al-Mourabitoun
المرابطون
LeadersAbubakr al-Masri †[1]
Mokhtar Belmokhtar †[2][3]
Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahraoui †[4]
Dates of operationAugust 2013 (2013-08) – 2 March 2017
Active regions Algeria
 Burkina Faso
 Ivory Coast
 Libya
 Mali
 Niger
IdeologySalafist jihadism
SizeUnder 100 (May 2014, French claim)[1]
Part of Al-Qaeda
Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin[5]
Opponents
Battles and warsNorthern Mali conflict
In Amenas hostage crisis
March 2015 Bamako shooting
2015 Bamako hotel attack
2016 Ouagadougou attacks
2016 Grand-Bassam shootings
2017 Gao bombing

Al-Mourabitoun (Arabic: المرابطون, romanized: al-Murābiṭūn, lit. 'The Sentinels') was an African militant jihadist organization formed by a merger between Ahmed Ould Amer, a.k.a. Ahmed al-Tilemsi's Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa and Mokhtar Belmokhtar's Al-Mulathameen.[6] On 4 December 2015, it joined Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).[7] The group seeks to implement Sharia law in Mali, Algeria, southwestern Libya, and Niger.[8]

On 2 March 2017, al-Mourabitoun's cells in Mali, along with those of Ansar Dine, Macina Liberation Front and the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb merged into Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin,[5] the official branch of Al-Qaeda in Mali, after its leaders swore allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri.[9][10]

Origins and membership

Al-Mourabitoun was composed mostly of Tuaregs and Arabs from the northern Mali regions of Timbuktu, Kidal and Gao, but also included Algerians, Tunisians and other nationalities. Its area of operations was in north Mali, near towns such as Tessalit and Ansongo.[1]

The group's establishment was announced by Mokhtar Belmokhtar, though the group's leader was said to be a non-Algerian veteran of the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan and the 2002 battles against American forces in the same country,[11] later identified by French Intelligence as an Egyptian known as Abubakr al-Nasri (al-Masri). Abubakr was reportedly killed by French Special Forces in Northeastern Mali between 10 and 17 April 2014, as was senior commander Omar Ould Hamaha weeks earlier.[1]

The group is named after the Almoravids, a North-West African Islamic dynasty of the 11th and 12th centuries, spanning from Senegal to the Iberian Peninsula.[11]

It was designated a terrorist organization by the UN,[12] Australia, Canada, Iraq,[13] the United Arab Emirates,[14][15] the United Kingdom[16] and the United States.

History

On 14 May 2015, Adnan Abu Walid Sahraoui released an audio message pledging the group's allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[17] Belmokhtar issued a statement several days later rejecting this pledge and stating that it had not been approved beforehand, seeming to indicate a split in the group.[18][19] On 3 December 2015, AQIM leader Abdelmalek Droukdel announced in an audio statement that Al-Mourabitoun had joined his organization.[20] ISIL formally accepted Sahraoui's pledge of allegiance in a statement and video released in October 2016. The reason for the lengthy delay in acknowledgement was not clear.[21]

On 2 March 2017, al-Mourabitoun's cells in Mali, along with those of Ansar Dine, Macina Liberation Front and the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb merged into Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM).[5]

Timeline of attacks

  • 7 March 2015: A masked gunman killed 5 and injured 9 others at a restaurant popular with foreigners in Mali's capital Bamako. Among the victims were three locals, a Frenchman, and a Belgian security officer with the European Union representative in the city.
  • 10 August 2015: An IED killed three Malian soldiers and injured four others near Sévaré.[22]
  • 11 August 2015: A coordinated assault against the Byblos hotel in Sévaré lead to a 24-hour-long stand-off in which 13 people were killed, including five UN workers, four soldiers, and four attackers. The group later claimed responsibility for this attack and the bombing on the day before.[23]
  • 20 November 2015: A group of militants took more than 170 people hostages at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, sparking a siege that left 22 people dead, including 2 gunmen. At least 7 others were injured in the attack, with 2 of them being members of the Malian Special Forces.[24]
  • 15 January 2016: A group of militants staged a coordinated assault on two hotels and adjacent businesses in the center of Burkina Faso's capital Ouagadougou, burning vehicles and taking more than 200 hostages. At least 30 people were killed, and 56 others injured in the siege that followed.[25]
  • February 2016: The group released an audio message, in which it admitted it had kidnapped an Australian couple during the Ouagadougou attacks, and that it planned to release one of the captives as it does "not target women in times of war."[26] The wife of the doctor that was kidnapped during the Ouagadougou attacks was subsequently released on February 7.[27]
  • 13 March 2016: Three gunmen assaulted a beach resort in Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast, using assault rifles and hand grenades. At least 21 people were killed in the attack, including all of the attackers, three members of the country's special forces, as well as 15 civilians (including at least 5 Europeans).[28][29][30]
  • 18 January 2017: A suicide bomber drove a vehicle filled with explosives into a military camp near Gao, Mali, killing 77 people and injuring at least 115 others. At the time it was the deadliest terrorist incident in the country's history.

