10] A talpine mole.
Alluvisorex A. sp., cf. A. arcadentes Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] UW 6734, 6735 & 7722; UNSM 27515.[10] A shrew.
Anouroneomys A. magnus Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] A shrew.
Lemoynea L. biradicularis Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] A desmanine mole.
Limnoecus cf. L. sp. Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] UW 6708 & 6739.[10] A medium-sized shrew.
Sorex S. edwardsi Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] A medium-sized shrew.
S. yatkolai Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] UW 6731 (fragment of left ramus), 6732 & 6733.[10] A diminuitive shrew.
S. sp. Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] UW 6736, 6737 & 6738.[10] Probably a new species of shrew, larger than S. edwardsi.
Talpinae Undetermined genus & species 1 Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] 2 teeth (UW 6671 & 10527).[10] A mole.
Undetermined genus & species 2 Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] Teeth (UW 10521, 10522, 10523, 10524, 10525 & 10526).[10] A mole.
Undetermined genus & species 3 Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska.[10] An isolated right molar (UW 6675).[10] A mole.

Lagomorphs

Lagomorphs reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Alilepus A. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Mandible and teeth.[11] A leporid.
Hesperolagomys H. sp., cf. H. galbreathi Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] A premolar (UNSM 101709).[11] A pika.
Hypolagus H. cf. H. vetus Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] A right premolar (UNSM 101749).[11] A leporid.
Pronotolagus P. whitei Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] An isolated premolar (UNSM 101675).[11] A leporid.
Russellagus R. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Lower molariform teeth.[11] A pika.

Rodents

Rodents reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Ammospermophilus A. junturensis Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Mandible and teeth.[11] An antelope squirrel.
Antecalomys A. phthanus Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth and mandibles.[11] A sigmodontine, and the most common fossil cricetid from Pratt Quarry.
Ceratogaulus C. anecdotus Brown County, Nebraska.[12] Merritt Dam & Cap Rock members.[12] Skulls, teeth and some postcranial remains.[12] A mylagaulid.
Copemys C. mariae Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Mandibles.[11] A cricetid.
C. pisinnus Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Mandibles and a maxilla.[11] A cricetid.
C. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] An isolated right molar (UNSM 101560).[11] A cricetid.
Cupidinimus C. prattensis Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] A right mandible (UNSM 101501).[11] A dipodomyine.
Dipoides D. tanneri Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] A little worn premolar (UNSM 101612).[11] A castorid.
Eucastor E. planus Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth and a partial mandible.[11] Reassigned to Nothodipoides.[13]
Hystricops H. venustus Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth.[11] A castorid.
Lignimus L. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth and mandible.[11] A possible harrymyine.
Megasminthus M. sp. indeterminate Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Maxillae.[11] A jumping mouse.
Mioheteromys M. sp., cf. M. agrarius Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] An isolated premolar (UNSM 101750) and a partial mandible with lower incisor (UNSM 101573).[11] A heteromyid.
Mylagaulus M. monodon Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth, mandible and limb elements.[11] A mylagaulid.
Nothodipoides N. planus Brown County, Nebraska & Todd County, South Dakota.[11][13] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth, partial mandible & partial skull.[13] A castorid.
Perognathus P. sp. Antelope County, Nebraska.[14] Fragmentary remains within burrows.[14] A pocket-mouse.
?Petauristodon ?P. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] A molar (UNSM 101659).[11] A petauristine, may represent a new species.
Phelosaccomys P. hibbardi Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth.[11] A possible geomyid.
Prodipoides P. dividerus Nebraska.[15] Merritt Dam Member.[15] A castorid.
Protospermophilus P. sp., cf. P. quatalensis Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] An isolated molar (UNSM 101765).[11] A ground squirrel.
Pseudotheridomys cf. P. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] A right mandible with teeth (UNSM 101748).[11] An eomyid.
Pterogaulus P. barbarellae Nebraska.[12] Merritt Dam Member.[12] A mylagaulid.
cf. Sciurion cf. S. sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] An isolated left molar (UNSM 101769).[11] A flying squirrel.
Spermophilus S. (Otospermophilus) sp. Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] Teeth and jaws.[11] A ground squirrel.
Tregomys T. shotwelli Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[11] Merritt Dam Member.[11] An isolated right molar (UNSM 101534).[11] A cricetid.

