Amanitore
Kandake of Kush
Amanitore at Wad ban Naqa
Queen regnant of Kush
ReignMiddle 1st century CE
PredecessorAmanikhabale (?)
SuccessorShorkaror
Co-rulerNatakamani (son)
Burial
Pyramid at Meroë (Beg. N 1)
IssueNatakamani
EgyptianMerkare

Amanitore, also spelled Amanitere or Amanitare,[1] was a queen regnant of the Kingdom of Kush, ruling from Meroë in the middle of the 1st century CE.[2] She ruled together with her son, Natakamani.[2] The co-reign of Amanitore and Natakamani is a very well attested period and appears to have been a prosperous time.[2][3] They may have been contemporaries of the Roman emperor Nero.[2]

Life

Amanitore and Natakamani are known from their tombs and from numerous monuments where the two are depicted together. Older scholars assumed that Amanitore was Natakamani's wife, though they are now conventionally assumed to have been mother and son; an ancient graffito found at the Temple of Dakka strongly suggests that Amanitore was Natakamani's mother.[2]

During their co-reign, only Natakamani was explicitly titled as ruler (qore), with Amanitore being titled only as kandake (queen consort/mother).[4] They are however clearly depicted as co-rulers with equal power given that both are shown with the regalia and attire of kings.[4] Neither Natakamani nor Amanitore are ever attested to have ruled on their own without the other.[4] Amanitore is buried in her own pyramid in Meroë, Beg. N 1.[4] The tomb is approximately six metres square at its base, and not a pyramid in the mathematical sense.

Amanitore's royal palace was at Gebel Barkal in modern-day Sudan, which now is a UNESCO heritage site. The area of her rule was between the Nile and the Atbara rivers.[5]

Three crown princes are attested in Amanitore and Natakamani's co-reign: Arikhankharer, Arikakahtani, and Shorkaror.[4] Both Arikhankharer and Arikakahtani are believed to have predeceased Natakamani and Amanitore since only Shorkaror is attested to have become king. The familial relationship between the princes and Natakamani and Amanitore is unknown.[2] Amanitore and Natakamani may based on their chronological position have been preceded by Amanikhabale. They were succeeded by Shorkaror.[2]

Construction projects

Amanitore was among the last great Kush builders. She was involved in restoring the large temple for Amun at Meroë and the Amun temple at Napata after it was demolished by the Romans. Reservoirs for the retention of water also were constructed at Meroë during her reign.[5] The two rulers also built Amun temples at Naqa and Amara.

The quantity of building that was completed during the middle part of the first century indicates that this was the most prosperous time in Meroitic history.[6] More than two hundred Nubian pyramids were built, most plundered in ancient times.

New Testament

Amanitore may be the kandake mentioned in the Bible in the story about the conversion of the Ethiopian in Acts 8:26–40:[7]

And the angel of the Lord spoke to Philip, saying, Get up, and go toward the south unto the way that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza, which is desert. And he got up and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem to worship, was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Isaiah the prophet…. [8]

References

  1. ↑ Richard A. Lobban Jr. (2020-10-20). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Christian Nubia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-5381-3341-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 5, 13, 17.
  3. ↑ Eide, Tormod; Hägg, Tomas; Holton Pierce, Richard; Török, László (1998). Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD. University of Bergen. pp. 897–899, 908, 910. ISBN 82-91626-07-3.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Eide, Tormod; Hägg, Tomas; Holton Pierce, Richard; Török, László (1998). Fontes Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD: Vol. III: From the First to the Sixth Century AD. University of Bergen. pp. 897–899, 903, 908, 910. ISBN 82-91626-07-3.
  5. 1 2 50 Greatest Africans — Pharaoh Natakamani and Queen Amanitore & Ngola Ann Nzinga, whenweruled.com, accessed 28 December 2008
  6. ↑ The Kingdom of Kush, László Török, 198 and p461, ISBN 90-04-10448-8, accessed 27 December 2008
  7. ↑ "Women in Power". Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  8. ↑ Acts 8:26–27
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