Niobe fritillary
Upperside
Female, underside
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Fabriciana
Species:
F. niobe
Binomial name
Fabriciana niobe
Synonyms
  • Papilio niobe Linnaeus, 1758
  • Argynnis niobe (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Argynnis eris Meigen, 1829

The Niobe fritillary (Fabriciana niobe) is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

Etymology

The Latin species name niobe refers to Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology.[1]

Subspecies

Subspecies include:[2]

  • F. n. niobe (central Europe and Western Siberia)
  • F. n. changaica Reuss, 1922
  • F. n. demavendis (Gross & Ebert, 1975) (Iran)
  • F. n. gigantea (Staudinger, 1871) (southern Europe)
  • F. n. intermedia Reuss, 1925
  • F. n. khusestana (Gross & Ebert, 1975) (western Iran)
  • F. n. kurana (Wyatt & Omoto, 1966)
  • F. n. orientalis (Alphéraky, 1881)
  • F. n. ornata (Staudinger, 1901)
  • F. n. shiva (Wyatt & Omoto, 1966)
  • F. n. tekkensis (Christoph, 1893)
  • F. n. valesinoides Reuss, 1926 (Korea)
  • F. n. voraxides Reuss, 1921

Distribution and habitat

Fabriciana niobe is common throughout Europe, but absent from the United Kingdom and Northern Europe, and is also found in Siberia, Russia, Iran, China, and Korea[2] These butterflies can be found in open grassy places, slopes, woodland and clearings at altitudes between sea level and 2,400 metres (7,900 ft).[3][4][5]

Description

Niobe fritillary

Fabriciana niobe has a wingspan of 46–60 millimetres (1.8–2.4 in).[3] The females are rather bigger and have more marked wings.[1] These medium-sized butterflies have a bright brown-orange background with black dots and crossbands, and a line of submarginal triangular patches.[6] The forewings margin shows a rounded shape. The underside of the hindwings usually has small whitish-silvery spots, a black pupilled yellow spot and black lined submarginal lunules and veins in the basal area.[5] Caterpillars have a dark basic colour with small, white spots and white thorns.

This species is rather similar to the dark-green fritillary (Speyeria aglaja) and high brown fritillary (Fabriciana adippe),[7] but it is quite smaller, the silver centred brown spots are smaller and the postdiscal silver markings are not continuous.[5]

Seitz - A. niobe L. (69c). Above very similar to aglaja, at once recognized by the much more variegated under-side. The hindwing beneath is without the even verdigris shading in the basal half, the latter bearing distinct leathery-yellow patches, which are often centred, edged or shaded with brownish green. The nymotypical form has abundant silver-spots beneath, more than aglaja, as the distal band has no silver in aglaja, while it bears silvery centres in niobe.[8]

Biology

This species is univoltine.[5] It overwinters at the caterpillar stage in the egg shell. Adults fly from May to late August.[3] The eggs are laid on the vegetation, near the host plants. The larvae hatch in March and mature in June. Caterpillars feed on Viola tricolor, Viola canina, Viola riviniana, Viola odorata, Viola hirta, Viola palustris and Plantago lanceolata.[1][2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Giuseppe Mazza
  2. 1 2 3 Funet - Niobe Fritillary
  3. 1 2 3 Butterfly Guide
  4. ↑ Fauna europaea
  5. 1 2 3 4 Euro Butterflies by Matt Rowlings
  6. ↑ DK – Pocket Nature Butterflies and Moths
  7. ↑ Bob Gibbons Pocket Guide to Butterflies
  8. ↑ Seitz. A. in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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