Akhand Path (Punjabi: ਅਖੰਡ ਪਾਠ, Punjabi pronunciation: [əkʰəɳɖᵊ paːʈʱ]) The continuous and uninterrupted recitation of Sri Guru Guru Granth Sahib Ji is known as Akhand Path Sahib.[1][2][3][4]

Meaning and process

The continuous nonstop recitation of all the verses in the Guru Granth Sahib from the beginning to the end, in 31 Ragas as specified, in all 1430 pages, lasts more than 48 hours by a team of readers.[1]

Nearby, over a container of water a coconut is kept wrapped in saffron or white cloth. A ghee lamp is also kept burning.[5] This ritual is considered very holy and is said to bring peace and solace to the participants and the passive listeners of the recital. During the reading it is tradition for langar (or communal food) to be available at all times, thus requiring the continual service and dedication of those in whose honour the Akhand Path is being held. By definition, a gurdwara is a space that has been appropriately dedicated to receive and house the Sikh scriptures. Gurdwaras play an important traditional role in Sikh society, as they provide food and rest to all visitors, and thus have ... To commemorate milestone events such as births, deaths, and weddings, Sikh Americans might arrange for ... the “Holy Book [which is] Guru,” a practice known as Akhand Path, which takes approximately two full days and nights in its entirety.[6][7][8][4]

Some Gurdwaras hold a weekly Akhand Path and this gives the congregation (Sadh Sangat) a beautiful opportunity to establish a close relationship with the Guru - the Granth and the communion that provides the chance to carry out volunteer work (Seva) thus obtaining the blessing of the Guru Granth Sahib for the whole of the communion.[8]

It is said that when Guru Gobind Singh had completed the writing of the Guru Granth Sahib, he had five members of the congregation (Sadh Sangat) who chanted the completed Granth to him nonstop, for more than two days and nights. He stood there and listened to the entire Guru Granth Sahib without having any sleep whatsoever. People brought him water for his bath and for his meals where he stood. This was the first Akhand Path. The second Akhand Path was in Nanded after Guru Gobind Singh sent Banda Singh Bahadur to Punjab. The Akhand Pathees (reciters of the Granth) were Bhai Gurbaksh Singh, Baba Deep Singh, Bhai Dharam Singh (of Panj Piaray), Bhai Santokh Singh, and Bhai Hari Singh (who used to write the daily diary of Guru Gobind Singh). Before giving the Guruship to the Guru Granth Sahib (then called the Adi Granth) the Guru held this Akhand Path and then proclaimed the Adi Granth as the perpetual Guru of the Sikhs.[9][10]

Following this example, the Sikhs started the tradition of dedicating Akhand Paths to various activities. Before battles, the Sikhs would listen to an Akhand Path and then prepare for battle.[11] An Akhand Path was arranged before the Sikhs set out to rescue 18,000 indigenous women captured by the Moghuls and had taken them as slaves.

In 1742, when Sikhs were in the jungles of Punjab, one Sikh woman warrior named Bibi Sundari, requested just before she died (due to the wounds inflicted in battle) to have an Akhand Path arranged for her. She lay there next to the Guru Granth Sahib and listened to the full recitation of this Path. After kirtan, Ardas and Hukam, she received the Karah Prashad, uttered "Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji ki Fateh" breathing her last. Thus began the tradition of rendering an Akhand Path within 48 hours.[11]

If the Akhand Path is to be recited in Gurmukhi, then it must be completed within 48 hours, without recitation in 31 Ragas as specified. If it is to be done in English, it will take more than 72 hours to complete.

During an Akhand Path, if a Hukam is taken at the end of a program, the Pathee (person reading the Path) reads the Gurbani that they have arrived at in the regular course of reading. They may slow down and read it clearly. In this case, the first and last two lines are not repeated. When the Pathee reaches the end of the Hukam, they continue in the reading of the Akhand Path.

Akhand Path is supposed to be read loudly, clearly, and correctly.

