Al-Bukamal
ٱلْبُوكَمَال/أَبُو كَمَال
The entrance to Abu Kamal from the town of Al-Salihiyah
The entrance to Abu Kamal from the town of Al-Salihiyah
Al-Bukamal is located in Syria
Al-Bukamal
Al-Bukamal
Location in Syria
Coordinates: 34°27′13″N 40°56′12″E / 34.45361°N 40.93667°E / 34.45361; 40.93667
Country Syria
GovernorateDeir ez-Zor
DistrictAbu Kamal
SubdistrictAbu Kamal
Elevation
175 m (574 ft)
Population
 (2004 census)[1]
 • Total42,510[2]
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)+3

Abu Kamal (Arabic: أَبُو كَمَال, romanized: ʾAbū Kamāl) or Al-Bukamal (Arabic: ٱلْبُوكَمَال, romanized: al-Būkamāl) is a city on the Euphrates river in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate of eastern Syria near the border with Iraq. It is the administrative centre of the Abu Kamal District and the local subdistrict (Abu Kamal Subdistrict). Just to the south-east is the Al-Qa'im border crossing to the town of Husaybah in the Al-Qa'im District of Iraq's Al Anbar Governorate.

Etymology

When part of the Ottoman Empire, Abu Kamal was called kışla, pronounced locally as "qashla", which is a Turkish word for "military barracks". This name "Qashla" is still used by some inhabitants of the area, especially by elderly villagers. The name "Al-Bukamal" (Arabic: البوكمال) means "the family of Kamal", Kamal being the tribe that lives there, whereas the name "Abu Kamal" means "the father of Kamal".

History

In the 17th century, Abu Kamal was the seat of a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire in the Rakka Eyalet. It was a kaza (subdistrict) center within Zor Sanjak until the end of Ottoman rule in 1918.[3] In 1896, the old mud village was relocated a mile upstream because it was in danger of being ruined by flooding. The new village was built from stone and had wide streets.[4] The village and its subdistrict formed the center of the Arab Uqaydat tribe and was largely Sunni Muslim, with the exception of a small Christian community originally from Deir ez-Zor and Mosul.[4] At the beginning of the 20th century, it contained eighty houses, the residence of the kaymakam (kaza governor), a police station, a ferry, and had a population of about 500. The kaza of Abu Kamal in 1890 had a population of 15,000.[4]

Abu Kamal became part of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon in 1921, and the French made it the seat of a large garrison. In 1946 it became part of independent Syria. Abu Kamal's position at the border of Syria and Iraq has made it an important commercial as well as political center.

Abu Kamal is located near to Al-Qa'im, a crossing point for the Iraqi insurgency and the location of Operation Steel Curtain in November 2005. On 27 October 2008, during the Iraq War, four US helicopters carried out a raid on the village of Sukkariyeh in Abu Kamal district. It was the first known raid inside Syria by the US. News reports indicate that at least seven people were killed, four of them children.[5][6][7] The Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem stated that "Killing civilians in international law means a terrorist aggression." [8]

Syrian Civil War

Abu Kamal, one of the districts (November 19, 2017)

During the Syrian Civil War, in late July 2012, the Free Syrian Army (FSA) took over the town, along with its associated border post with Iraq. In early September 2012, France 24 reported that the Hamdan military airport was under attack by FSA. On 16 November 2012, FSA took over the nearby Hamdan military airport, which was once used to transport farm produce, but was converted to a base for helicopters and military tanks. The capture of Hamdan meant that the Syrian Army forces now only held one air base in the province - the main military airport in Deir ez-Zor city.[9]

ISIL takeover

Abu Kamal was captured by ISIL forces between late-June and early-July 2014 during a three-month offensive across Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[10] On 3 July 2014, SOHR said that city of Mayadin, the second biggest town in Deir Ezzor province, was also "now under IS control, after Al-Nusra Front evacuated its headquarters there, and IS raised its banner". On 3 July 2014, all towns and villages on the route from Abu Kamal to Al-Bab, passing through the Raqqa province, were under Islamic State control.[11][12]

Owing to its distance from the frontline, the town would see little fighting between its capture by ISIL in 2014 and ISIL's retreat in 2017. During the lull in conflict, the town was the target of a failed opposition attack by the US-backed New Syrian Army in June 2016; the offensive lasted only a day and led to a total reversal of New Syrian Army advances to Abu Kamal.

Abu Kamal, destroyed buildings (November 19, 2017)

On October 14, 2017 the Syrian Arab Army took the city of Mayadin, located 80 kilometers from Abu Kamal. After that Abu Kamal was the only large city that remained under ISIL control.[13]

On October 25, the road Al Qaim – Abu Kamal – Mayadin – Deir ez-Zor was blocked after a series of airstrikes conducted by Russian Air Force.

From 1 to 4 November 6 Russian Tu-22M3 strategic bombers conducted airstrikes on ISIL objects near Abu Kamal. On November 7 the SAA started operation to take Abu Kamal with support of allied forces, like the Iranian-backed Hezbollah and the Iranian Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC).

On 9 November 2017, ISIL retreated from the town, leaving fighters dispersed in villages and small towns in the desert. Army spokesman Gen. Ali Mayhoub stated:[14]

″The liberation of Abu Kamal is of great importance because it is a declaration of the fall of this group’s project in the region generally and the collapse of its supporters’ illusions to divide it, control large parts of the Syria-Iraq borders and secure supply routes between the two countries.″

One day later Commander of the Russian force grouping in Syria Colonel General Sergei Surovikin confirmed the retaking of Abu Kamal:[15]

“Units of the 5th Assault Corps, assault groups of brigadier general Suheil and militias with support of Russian Air Force took part in liberating Abu Kamal. In the final stages of hostilities the Syrian Arab Army gained control over the Syrian-Iraqi border near the Euphrates River”.

