Ambonese
Moluccans
Orang Ambon
Ambon bride and groom in traditional costumes.
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia
 Netherlands
 Brunei Darussalam
Languages
Ambonese Malay, Indonesian (in Indonesia), Dutch (in Netherlands)
Religion
Christianity (Protestantism-Reformed Church, Roman Catholicism), Islam (Sunni Islam)
Related ethnic groups
Melanesians, Polynesians, Moluccans, Malagasy people

The Ambonese, also known as Moluccans, are an Indonesian ethnic group of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian origin. They are majority Christians followed by Muslims. The Ambonese are from Ambon Island in Maluku, an island group east of Sulawesi and north of Timor in Indonesia. They also live on the southwest of Seram Island; which is part of the Moluccas, Java, New Guinea; on the West Papua side and other regions of Indonesia. Additionally, there are about 35,000 Ambonese people living in the Netherlands.[1] By the end of the 20th century, there were 258,331 (2007 census) Ambonese people living in Ambon, Maluku.[2]

Language

The predominant language of the island is Ambonese Malay, also called Ambonese. It developed as the trade language of central Maluku, and is spoken elsewhere in Maluku as a second language. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon City. They are an ethnic mixture of Austronesians and the Melanesians.[3]

Religion

Oldest mosque in Ambon.

The Ambonese ethnicity is split of Christian (Reformed Christianity and Roman Catholicism) and Muslim (Sunni Islam), while indigenous customs such as tattooing have largely disappeared.[4][5] According to Mikhail Anatolievich Chlenov, relationship between the adherents of both faiths here have traditionally been neighborly peaceful, based on the union of the communities' pela; which in the Ambonese language means "friend".[6] However, he also mentions that clashes between Ambonese people and other non-indigenous ethnic groups occurs on religious grounds. Mounted tension then resulted in the 1998 inter-religious conflict in Ambon, of which until today the number of victims have turned into thousands of people. In the situation of an almost civil war, people were forced to move to refugee camps across the capital of the island, Ambon, Maluku, with lines dividing its Muslim and Christian sections were made.[7]

The problem is not completely resolved, and the religious issue is still acute, as indeed, in other parts of Indonesia.

History

A group of men after the institute of the M.P. in a church in Ambon, pre-1943.

Ambon belonged to the so-called colonial ethnic group.[8] They were formed in the 16th to 18th century as a result of the mixing of the indigenous population of Ambon Island and West Seram Regency, the human trade of the Hitu people, and with the immigrants from both other parts of Indonesia and Europeans.[9] In the 15th to 16th century, the largest center of spice trade was established under the rule of the Sultanate of Ternate, and its capture then became the goal of the foreign colonialists, who at the beginning of the 16th century were the Portuguese colonials, and at the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch colonials.[10]

The Ambonese people resisted the Dutch colonization until the beginning of the 19th century. However, their resistance did not help in preventing the Dutch conquering the Indonesian Archipelago and suppressing uprisings of local ethnic groups against the colonialists. Due to its far-sighted policy, the Ambonese people have achieved a privileged position in Indonesia since the mid-19th century. Many of them were Europeanized, adopted Christianity, the wealthy townspeople were legally equated with the ruling colonizers, and they were involved in state and military services. For such loyalty, the Ambonese authorities were nicknamed "black Dutch".[11]

During the Indonesian National Revolution war for the Independence of Indonesia in 1945–1949, large groups of Ambonese people, especially members of the colonial army, emigrated to the Netherlands and New Guinea.[1]

Economy

The arrival of the fishermen at Ambon, Maluku, pre-1919.

At present, the Ambonese people are considered one of the most developed peoples of Indonesia, belong to the class of local intellectuals. Mostly engaged in the production for sale of spices such as carnation and nutmeg,[12] as well as sago as a food source.[13] Since the 17th century, they were producers of nutmeg; which led to the conquest of the Dutch colonial in Ambon Island and its surrounding region in 1605 as an attempt to monopolized the nutmeg trade, and finally the Amboyna massacre.[12] Developed fishery, agriculture, horticulture and small trades are also means of earning a living.[14] Ambonese craftsmen work in various industries such as pottery, blacksmithing, weapons making, shipbuilding, carving on tortoiseshell shell and mother of pearl, making ornamental crafts from buds of carnation, weaving boxes and mats from strips of palm leaves. Traditionally, they serve in the army and the administrative sector.[15]

Social structure

A portrait of the King and his entourage in Ambon, Maluku, between 1890 and 1915.

The Ambonese people live in traditional rural communities, called Negri and headed by a starosta called raja. Communities are divided into territorial-related groups called soa, which, in turn, unites the patrilineal clans that are called mata ruma. Marriages are concluded only within confessional groups. For the Ambonese people, they have been traditionally characterized by patrilocal marriage settlement.[16] Relations between members of the community are regulated by traditional norms of behavior called adat, coming from the customs of the ancestors. Today the adat largely regulates matter on family, hereditary, land law, as well as on elections for leadership positions.[17]

Culture and lifestyle

A group portrait of Ambonese people with musical instruments.