Ungulates

Ungulates reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Calippus C. cerasinus Cherry County, Nebraska.[16] Merritt Dam Member.[16] Multiple specimens.[16] An equid.
C. placidus Minnechaduza Fauna, northern Nebraska.[16] Cap Rock & lower Merritt Dam members.[16] An equid.
Cormohipparion C. fricki Hollow Horn Bear Quarry, Todd County, South Dakota.[17] Skull elements.[17] An equid.
C. matthewi Cherry County, Nebraska.[17] Merritt Dam Member.[17] Multiple specimens.[17] An equid.
C. occidentale Cherry County, Nebraska.[17] Merritt Dam Member.[17] Numerous specimens.[17] An equid.
Macrogenis M. crassigenis Above Burge Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska.[18] Merritt Dam Member.[18] Partial skull (F:AM AINS 467-333-1).[18] A peccary.
Mckennahyus M. parisidutrai Cherry County, Nebraska.[18][19] Merritt Dam Member.[18][19] Skull remains.[18][19] A peccary.
Proantilocapra P. platycornea Nebraska.[20] Cap Rock Member.[20] An antilocaprid.
Pseudhipparion P. gratum Cherry County, Nebraska.[21] Cap Rock & lower Merritt Dam members.[21] An equid.
P. skinneri Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska.[21] Merritt Dam Member.[21] Skull elements & teeth.[21] An equid also known from Florida.
Pseudoceras P. potteri Nebraska.[22] Merritt Dam Member.[22] Junior synonym of P. skinneri.
P. skinneri Nebraska.[22] Merritt Dam Member.[22] Multiple specimens.[22] A gelocid.
P. wilsoni Nebraska.[22] Merritt Dam Member.[22] Junior synonym of P. skinneri.
Skinnerhyus S. shermerorum Cherry County, Nebraska.[18][23] Merritt Dam Member.[18][23] Skull remains.[23] A peccary.
Tapirus T. johnsoni Brown (Pratt Slide), Cherry, Sheridan & Garden counties, Nebraska.[3][24] Merritt Dam Member.[3] Jaw elements.[24] A tapir.
Teleoceras T. major Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska.[2] Over 100 specimens.[2] A rhinoceros.
Ustatochoerus U. major Cherry County, Nebraska.[25] Upper part of the formation.[25] Numerous specimens.[25] A merycoidodontid.
U. profectus Cap Rock Member.[5] Numerous specimens.[25] A merycoidodontid.
U. skinneri Cherry & Brown counties, Nebraska; Tripp County, South Dakota.[25] Multiple specimens.[25] A merycoidodontid.

Proboscideans

Proboscideans reported from the Valentine Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Amebelodon A. fricki Frontier & Garden counties, Nebraska.[26][27] A gomphothere.

Reptiles

Birds

Birds reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Anas A. greeni Bennett County, South Dakota.[28] Distal half of a right humerus.[28] A teal duck originally reported as Nettion greeni.[28]
Anchigyps A. voorhiesi Near the town of Orchard, Antelope County, Nebraska.[29] Cap Rock Member.[29] Partial skeleton (UNSM 62877).[29] An accipitrid resembling an Old World vulture.
Apatosagittarius A. terrenus Nebraska.[30] "A nearly complete tarsometatarsus with phalanges in place".[30] An accipitrid convergent with the secretarybird.
Centuriavis C. lioae Nebraska.[31] Merritt Dam Member.[31] An exquisitely preserved partial skeleton.[31] A phasianid.
Nettion N. greeni Bennett County, South Dakota.[28] Distal half of a right humerus.[28] Lumped into the genus Anas.

Crocodilians

Crocodilians reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Alligator A. mefferdi Cherry County, Nebraska.[32] Upper portion of the formation.[32] A well-preserved skull and jaws, with some postcranial bones.[32] An alligator.
Crocodilia Antelope County, Nebraska.[33] Caprock Member.[33] 2 teeth & a dermal plate.[33]

