International Freedom Battalion
Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal
Dates of operation10 June 2015 – present
Group(s)See groups
Active regionsRojava, Syria
IdeologyRevolutionary socialism
Proletarian internationalism
Anti-fascism
Factions:
Anarchism
Marxism–Leninism
Political positionFar-left
StatusActive
Allies Syrian Democratic Forces

YPG International[1][2]
Antifascist Forces in Afrin
TKP-Kıvılcım
Kurdistan Workers' Party

Opponents Islamic State
 Turkey
Syrian National Army
Battles and warsSyrian Civil War
Flag
Insignia

The International Freedom Battalion (Turkish: Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu; Kurdish: Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal; Arabic: تابور الحرية العالمي), commonly abbreviated as IFB or EÖT, is a revolutionary socialist armed group consisting of leftist foreign fighters fighting for the People's Defense Units in the Syrian Civil War in support of the Rojava Revolution and against the Turkish Armed Forces, the Syrian National Army, and Islamic State.[4][5] The formation of the IFB was announced in June 2015 in Ras al-Ayn.[6] Inspiration for the group came from the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. The political ideologies of the fighters include anarchism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, Maoism, and anarcho-communism.

Main groups

The International Freedom Battalion was formed by left-wing armed groups (as well as individuals not part of any other groups), most of whom had been fighting with the YPG before the creation of the IFB. These groups include:

Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri

The United Freedom Forces (Turkish: Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri, or BÖG), inspired by the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War, were founded in December 2014 in the town of Kobanî as an organization of foreign leftist fighters of both revolutionary socialist and anarchist convictions. While the MLKP didn't join,[7] these groups would eventually unite in the International Freedom Battalion. BÖG also has a female branch named "Women's Freedom Forces" (Kadın Özgürlük Gücü in Turkish).[8] BÖG is considered to be the largest group within the International Freedom Battalion.[9] BOG contains several factions, see Member groups

Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi

The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkish: Marksist-Leninist Komünist Partisi, abbreviated as MLKP) is an underground Hoxhaist communist party from Turkey. MLKP fighters had reportedly been sent to Syria to fight with the People's Defense Units since 2012. MLKP fighters also joined the Kurdistan Workers' Party's (PKK) December 2014 Sinjar offensive in Northern Iraq in defence of the Yezidi minority in Sinjar.[10] In March 2015 a 19-year-old German woman, Ivana Hoffmann, was killed whilst fighting the Islamic State (IS) during the Eastern al-Hasakah offensive, making her the third foreign fighter, as well as the first female foreign fighter, to die while fighting alongside the YPG.[11][12] MLKP's female organisation, Komünist Kadın Örgütü, has also been involved in fighting.[13] MLKP was heavily involved in forming the International Freedom Battalion.

TKP/ML TİKKO

The Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye İşci ve Köylü Kurtuluş Ordusu, abbreviated as TİKKO) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist, abbreviated as TKP/ML), a Maoist insurgent organisation in Turkey. On 25 March 2016, the TKP/ML TİKKO headquarters in Serêkaniyê were targeted by a motorcycle bomb, causing slight injuries to two members and damage to the headquarters. Two suspects were detained by the Asayiş.[14][15][16]

Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist

The Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (Turkish: Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi/Leninist, abbreviated as TKEP/L) is an illegal Marxist–Leninist party in Turkey.[17]

Sosyal İsyan

Social Insurrection was founded in 2013 in Turkey by a group of green anarchists in Tuzluçayır.[9][18][19]

