Al-ʿUthmaniyya
العثمانية
ʿUthmaniyya, seen from the Haram esh-Sharif, with the double-arched loggia on the top floor.
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Location
LocationHaram esh-Sharif, Jerusalem
Palestine grid172/131
Geographic coordinates31°46′39″N 35°14′04″E / 31.77750°N 35.23444°E / 31.77750; 35.23444
Architecture
TypeMadrasa
StyleMamluk architecture
Completed1437
Materialsstone

The ʿUthmāniyya Madrasa (Arabic: المدرسة العثمانية al-Madrasa al-ʿUthmāniyya) is a historic school in Jerusalem. It is by the western esplanade of the al-Aqsa Compound. It was established in 1436,[1] then became an Ottoman imperial provincial madrasa.[2]

It is among the few Jerusalem madrasas with a woman endower, the others were the Khātūniyya Madrasa and the little-known Barudiyya.[3]

History

The school was founded in the Mamluk era, before the Ottomans began ruling Jerusalem. Its endower was a woman from the Ottoman lands, Iṣfahān Shāh Khātūn. She was a wife of Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder, of the Çandarlı family. She came from a distinguished family, being a direct descendant of Sheikh Edebali.[4] She stipulated that the income from 10 villages in Anatolia should go to the endowment for the madrasa.[5] She died in 1436 or 1437,[6] and was buried in her madrasa.[7][8]

Ottoman era

A defter written soon after 1540, in the early Ottoman era, noted that Kafr Qara was the only Palestinian endowment for the school. The whole of the revenue of Kafr Qara, a total of 3,400 aspers annually, belonged to this endowment.[9]

By the late 1500s, it became an imperial provincial madrasa, i.e., the imperial Ottoman court appointed its Hanafi muftis. This was probably due to the Çandarlı family's close relationship with the Ottoman Empire. Hence, the Banu Abi al-Lutf family, which dominated the Jerusalem mufti position, also came to dominate the leadership of this madrasa.[10]

In 1656, the mudarris Ali Effendi al-Lutfi requested permission to make necessary repairs. A reference early in the century is to it having 9 students (talaba).[11]

The school operated for at least four centuries. In the 18th century, the building became a private residence.[12][13]

Name

Although the name literally means "the Ottoman School", it might not have been its original meaning. During the era when the school's name was recorded, it was extremely rare for Ottoman subjects who were not actual members of the House of Osman to be called ʿUthmānī. (They were instead called Rūmi.)[4]

Some Arabic sources believe that the name ʿUthmāniyya comes from the full name of the endower, which they reconstruct as Iṣfahān Shāh Khātūn bint Maḥmūd al-ʿUthmānī (أصفهان شاه خاتون بنت محمود العثمانية).[14] Other researchers note that al-ʿUthmānī might be her nisba name, and that it is possible that she was descended from or related to someone named ʿUthmān.[4]

1893: with the Qaytbay Fountain in the front, to the left[15]

Description

It consists of two storeys.[1] On the ground floor, there is from north to south along the Haram side: first a tomb chamber, then a courtyard, then the "lower mosque". The tomb chamber has an entrance from the north side, that is from the Zuqāq Bāb al-Maṭhara, an no-exit alley.[11]

On the upper floor, above the portico there is a distinctive double-arched loggia room, with a room to the north which used to be domed.[16] On the eastern façade, the loggia's arches are topped by rosettes. To the south of the loggia room is an assembly hall. All of the rooms on the upper floor were originally to be reached only through the assembly hall.[16]

Its roof has a small pale-turquoise dome.

Epigraphy

An inscription on the madrasa reads:

In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. The construction of this blessed madrasa was ordered by the noble and honorable Lady Isfahan Shah Khatun, the daughter of the late Amir Mahmud, al-ʿUthmaniyya, known as khanum (may God show her His benevolence). She passed away in the year 840 [1436–37 CE]. Its construction was completed at the close of the aforementioned year through the efforts of Khawaja Jamiʿ, son of Sati, from Asia Minor [al-Rūmī].[17][18][19][20]

Environs

Its first storey is west of the compound's west wall's riwāq (arcade), which includes the Ablution Gate (and the Cotton Merchants' Gate farther north). Beyond the riwaq, to its east, is the Fountain of Qayt Bay.

To its north is Zuqāq Bāb al-Maṭhara (a short alley), leading to the Ablution Gate in the east. Across the alley is Ribāṭ az-Zamanī, a ribat. And farther north, across the Cotton Merchants' Market, is Khātūniyya Madrasa.

To its south is al-Baladiyya Madrasa, and to its southwest al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa.

References

  1. 1 2 "The Ottoman School (in Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa)". IRCICA. 2020.
  2. ↑ Burak, p. 112.
  3. ↑ "the Khatuniyya". Institute for International Urban Development.
  4. 1 2 3 Burak, 2013, p. 115: "an epithet (nisba) that indicates the endower was a descendant of or otherwise related to someone named ʿUthman".
  5. ↑ 7 villages close to Gerede, 2 by Hayrabolu, and 1 near Iznik; Burak, 2013, p. 116, note 23 p. 123
  6. ↑ Burak, 2013, p. 116
  7. ↑ Moudjir ed-dyn, 1876, p. 145
  8. ↑ Burak, 2013, p. 124
  9. ↑ Defter no. 610; cited in Burgoyne, 1987, pp. 545−546
  10. ↑ Burak, 2013, pp. 118−119
  11. 1 2 Burgoyne, 1987, p. 546
  12. ↑ Burgoyne, 1987, p. 547
  13. ↑ "Madrasat and Turbat of Isfahan Shah Khatun". Institute for International Urban Development. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  14. ↑ "المعالم والصور". معلومة مقدسية (in Arabic).
  15. ↑ van Berchem, 1920, Plate LXXXVII
  16. 1 2 Burgoyne, 1987, p. 553
  17. ↑ Burak, 2013, p. 114
  18. ↑ Moudjir ed-dyn, 1876, p. 144
  19. ↑ van Berchem, 1922, pp. 322−323
  20. ↑ van Berchem, 1925, plate LXXV

Bibliography

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