Squamates

Squamates reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Agkistrodon cf. A. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100283 & 100284).[34] A pit viper.
Ameiseophis A. robinsoni Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100266, 100267 & 100274).[34] A colubrine snake.
Calamagras or Ogmophis C. or O. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100252, 100253 & 100259).[34] An erycine boa.
Coluber or Masticophis C. or M. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100271 & 100273).[34] A colubrine snake.
Colubridae Subgen. incertae sedis Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 198 vertebrae.[34] Snake remains unidentifiable below the family level.
Crotalus cf. C. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100285 & 100291).[34] A rattlesnake.
Elaphe E. cf. E. kansensis Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 101112).[34] A rat snake.
E. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 6 vertebrae.[34] A rat snake.
Erycinae Gen. et. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100255 & 100258).[34] An erycine boa.
Lampropeltis L. aff. getula Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100286, 100290 & 100293).[34] A kingsnake.
L. similis or L. triangulum Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae.[34] A kingsnake.
Micronatrix M. juliescottae Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 4 trunk vertebrae.[34] A natricine snake.
Neonatrix N. cf. N. infera Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100287, 100288 & 100289).[34] A natricine snake.
Nerodia N. hillmani Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 6 trunk vertebrae.[34] A natricine snake.
N. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] A trunk vertebra (UNSM 101113).[34] A natricine snake.
Opheodrys cf. O. sp. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100270).[34] A colubrine snake.
Paleoheterodon or Heterodon P. or H. sp. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 15 vertebrae.[34] A hognose snake.
Paracoluber P. storeri Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100280 & 100294).[34] A colubrine snake.
Pituophis P. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100292, 100297 & 101102).[34] A gopher snake.
Sistrurus S. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34][35] Merritt Dam Member.[34][35] A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100251).[34][35] A rattlesnake.
Texasophis T. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100265).[34] A colubrine snake.
Thamnophis T. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 12 trunk vertebrae.[34] A garter snake.
Tregophis T. brevirachis Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] 3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100254, 100256, 100257).[34] An erycine boa.
Tropidoclonion cf. T. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100295).[34] A natricine snake.
Viperidae Gen. et. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[34] Merritt Dam Member.[34] A trunk vertebra (UNSM 101121).[34] A viper, vertebra too damaged to be identified below the family level.

Testudines

Testudines reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Kinosternon K. wakeeniense South-central Nebraska.[36] A mud turtle also found in the Ogallala Formation.
Terrapene T. sp. Cherry County, Nebraska.[37] A hyoplastron.[37] May represent T. ornata longinsulae or another taxon.[37]

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Acris cf. A. sp. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] One left ilium (UNSM 101143).[38] A cricket frog.
Bufo B. pliocompactilis Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] Multiple ilia.[38] A true toad.
B. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] Multiple ilia.[38] A true toad.
Hyla H. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] A right ilium (UNSM 101127).[38] A tree frog.
Rana R. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] Multiple ilia.[38] A ranid frog.
Spea S. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] One left ilium (UNSM 101128).[38] A spadefoot toad.
Tregobatrachus T. sp. indet. Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] A left ilium (UNSM 101126).[38] A frog of uncertain classification.
Varibatrachus V. abraczinskasae Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska.[38] Merritt Dam Member.[38] A right ilium (UNSM 101129).[38] A frog.