However, on November 11 the city was recaptured by ISIL.[16] The Syrian Army and its allies retook complete control of the city by 19 November.[17] Concerns have been raised about what would happen to the village once ISIL was removed.[18]

Iranian presence

Following the elimination of ISIS, Iranian-allied militias have occupied Abu Kamal and its countryside since late 2017. Since the end of 2017, the Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces, which are linked to the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), had control of the al-Qa'im border crossing, while Hezbollah and the Haidarion, Fatemiyoun and Zainebiyoun militias had control of Mayadin, west of Abu Kamal, both on the south bank of the Euphrates River. The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) had control of the north bank.[19]

Fox News reported on 4 September that a new “classified Iranian project”, the Imam Ali military base, was being constructed near Abu Kamal,[20] which was confirmed by satellite images.

On 30 September 2019, after eight years of closure, Syria and Iraq reopened the Al-Qa'im border crossing between Abu Kamal and Al-Qa'im.[21]

On 27 October 2023 the US carried out air strikes against bases near the town that it claimed were being used by Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[22] The US said that these were in response to Iranian backed attacks on its bases in the region.[22]

Climate

Abu Kamal has a hot desert climate (BWh) in the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system.

Climate data for Abu Kamal (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1)		 16.4
(61.5)		 20.8
(69.4)		 26.5
(79.7)		 32.8
(91.0)		 37.7
(99.9)		 40.6
(105.1)		 39.9
(103.8)		 36.5
(97.7)		 29.7
(85.5)		 21.5
(70.7)		 15.1
(59.2)		 27.6
(81.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3)		 9.9
(49.8)		 14.0
(57.2)		 19.6
(67.3)		 25.2
(77.4)		 29.2
(84.6)		 32.6
(90.7)		 31.6
(88.9)		 27.8
(82.0)		 21.6
(70.9)		 14.0
(57.2)		 8.8
(47.8)		 20.1
(68.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8)		 3.9
(39.0)		 7.2
(45.0)		 12.0
(53.6)		 16.7
(62.1)		 20.9
(69.6)		 23.8
(74.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 19.0
(66.2)		 13.8
(56.8)		 7.2
(45.0)		 3.4
(38.1)		 12.8
(55.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23.2
(0.91)		 17.7
(0.70)		 24.3
(0.96)		 22.0
(0.87)		 7.5
(0.30)		 0.7
(0.03)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.3
(0.01)		 7.2
(0.28)		 10.3
(0.41)		 21.9
(0.86)		 135.1
(5.32)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.3 3.2 3.5 2.7 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 1.8 3.5 22.0
Source: NOAA[23]

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ "General Census of Population and Housing 2004" (PDF) (in Arabic). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015. Also available in English: "2004 Census Data". UN OCHA. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  2. ↑ Population of Abu Kamal 2004-09-22
  3. ↑ "20. yüzyılda Osmanlı vilayetleri" (in Turkish). Tarih ve Medeniyet. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 A Handbook of Mesopotamia, Volume III: Central Mesopotamia with Southern Kurdistan and the Syrian Desert. No. 1118. Admiralty and War Office, Division of Intelligence. January 1917. p. 120.
  5. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Middle East - 'US helicopter raid' inside Syria". 27 October 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Al-Jazeera Archived 2008-11-06 at the Wayback Machine(in Arabic)
  7. ↑ "The Associated Press". Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  8. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Syria hits out at 'terrorist' US". 28 October 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  9. ↑ Solomon, Erika (Nov 17, 2012). "Syria rebels say seize airport near Iraqi border". Reuters. Retrieved Nov 17, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Profile: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS)". BBC News. Jan 6, 2014. Retrieved Jan 13, 2014.
  11. ↑ "IS Takes Over Towns, Countryside in Oil-Rich Syria Province: NGO". NDTV.com. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  12. ↑ "Syria Iraq: The Islamic State militant group". BBC News. 2 August 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  13. ↑ "Islamic State loses al-Mayadeen in eastern Syria - military source". U.K. Reuters Editorial. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
  14. ↑ "'Isis is finished': Syrian army declares end of terror group". The Independent. 2017-11-09. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
  15. ↑ "Russia forms " Anti-Suicide Vehicles " units in Syria, Mod. - Muraselon". Muraselon. 2017-11-10. Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
  16. ↑ "ISIS retakes Albukamal after Syrian Army fails to secure city". AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 2017-11-11. Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  17. ↑ "Latest map update of southeast Deir Ezzor". Al-Masdar News. 2017-11-19. Archived from the original on 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  18. ↑ Gutowski, Alexandra N. (August 10, 2018). "Is the Pentagon About to Hand Iran a Major Border Crossing?". Real Clear Defense. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  19. ↑ Report: Five killed in missile strike on pro-Iranian militias in Syria
  20. ↑ Airstrikes at Al Bukamal? The alleged Iranian base and the 'explosions'
  21. ↑ "Iraq reopens Syria crossing in win for mutual ally Iran". Reuters. 30 September 2019.
  22. 1 2 "US fighter jets strike Syria after attacks by Iran-backed militia". reuters. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023. 
  23. ↑ "Abu Kamal Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
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