The reading concludes with a Bhog ceremony.[12]

History

Origin

The practice of Akhand Paths likely began in the late 18th century, a time that is recorded as a turbulent period in Sikh history where it was used as a means of uplifting Sikhs.[13][12] It may have originated from Akali Nihang Sikhs within the Budha Dal division of the Dal Khalsa of the Sikh Confederacy and popularized by the Nirmala and Udasi sects from there.[14] Its popularity increased during the 19th century, when mass-produced printed copies of the Guru Granth Sahib became available to the masses.[13]

Variants

There are several variants of the Akhand Path, such as the Ati Akhand Path, which involves one person continuously reciting the scripture non-stop without breaking for any reason, usually completed in around 27 hours. This variant is rarely performed and requires a reader of high stamina and reading ability.[15][16][12][17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Saint-Georges, Ingrid de; Weber, Jean-Jacques (2013-09-03). Multilingualism and Multimodality: Current Challenges for Educational Studies. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 72. ISBN 978-94-6209-266-2.
  2. ↑ Singh, Harbans (1992). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z. Punjabi University. p. 248. ISBN 978-81-7380-530-1.
  3. ↑ "JSTOR: Search Results". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  4. 1 2 Keene, Michael (1999). New Steps in Religious Education: Teacher's Support. Nelson Thornes. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7487-4022-2.
  5. ↑ "Damdami Taksaal - The official website of the Damdami Taksaal". www.damdamitaksal.com. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  6. ↑ American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia. Christopher R. Fee, Jeffrey B. Webb · 2016 page 445
  7. ↑ "Prayer - Ways of Sikh living - Edexcel - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - Edexcel". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  8. 1 2 Hayes, Jan (2020-07-20). AQA GCSE (9-1) Religious Studies Specification A: Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and the Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Themes. Hodder Education. ISBN 978-1-5104-7949-4.
  9. ↑ Singh, Pashaura (2003-09-26). The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908773-0.
  10. ↑ "AKHAND PAATH History". www.yoga-rahlstedt.de. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  11. 1 2 "What is an Akhand Path?". Sikh Dharma International. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  12. 1 2 3 McLeod, W. H. (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. W. H. McLeod. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6. OCLC 435778610. AKHAND PATH. An "unbroken reading" of the Guru Granth Sahib. This is performed by a relay of readers who, reading in turn without intermission, complete the task in approximately 48 hours. It is held on all occasions of importance to Sikhs such as a marriage, the opening of a new business, or a funeral. Each reader should bathe and wear clean clothes before beginning his turn. Karah prasad should be brought into the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib before beginning an Akhand Path; the six appointed stanzas of Anand Sahib should be read, Ardas should be recited, and a hukam should be taken. The reading concludes with a bhog ceremony. Much the same procedure is followed with a Sadharan Path or a Saptahak Path The practice of holding Akhand Paths appears to have developed during the late 18th or early 19th centuries. A practice rarely undertaken is that of the Ati Akhand Path, which involves only one person. The task, which takes about 27 hours, can be performed only by a person of uncommon stamina and reading skill.
  13. 1 2 Singha, H. S. (1994). Sikhism : a complete introduction, book 7. Satwant Kaur. New Delhi. p. 88. ISBN 81-7010-245-6. OCLC 967096375. The origin of akhand paath is not clear but it may be traced to the eighteenth century AD. In those turbulent times, it must have been a means of uniting and spiritually strengthening scattered and threatened groups of the Sikhs. Its popularity doubtlessly increased with the availability of the printed copies of the Guru Granth Sahib in the nineteenth century AD. Such readings have parallels in the Hindu religious tradition and these may have affected and influenced the Sikh custom.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ↑ Niraṅkārī, Māna Siṅgha (2008). Sikhism, a perspective. Neelam Man Singh Chowdhry. Chandigarh: Unistar Books. pp. 34–45. ISBN 978-81-7142-621-8. OCLC 289070938.
  15. ↑ Bakhshi, Surinder (2008). Sikhs in the diaspora : a modern guide to practice of the Sikh faith : a knowledge compendium for the global age (Special ed.). Birmingham, UK. pp. 127–131. ISBN 9780956072801. OCLC 1311132507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ↑ Niraṅkārī, Māna Siṅgha (2008). Sikhism, a perspective. Neelam Man Singh Chowdhry. Chandigarh: Unistar Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-81-7142-621-8. OCLC 289070938.
  17. ↑ Niraṅkārī, Māna Siṅgha (2008). Sikhism, a perspective. Neelam Man Singh Chowdhry. Chandigarh: Unistar Books. pp. 34–45. ISBN 978-81-7142-621-8. OCLC 289070938.
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