Plants

Plants reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Berriochloa B. communis [39] A stipeae grass also found in the Valentine Formation.
B. gabeli Fossil anthoecia (husks).[40] A stipeae grass.
B. huletti Fossil anthoecia (husks).[40] A stipeae grass.
B. intermedia North-central Kansas.[40] A stipeae grass.
Biorbia B. fossilia Nutlets.[39] A borage.
Cryptantha C. coroniformis Nutlets.[39] A borage.
Eleofimbris E. svensonii [39] A cyperaceaen.
Equisetum E. sp. West-central Nebraska.[41] Silicified leaf-sheath fragments.[41] A horsetail.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Robert Diffendal Jr.; Roger K. Pabian; J. R. Thomasson (1996). "Geologic History of Ash Hollow State Historical Park, Nebraska". University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
  2. 1 2 3 Smith, Jon J.; Turner, Elijah; Möller, Andreas; Joeckel, R. M.; Otto, Rick E. (2018-11-08). "First U-Pb zircon ages for late Miocene Ashfall Konservat-Lagerstätte and Grove Lake ashes from eastern Great Plains, USA". PLOS ONE. 13 (11): e0207103. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1307103S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207103. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6224108. PMID 30408086.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Czaplewski, Nicholas; Bailey, Bruce; Corner, Richard (1999-01-01). "Tertiary Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Northern Nebraska". Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Taylor, Beryl E. (1999). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (243). hdl:2246/1588.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schultz, C.; Schultz, Marian; Martin, Larry (January 1970). "A New Tribe of Saber-toothed Cats (Barbourofelini) from the Pliocene of North America". Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum: 1–31.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae). (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 325). [New York] : American Museum of Natural History. hdl:2246/5999.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Hunt, Robert (1998-01-01). "Amphicyonidae". Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum.
  8. 1 2 Korth, William W.; Baskin, Jon A. (May 2009). "A New Species of Leptarctus (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Late Clarendonian (Late Miocene) of Kansas". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (1): 29–44. doi:10.2992/007.078.0103. ISSN 0097-4463. S2CID 86409484.
  9. 1 2 Richard H. Tedford; Xiaoming Wang (2008). "Metalopex, a new genus of fox (Carnivora: Canidae: Vulpini) from the late Miocene of western North America". In Xiaoming Wang; Lawrence G. Barnes (eds.). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 273–278. ISBN 978-1-891276-27-9.
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  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Korth, William W. (1998-11-13). "Rodents and lagomorphs (Mammalia) from the Late Clarendonian (Miocene) Ash Hollow Formation, Brown County, Nebraska". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 67 (4): 299–348. doi:10.5962/p.215209. ISSN 0097-4463. S2CID 89733664.
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  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schultz, C. Bertrand (Charles Bertrand); Falkenbach, Charles H. (1941). "Ticholeptinae: a new subfamily of oreodonts. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 79, article 1". Bulletin of the AMNH. 79 (1): 4–105. hdl:2246/379.
  26. ↑ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  27. ↑ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Brodkorb, P (1964). "A Pliocene Teal from South Dakota". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 27 (1): 55–58.
  29. 1 2 3 Zhang, Zihui; Feduccia, Alan; James, Helen F. (2012-11-09). "A Late Miocene Accipitrid (Aves: Accipitriformes) from Nebraska and Its Implications for the Divergence of Old World Vultures". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48842. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748842Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048842. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3494718. PMID 23152811.
  30. 1 2 Feduccia, Alan; Voorhies, Michael R. (2008-04-03). "Miocene hawk converges on Secretarybird". Ibis. 131 (3): 349–354. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02784.x.
  31. 1 2 3 Ksepka, Daniel T.; Early, Catherine M.; Dzikiewicz, Kate; Balanoff, Amy M. (October 2022). "Osteology and neuroanatomy of a phasianid (Aves: Galliformes) from the Miocene of Nebraska". Journal of Paleontology. 97: 223–242. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.80. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 253033983.
  32. 1 2 3 Mook, Charles Craig; Mefferd, Ralph (1946). "A new Pliocene alligator from Nebraska". American Museum Novitates (1311). hdl:2246/2307.
  33. 1 2 3 Voorhies, M. R. (1971). "Paleoclimatic Significance of Crocodilian Remains from the Ogallala Group (Upper Tertiary) in Northeastern Nebraska". Journal of Paleontology. 45 (1): 119–121. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1302757.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Parmley, Dennis; Hunter, Katie Beth (2010). "Fossil Snakes of the Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the Description of a New Natricine Colubrid". Journal of Herpetology. 44 (4): 526–543. doi:10.1670/09-248.1. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 40983647. S2CID 86633027.
  35. 1 2 3 Parmley, Dennis; Holman, J. Alan (2007). "Earliest Fossil Record of a Pigmy Rattlesnake (Viperidae: Sistrurus Garman)". Journal of Herpetology. 41 (1): 141–144. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[141:EFROAP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 4498562. S2CID 85628817.
  36. ↑ Bourque, Jason R. (September 2015). "New mud turtles (Kinosternidae, Kinosternon) from the middle–late Miocene of the United States". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (5): 821–844. Bibcode:2015JPal...89..821B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.63. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130766881.
  37. 1 2 3 Holman; Alan, J.; Fritz; Uwe (2005). "The Box Turtle Genus Terrapene (testudines: Emydidae) in the Miocene of the USA". Herpetological Journal. 15 (1): 81–90.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Parmley, Dennis; Chandler, Robert; Chandler, Linda (2015). "Fossil Frogs of the Late Clarendonian (Late Miocene) Pratt Slide Local Fauna of Nebraska, with the Description of a New Genus". Journal of Herpetology. 49 (1): 143–149. doi:10.1670/13-171. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 44164546. S2CID 85671201.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Gabel, Mark L.; Backlund, Douglas C.; Haffner, Jacob (1998). "The Miocene Macroflora of the Northern Ogallala Group, Northern Nebraska and Southern South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (2): 388–397. Bibcode:1998JPal...72..388G. doi:10.1017/S0022336000036362. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1306723. S2CID 130146978.
  40. 1 2 3 Thomasson, Joseph R. (January 2005). "Berriochloa gabeli and Berriochloa huletti (Gramineae: Stipeae), two new grass species from the late Miocene Ash Hollow Formation of Nebraska and Kansas". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (1): 185–199. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0185:BGABHG>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 129981483.
  41. 1 2 Thomasson, Joseph R. (January 1980). "A Fossil Equisetum sp. (Family Equisetaceae, Subgenus Hippochaetae) From the Late Tertiary Ash Hollow Formation of Nebraska". American Journal of Botany. 67 (1): 125–127. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07631.x. ISSN 0002-9122.

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