Reconstrucción Comunista

Flag of RC

Communist Reconstruction (Spanish: Reconstrucción Comunista, abbreviated as RC) is a Marxist–Leninist group from Spain. The group carries a variant of the Flag of the Second Spanish Republic. RC has strong ties to the MLKP and members fight as part of MLKP formations, even fighting in Sinjar. Two members of the group were arrested by police after their return to Spain and were accused of participating in an armed conflict outside of Spain without authorization from the state, as well as putting national interests at risk and joining groups fighting against ISIL that are considered terrorist organizations by international organizations.[20] In January 2016, eight Spanish citizens and one Turkish citizen were arrested in Spain.[21] The Spanish Interior Ministry said in a statement that "The detained, in collaboration with other individuals residing in various European countries, were providing the necessary infrastructure for displaced people to travel abroad and to finally integrate in the ranks of the Peoples' Protection Units (YPG) or one of the armed wings of the organization" and that the majority of the arrested belong to the group 'Communist Reconstruction'.[22]

Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity

The Revolutionary Union for Internationalist Solidarity (Greek: Επαναστατικός Σύνδεσμος Διεθνιστικής Αλληλεγγύης, abbreviated as ΕΣΔΑ) is an armed fighter group from Greece.[23][24] They have fought in Syria since 2015. Their appearance has alarmed Greek security and intelligence officials alleging that "warriors will be trained in guerilla warfare and then will be able to apply what they have learned in their homeland".[25]

Bob Crow Brigade

Flag of the Bob Crow Brigade

The Bob Crow Brigade (abbreviated as BCB) is a group of fighters from the United Kingdom and Ireland[26] named after Bob Crow, an English trade union leader and self-described "communist/socialist", who had died of a heart attack in March 2014. The group expressed solidarity with striking rail workers in the United Kingdom.[27] Steve Hedley, senior assistant general secretary of the RMT, said: "Bob would have been honoured that young people from Britain would fight the forces of evil in his name. A great admirer of the international brigades that fought in Spain, Crow would of course have drawn the parallels with the new international brigades fighting clerical fascism and defending Yazhidi, Muslim and Christian workers from slavery and persecution."[28]

After Turkey and its allied rebel groups invaded parts of northern Syria and clashed with the Syrian Democratic Forces, Turkish officials stated that they will treat British and other foreign volunteers fighting alongside the YPG as terrorists.[29][30] On 2 September, the Bob Crow Brigade relocated from the Raqqa front to Manbij and stated "When we came to defend the revolution we meant from all enemies, big or small".[31] On 7 September 2016, the Bob Crow Brigade sent a message of solidarity to the women of Ireland fighting to repeal the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on the 33rd anniversary of its approval by referendum, as well as striking Irish bus workers the following day.[32][33]

Henri Krasucki Brigade

The flag of the Henri Krasucki Brigade[24]

The Henri Krasucki Brigade (French: Brigade Henri Krasucki) is a group of fighters from France. Inspired by their English-speaking counterparts of the Bob Crow Brigade, they named themselves after the French trade-unionist Henri Krasucki.[24] The group expressed solidarity with the CGT union and the Air France workers on trial for the "shirt-ripping case" over an incident on 5 October 2015, which arose from a dispute over the aviation giant's plans to cut 2,900 jobs.[34]

International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces

The flag of the IRPGF

The International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (abbreviated as IRPGF) was a militant, armed, self-organized, and horizontal collective of foreign anarchist fighters from around the world. The formation of the IRPGF was announced on 31 March 2017 in a video and text release to several revolutionary websites and media organizations.[35] According to the declaration of the group, their goals are to defend the social revolution in Rojava and spread anarchism.

They are a member organization and part of the management team of the International Freedom Battalion since April 2017, this was announced by the IFB on 17 May on their Facebook page. Their public formation and solidarity campaigns have garnered interest and support from around the world as well as backlash.[36][37] On 24 July, the group established an LGBT unit, the TQILA.[38][39] On September 24, 2018, the group announced its dissolution in a final communique.[40]

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army

The flag of TQILA

The Queer Insurrection and Liberation Army (abbreviated as TQILA)[note 1] was a unit of the IFB announced on 24 July 2017, by members of the IRPGF from Raqqa City and disbanded on 24 September 2018. The group launched a statement explaining the purposes of its formation in which the response to persecution of LGBT persons by ISIL is highlighted as one of the main motivations of the group.

