Albert
Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Albert's portrait sculpture on his contemporary grave monument
King of Sweden
Reign1364–1389
Coronation18 February 1364
PredecessorMagnus IV and Haakon
SuccessorMargaret
Bornc. 1338
Mecklenburg
Died1 April 1412 (aged 73–74)
Doberan Abbey
Burial
Doberan Abbey
Spouses
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(m. 1359; died 1377)​
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1396)​
    Issue
    HouseMecklenburg-Schwerin
    FatherAlbert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
    MotherEuphemia of Sweden
    Royal Seal of Albert of Sweden

    Albert (German: Albrecht, Swedish: Albrekt av Mecklenburg; c. 1338 – 1 April 1412) was King of Sweden from 1364 to 1389 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1384 to 1412.[1]

    Background

    He was the second son of Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg and Euphemia Eriksdotter, the daughter of Duke Erik Magnusson of Södermanland and sister of King Magnus IV of Sweden, Magnus VII of Norway.[2] Albert married Richardis of Schwerin, daughter of count Otto of Schwerin. Queen Richardis died in 1377 and was buried in Stockholm.[3]

    In 1384 he inherited the ducal title of Mecklenburg and united it with Sweden in a personal union. Albert based his claims to the Swedish crown upon his family ties: his mother being Magnus's sister, whose paternal grandfather was King Magnus III, Albert claimed first place in the Swedish order of succession after the dethronement or deaths of all of the children of Magnus IV; and through a Swedish princess Christina, a daughter of Sverker II who was King of Sweden from 1196 to 1208.

    Reign

    In 1363, members of the Swedish Council of Aristocracy, led by Bo Jonsson Grip, arrived at the court of Mecklenburg. They had been banished from Sweden after a revolt against king Magnus IV who was unpopular with the nobility. At the nobles' request, Albert launched an invasion of Sweden supported by several German dukes and counts and several Hanseatic cities in Northern Germany. Stockholm and Kalmar in Sweden, with large Hanseatic populations, also welcomed the intervention.

    Albert was proclaimed King of Sweden and officially crowned on 18 February 1364. The coronation took place at the Stones of Mora. A fragment still remains of the stone commemorating the occasion called the Three Crowns stone. This is one of the earliest known example of the use of the three crowns as a national symbol for Sweden.[4]

    The arrival of Albert led to eight years of civil war in Sweden between Albert's and Magnus's supporters. In a battle near Enköping in 1365 between Albert's German forces and those of King Magnus, supported by king Haakon VI of Norway, Magnus's surviving son, Magnus was defeated and taken prisoner by Albert. After the initial defeat, King Valdemar IV of Denmark, Haakon's father-in-law, intervened on Magnus's and Haakon's behalf, and Valdemar's forces were joined by Swedish peasants who supported Magnus. Apart from German strongholds like Stockholm, Albert was unpopular among Swedes who were discontent with Albert's policy of appointing Germans as officials in all the Swedish provinces.

    With the help of Danish and Swedish allies, King Haakon managed to temporarily beat back Albert and lay siege on Stockholm in 1371. However, the siege was short-lived; with military help from the Swedish nobility in Stockholm, Albert was able to beat back the Norwegians and the Danes. A peace agreement was signed, with the condition that Magnus be released and allowed to travel freely back to Norway (where he had also been king until 1355 and now spent the rest of his life). Albert had secured the Swedish crown, but was also forced to make a belated coronation oath in which he agreed to extensive concessions to the Swedish nobility in the regency council. Bo Jonsson (Grip) used this power to personally usurp 1,500 farms and he soon became Sweden's largest landowner, controlling a third of the entirety of the Swedish territory and possessing the largest non-royal wealth in the country.

    Deposition

    King Albert (left) with his father Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg

    Albert kept the crown of Sweden for another 19 years, but most of western Sweden did not support his reign. When he attempted to introduce reduction of the large estates of the Swedish nobility, he lost his support in Stockholm. In 1389, facing a loss of landholdings and wealth, the Swedish regency council turned to Haakon's widow Margaret to plead for help in getting rid of Albert. Queen Margaret sent troops and in February 1389, they defeated Albert at the Battle of Åsle. Albert was captured, deposed and sent to Lindholmen Castle in Scania, where he spent the next six years imprisoned. He was released after 16 days of peace negotiations in 1395, during which he agreed to either give up Stockholm within three years, or pay large sums in retribution to Margaret. When the three years were up, Albert's (then) only son Eric had died after ruling Gotland in Sweden for a short time as instigated by his father, and Albert chose to give up Stockholm rather than pay the fine. In 1398 the agreement came into force, granting Margaret possession of Stockholm.

    Albert returned to Mecklenburg, remarried, had another son and reigned as Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin until his death, seven months before Margaret's in 1412. He had finally formally abdicated his Swedish throne in 1405, but until then still styled himself King of Sweden and his second wife Queen Agnes. His tomb is in the Doberan Minster in Bad Doberan, Germany.

    King Albert begs Queen Margaret for mercy as imagined in 1589
    One of King Albert's coins

    Marriages and children

    In 1359 Albert married Richardis of Schwerin in a marriage contracted in Wismar on 12 October 1352. The King and Queen had two children:

    1. Eric (died 1397), Swedish crown prince[5] and ruler of Gothland
    2. Richardis Catherine (died 1400), married in Prague in 1388 to Emperor Charles IV's fifth son John of Bohemia (1370–1396), Margrave of Moravia and Duke of Görlitz (Lusatia).

    In February 1396 in Schwerin Albert married Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1430/1434). They had a son:

    1. Albert V of Mecklenburg (died 1423), Duke of Mecklenburg and Schwerin

    Further reading

    • Suvanto , Seppo (2014) [2008]. "Bo Jonsson (Grip)". Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 1. Svenska tiden [Biographical Dictionary of Finland 1. The Swedish period], blf.fi (in Swedish). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
    • Nordman , Viljo Adolf (1938). "Albrecht, Herzog von Mecklenburg, König von Schweden". Annales Academiae Scientarium Fennicae, B (in German). Helsinki, Finland: Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Toimituksia (Finnish Academy of Science and Letters). XLIV. A good overall German source describing Albert's life.

    References

    1. ↑ "Albrekt af Mecklenburg, konung i Sverige". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
    2. ↑ Jones 2000, p. 890.
    3. ↑ Albrekt of Mecklenburg biography Nordisk Familjebok (1876), p. 371–372
    4. ↑ "Kungahusets symboler". www.kungahuset.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 27 September 2023.
    5. ↑ Nordman, Viljo Adolf in Albrecht Herzog von Mecklenburg König von Schweden, Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Tuomituksia B:44:1, Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki, 1939 p. 336.

    Bibliography

    In English

    • Demitz, Jacob Truedson preface by Dr. Ulf Sundberg, Centuries of Selfies 2020 ISBN 9789189179639 pp. 28–29, 110, 151–152, 169 & 191
    • Jones, Michael, ed. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.1300-1415. Vol. VI. Cambridge University Press.

    In Swedish

    • Nordberg, Michael I kung Magnus tid. (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1995) ISBN 978-9-119-52122-4, in Swedish.
    • Den svenska historien: Medeltid 1319–1520. (Stockholm: Bonniers, 1966) p. 74–83, in Swedish.
    • Hagen, Ellen Margareta – Nordens drottning. (Stockholm: Saxon & Lindströms förlag, 1953), in Swedish.
    • Larsson, Lars-Olof Kalmarunionens tid. (Stockholm: Prisma, Andra upplagan 1997) ISBN 91-518-4217-3, in Swedish.
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