Attacks continued under the successor group Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM).

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Mali: qui sont les nouveaux chefs des katibas jihadistes?". Radio France Internationale. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  2. ↑ "National Counterterrorism Center | FTOs".
  3. ↑ "Mokhtar Belmokhtar now leads 'Al Qaeda in West Africa'". The Long War Journal. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  4. ↑ "Macron says French forces killed Islamic State leader in Sahara". Reuters. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 "Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region". Newsweek. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  6. ↑ "Belmokhtar's militants 'merge' with Mali's Mujao". BBC News. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  7. ↑ "Mali extremists join with al-Qaida-linked North Africa group". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  8. ↑ "Mali: Extremism & Counter-Extremism". Counter Extremist Project. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  9. ↑ AP (3 March 2017). "Three Islamic extremist groups of Mali merge, pledge to al-Qaida". Retrieved 12 April 2017 – via Business Standard.
  10. ↑ "Ayman al-Zawahiri killed: How the world reacted". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  11. 1 2 "Al-Murabitun: North Africa's Jihadists Reach into History in Their Battle against European "Crusaders"". Jamestown Foundation. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  12. ↑ "The List established and maintained by the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with Al-Qaida". United Nations Security Council Committee 1267. UN.org. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  13. ↑ al-Taie, Khalid. "Iraqi government freezes assets of 93 terrorism supporting entities". Diyaruna. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  14. ↑ "KUNA : UAE cabinet endorses new list of terrorist groups - Politics - 15/11/2014". 29 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  15. ↑ "UAE casts global net with anti-Islamist 'terror list'". Gulf Times. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  16. ↑ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations" (PDF). Home Office. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  17. ↑ "Belmokhtar's jihadist group in N.Africa vows allegiance to IS". Yahoo. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  18. ↑ "Confusion surrounds West African jihadists' loyalty to Islamic State". The Long War Journal. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  19. ↑ "Sahara Islamist leader Belmokhtar dismisses Islamic State pledge: report". Yahoo. Reuters. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  20. ↑ "Africa blighted by multiple Jihadist threats". BBC News. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  21. ↑ "Islamic State recognizes oath of allegiance from jihadists in Mali". The Long War Journal. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  22. ↑ "Al Qaeda-linked group claims Mali hotel siege". France 24. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  23. ↑ "Mali hotel attack claimed by fighters linked to Belmokhtar". Yahoo News. 11 August 2015.
  24. ↑ "'No more hostages' as Mali hotel stormed". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  25. ↑ Bluy, Thibault; Searcey, Dionne; Callimachi, Rukmini (15 January 2016). "Gunmen Attack Hotel in Burkina Faso's Capital". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  26. ↑ Merieme Arif (5 February 2016). "Al Qaeda group says it holds two Australians". CNN.
  27. ↑ Faith Karimi (7 February 2016). "Australian woman freed by al Qaeda-linked kidnappers". CNN.
  28. ↑ "Ivory Coast hotel shooting: Gunmen 'kill 15 including four Europeans' in Grand Bassam beach resort". Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  29. ↑ Bavier, Joe (15 March 2016). "Al Qaeda gunmen drank in bar before unleashing Ivory Coast attack". Reuters. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  30. ↑ "Witness Recalls Ivory Coast Attack: 'Shooting, Then Boom, Boom, Boom'". The New York Times. 15 March 2016.
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