They were part of the International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces and International Freedom Battalion.

Michael Israel Brigade

The Michael Israel Brigade formed in early 2018 at the time of the Battle of Afrin as an international volunteer unit.[41] It adopted its name in homage to an American fighter of the International Freedom Battalion, Michael Israel, also known as Robin Agiri, killed by a Turkish bombardment northeast of al-Bab on November 29, 2016, during Operation Euphrates Shield.[41] In its first press release, published on February 13, 2018, the brigade presented itself as a "group of communists, socialists, anarchists and anti-fascists, from all four corners of the world, [...] united in Rojava by the principles of solidarity, internationalism and anti-fascism".[41] The group is made up of far-left foreign volunteers, mainly Turks and Westerners.[41]

The brigade announced that it was going to the front in Afrin on February 19, 2018.[41] However, the Syrian Democratic Forces were severely affected by the artillery and air strikes of the Turkish Army.[41] The Michael Israel Brigade announced its withdrawal from Afrin on March 22, 2018, it recognized the death of at least one of its fighters - a Turkish volunteer named Şevger Ara Makhno, killed on March 8 by an airstrike in the village of Berbêné - as well as several wounded.[41] Some fighters were then sent to eastern Syria to take part in the offensive.[41]

Structure

Notable fatalities

Date of deathNameAgeNationalityGroupLocation of death
2 March 2015Konstandinos Erik Scurfield25British, GreekYPGTel Khuzela[42][43]
7 March 2015Ivana Hoffmann19GermanMLKPnear Tell Tamer, Al-Hasakah Governorate[44]
14 August 2017Nubar Ozanyan61TurkishTKP/MLRaqqa, Raqqa Governorate[45]
24 February 2018Haukur Hilmarsson31IcelandicYPG, RUIS, MLKP[46] Afrin district[47][48]
18 March 2019 Lorenzo Orsetti 33 Italian TKP/ML (early)
TA		 Al-Baghuz Fawqani, Deir ez-Zor Governorate[49]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pronounced like the word tequila.
  1. ↑ Tonacci, Fabio (29 December 2016). "La brigata degli italiani con i curdi verso Raqqa: "Ma a casa non sanno che qui combattiamo"". la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. p. 8.
  2. ↑ Harp (2017), p. 49.
  3. ↑ Röpcke, Julian (27 January 2018). "Türkische Offensive in Nordsyrien. Deutsche kämpfen gegen Erdogan" [Turkish offensive in northern Syria. Germans fight against Erdogan]. Bild. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  4. ↑ "Rojava'da ilk Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu". YPG News (in Turkish). 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "International Freedom Battalion: women of the world, defend the Rojava revolution–a report from JINHA". signalfire. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "The First Internationalist Freedom Battalion Established in Rojava". Isyandan. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "Enternasyonal cepheye çağrı". Özgür Gündem (in Turkish). 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  8. ↑ "Kadın Özgürlük Gücü kuruldu". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  9. 1 2 The Carter Center (2017), p. 2.
  10. ↑ "MLKP fighters also in Sinjar". Kurdish info. 23 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "German woman fighting ISIL killed in Syria". Al Jazeera. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  12. ↑ "Funeral for German woman Ivana Hoffmann killed fighting IS". BBC News Online. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "MLKP Rojava/KKÖ: Halkımızın acıları acımızdır". Etkin Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 1 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  14. ↑ "Islamic State bomb attack against Serêkaniyê HQ of TKP/ML-TIKKO". Signalfire. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  15. ↑ "TKP-ML TİKKO'ya yönelik bombalı saldırı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 26 March 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  16. ↑ The Carter Center (2017), pp. 2, 3.
  17. ↑ "TKEP-L Rojava'da merkez açtı". Hawar Haber Ajansı (in Turkish). 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  18. ↑ Anarquistas en Rojava http://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/ Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
  19. ↑ Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava (texto en turco) http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/ Archived 14 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
