Agaw
አገው
Agaw horsemen from Awi
Regions with significant populations
Horn of Africa
 Ethiopia899,416 (2007)[1]
 Eritrea100,000[2]
Languages
Agaw • Amharic • Tigrinya
Religion
Christianity (Ethiopian Orthodox · Eritrean Orthodox · Catholic), Traditional religions, Judaism, Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups

The Agaw or Agew (Ge'ez: አገው Agäw, modern Agew) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the northern highlands of Ethiopia and neighboring Eritrea.[4] They speak the Agaw languages, also known as the Central Cushitic languages, which belong to the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family,[5] and are therefore closely related to peoples speaking other Cushitic languages.

The Agaw peoples in general were historically noted by travelers and outside observers[6] to have practiced what some described as a “Hebraic religion”, though some practiced Ethiopian Orthodoxy,[7] and many were Beta Israel Jews. Thousands of Agaw Beta Israel converted to Christianity in the 19th and early 20th century (both voluntarily and forcibly),[8] becoming the Falash Mura, though many are now returning to Judaism.

History

15th century icon of Lalibela, the 12th century Zagwe King.

The Agaw are perhaps first mentioned in the third-century Monumentum Adulitanum, an Aksumite inscription recorded by Cosmas Indicopleustes in the sixth century. The inscription refers to a people called "Athagaus" (or Athagaous), perhaps from ʿAd Agaw, meaning "sons of Agaw."[9] The Athagaous first turn up as one of the peoples conquered by the unknown king who inscribed the Monumentum Adulitanum.[10] The Agaw are later mentioned in an inscription of the fourth century emperor Ezana of Axum and the sixth-century emperor Kaleb of Axum.[11] Cosmas Indicopleustes also noted in his Christian Topography that a major gold trade route passed through the region "Agau". The area referred to seems to be an area east of the Tekezé River and just south of the Semien Mountains, perhaps around Lake Tana.[9]

They currently exist in a number of scattered enclaves, which include the Bilen in and around Keren, Eritrea; the Qemant people (including the now-relocated Beta Israel), who live around Gondar in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, west of the Tekezé River and north of Lake Tana; a number of Agaw live south of Lake Tana, around Dangila in the Agew Awi Zone of the Amhara Region; and another group live in and around Soqota in the former province of Wollo, now part of the Amhara Region, along with Lasta, Tembien, and Abergele.

The Cushitic speaking Agaw ruled during the Zagwe dynasty of Ethiopia from about 900 to 1270.

Language

Bet Gabriel-Rufael church in Lalibela, one of several rock-hewn churches built by the medieval Zagwe dynasty

The Agaw speak the Agaw languages also known as the Central Cushitic languages which are a part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family.[12] Many also speak other languages such as Amharic, Tigrinya and/or Tigre.

Subgroups

  • The Northern Agaw are known as Bilen
  • The Western Agaw are known as Qemant
  • The Eastern Agaw are known as Xamir
  • The Southern Agaw are known as Awi

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Census 2007" Archived March 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, first draft, Table 5.
  2. ↑ "Bilen". Joshua Project. Venture Center. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  3. ↑ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
  4. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 9780080877754. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  5. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 9780080877754. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  6. ↑ Gamst, Frederick C. (1969). The Qemant - A Pagan-Hebraic Peasantry of Ethiopia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 29.
  7. ↑ Gamst 1969, p. 30.
  8. ↑ Gamst 1969, p. 119–121.
  9. 1 2 Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia: A-C. p. 142.
  10. ↑ Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: an African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6.
  11. ↑ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-19-821671-8.
  12. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010-04-06. ISBN 9780080877754. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
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