A typical Ambonese village consists of about 1,500 people who live in houses made of materials from woven sago leaves[13] or plastered bamboo, wood, coral stones, on stone foundations;[18] they cultivate surrounding hillsides.[4] Traditional rural settlements of Ambonese people are located on the shore and have a linear layout. Houses are built on stilts.

Clothing

Men adopted modern European style clothing,[19] and only on special occasions they would wear short jackets and black trousers.[20] Women also wear thin blouses or small-patterned sarongs with black color for the older women and the younger women wear bright colored cotton dresses up to knee-length.[21][22]

Food

The basis of the diet of Ambonese people is a porridge of sago starch,[13] vegetables, taro, cassava, and fish. The inhabitants of the Ambon Island also have access to imported rice.

Music

The Ambonese people have rich musical folklore, many of which have absorbed many European musical elements, for example, the Ambonese quadrille (katreji)[23] and the songs of the lagoon, accompanied by a violin and with a lap steel guitar.[24] As of traditional musical instruments such as the 12 gongs,[25] drums, bamboo flute (efluit),[26] xylophone (tatabuhan kayu)[27] and Aeolian harp are included.

References

  1. 1 2 Georgina Ashworth, ed. (1977). "Minority Rights Group". World Minorities, Volume 1. Quartermaine House. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-905898-00-1.
  2. ↑ Adam, Jeroen (2010). "How ordinary folk became involved in the Ambonese conflict: Understanding private opportunities during communal violence". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 166 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003624. JSTOR 27868550.
  3. ↑ James T. Collins (1980). Ambonese Malay and Creolization Theory. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ASIN B007FCCSKG.
  4. 1 2 "Grolier Incorporated". Academic American Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Grolier. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7172-2024-3.
  5. ↑ Maarten Hesselt Van Dinter (2005). The World Of Tattoo: An Illustrated History. Centraal Boekhuis. ISBN 978-90-683-2192-0.
  6. ↑ Михаил Анатольевич Членов (1976). Население Молуккских Островов. Наука. OCLC 10478045.
  7. ↑ Patricia Spyer (October 2002). "Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon's Violence: Media Effects, Agency, and the Work of Imagination". Indonesia. 74 (74): 31. doi:10.2307/3351523. hdl:1813/54277. JSTOR 3351523.
  8. ↑ "Ambon: Colonialism, Peace and Music". What an Amazing World!. 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  9. ↑ Илья Полонский (2018). Кровь джунглей: партизанские войны в Азии. Litres. ISBN 978-50-403-3809-2.
  10. ↑ Muridan Satrio Widjojo (2009). The Revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-Cultural Alliance-making in Maluku, C.1780-1810. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-041-7201-2.
  11. ↑ Budy P Resosudarmo & Frank Jotzo, ed. (2009). Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 278. ISBN 978-98-123-0959-4.
  12. 1 2 A. Kurniawan Ulung (29 September 2017). "Banda Islands a hidden treasure in Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  13. 1 2 3 Ellen Hitipeuw-Palyama (1 January 2018). "Siwalima Museum, Treasures from the Moluccas Revisited". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  14. ↑ John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-29654-3.
  15. ↑ Richard Chauvel (1990). Nationalists, soldiers and separatists: the Ambonese islands from colonialism to revolt, 1880–1950. KITLV Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-671-8025-2.
  16. ↑ Frank L. Cooley (1962). Ambonese kin groups. Ethnology. Vol. 1. p. 102. OCLC 882992239.
  17. ↑ Frank L. Cooley (1966). "Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies". Indonesia: A Semi-Annual Journal Devoted to Indonesia's Culture, History and Social and Political Problems. Indonesia, No. 2: 140. ISSN 0019-7289.
  18. ↑ John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29654-3.
  19. ↑ Roxana Waterson (2009). Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation. KITLV Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-90-671-8307-9.
  20. ↑ H. W. Ponder (1944). In Javanese Waters: Some Sidelights on a Few of the Countless Lovely, Little Known Islands Scattered Over the Banda Sea & Some Glimpses of Their Strange & Stormy History. Seeley, Service & Company Limited. p. 176. OCLC 274703.
  21. ↑ The National Geographic Magazine, Volume 73. National Geographic Society. 1938. p. 707.
  22. ↑ Reimar Schefold, Vincent Dekker & Nico de Jonge (1991). Indonesia in focus: ancient traditions, modern times. Kegan Paul International. p. 126.
  23. ↑ Don Van Minde (1997). Malayu Ambong: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. Research School CNWS. p. 342. ISBN 978-90-737-8294-5.
  24. ↑ Don Niles & Denis Crowdy, ed. (2000). Papers from Ivilikou: Papua New Guinea Music Conference & Festival (1997). Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. p. 22. ISBN 978-99-806-8041-9.
  25. ↑ Jaap Kunst (2013). Music in Java: Its history, Its Theory and Its Technique. Springer. p. 160. ISBN 978-94-017-7130-6.
  26. ↑ Tom Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (1994). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Walter de Gruyter. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1.
  27. ↑ Jaap Kunst, Elisabeth den Otter, Felix van Lamsweerde & Maya Frijn (1994). Sammlung. Royal Tropical Institute Press (KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen). p. 193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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