  20. ↑ Rodríguez, Jorge A. (7 July 2015). "Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria". El País. Translated by Hunter, Simon. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  21. ↑ "Spanish police arrest 9 for suspected PKK links". Rudaw. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  22. ↑ "Police Arrest Eight Spaniards And One Turk For Recruiting Fighters For PKK-KCK". The Spain Report. 27 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  23. ↑ ERGÜL, Mehmet Furkan. Classifying Foreign Fighters: The Case of YPG. Adalet. ISBN 978-625-7802-12-3. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  24. 1 2 3 The Carter Center (2017), p. 3.
  25. ↑ "Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria". Daily Sabah. Istanbul. 29 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  26. ↑ MacDonald, Alex (16 August 2016). "Bob Crow brigade '30 miles' from IS-stronghold of Raqqa in Syria". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  27. ↑ MacDonald, Alex (10 August 2016). "'Bob Crow Brigade' in Syria solidarity with striking London Tube workers". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  28. ↑ Pullman, Beth (16 August 2016). "Rojava International Brigaders Honour The Legendary Bob Crow". Morning Star. People's Press Printing Society. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  29. ↑ Sharma, Suraj; MacDonald, Alex (1 September 2016). "British volunteers in Syrian Kurd forces are 'terrorists', Turkey says". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  30. ↑ Ensor, Josie (1 September 2016). "Turkey warns: we will treat Britons fighting with Kurds as terrorists". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  31. ↑ Baker, Graeme (2 September 2016). "British YPG fighters 'head to Manbij to face Turkish forces'". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  32. ↑ Anderson, Claire (7 September 2016). "Ní Saoirse go Saoirse na mBan: There is no freedom until the freedom of women". BreakingNews.ie. Landmark Digital Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  33. ↑ Ó Conghaile, Tomaí (8 September 2016). "Comharthaí Gaeilge á n-ardú ag trodaithe sa Chordastáin". Nós (in Irish). Rua Media. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Sekkai, Kahina (28 September 2016). "Syrie: le soutien de la brigade Henri Krasucki aux salariés d'Air France". Paris Match (in French). Lagardère Digital France. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  35. ↑ "Greek Anarchists Are Helping Kurdish Forces Fight ISIS". Vice. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  36. ↑ "Siria, quei ragazzi venuti da mezzo mondo a combattere l'Isis". la Repubblica (in Italian). 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  37. ↑ "В Рожаве создана новая организация партизан-анархистов | Новости Курдистана". kurdistan.today (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  38. ↑ Moore, Jack (25 July 2017). "FIRST LGBT UNIT CREATED TO FIGHT ISIS IN SYRIA. ITS NAME? THE QUEER INSURRECTION". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  39. ↑ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  40. ↑ "Final communique from IRPGF". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Puxton, Matteo (16 May 2018). "Syrie - Brigade Michael Israel: des volontaires antifascistes contre l'armée turque". France-Soir. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  42. ↑ "Briton who died fighting Isil caused 'alarm bells to ring' when he tidied bedroom, mother tells inquest". The Telegraph. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  43. ↑ "British citizen killed in Syria fighting alongside Kurds". globalnews.ca. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  44. ↑ "German woman, 19, killed fighting IS". BBC News. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  45. ↑ "TKP/ML-TİKKO Commander in Rojava falls a martyr". ANF News. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  46. ↑ "EÖT savaşçısı İzlandalı Haukur Hilmarsson şehit düştü" [IFB Icelandic warrior Haukur Hilmarsson fell as martyr]. ETHA (Etkin Haber Ajansı) (in Turkish). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  47. ↑ "İzlanda vatandaşı Afrin'de öldürüldü" [IFB Icelandic warrior Haukur Hilmarsson fell as martyr]. CNN Türk (in Turkish). 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  48. ↑ grapevine.is (7 March 2018). "Icelander Reportedly Killed In Action In Afrin - The Reykjavik Grapevine". Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  49. ↑ "Italian volunteer killed in fight against ISIS". www.kurdistan24.net. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

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