L-29 Delfín
Aero L-29 Delfín
Role Military trainer aircraft
Light attack
Manufacturer Aero Vodochody
Designer Ing. Jan Vlček, Z. Rublič and K. Tomáš[1]
First flight 5 April 1959
Introduction 1961
Status Limited service; popular civilian warbird
Primary users Soviet Air Force (historical)
Czechoslovak Air Force (historical)
Bulgarian Air Force (historical)
Egyptian Air Force (historical)
Produced 1963–1974
Number built 3,665[1]

The Aero L-29 Delfín (English: Dolphin, NATO reporting name: Maya) is a military jet trainer developed and manufactured by Czechoslovakian aviation manufacturer Aero Vodochody. It is the country's first locally designed and constructed jet aircraft, as well as likely being the biggest aircraft industrial programme to take place in any of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) countries except the Soviet Union.[2]

In response to a sizable requirement for a common jet-propelled trainer to be adopted across the diverse nations of the Eastern Bloc, Aero decided to embark upon their own design project with a view to suitably satisfying this demand. On 5 April 1959, an initial prototype, designated as the XL-29, performed its maiden flight. The L-29 was selected to become the standard trainer for the air forces of Warsaw Pact nations, for which it was delivered from the 1960s onwards. During the early 1970s, the type was succeeded in the principal trainer role by another Aero-built aircraft, the L-39 Albatros, heavily contributing to a decline in demand for the earlier L-29 and the end of its production during 1974.[3]

During the course of the programme, in excess of 3,000 L-29 Delfín trainers were produced. Of these, around 2,000 were reported to have been delivered to the Soviet Union, where it was used as the standard trainer for the Soviet Air Force. Of the others, which included both armed and unarmed models, many aircraft were delivered to the various COMECON countries while others were exported to various overseas nations, including Egypt, Syria, Indonesia, Nigeria and Uganda.[2] Reportedly, the L-29 has been used in active combat during several instances, perhaps the most high-profile being the use of Nigerian aircraft during the Nigerian Civil War of the late 1960s and of Egyptian L-29s against Israeli tanks during the brief Yom Kippur War of 1973.

Development

Aero L-29 at Kaunas airport
A private L-29 Delfín at the 2006 Miramar Air Show.

In the late 1950s, the Soviet Air Force commenced a search for a suitable jet-powered replacement for its fleet of piston-engined trainers; over time, this requirement was progressively broadened towards the goal of developing a trainer aircraft that could be adopted and in widespread use throughout the national air forces of the Eastern Bloc countries. Around the same time, the nation of Czechoslovakia had also been independently developing its own requirements for a suitable jet successor to its current propeller-powered trainer aircraft.[1] In response to these demands, Aero decided to develop its own aircraft design; the effort was headed by a pair of aerospace engineers, Z. Rublič and K. Tomáš.[1] Their work was centered upon the desire to produce a single design that would be suitable both performing basic and advanced levels of the training regime, carrying pilots straight through to being prepared to operate frontline combat aircraft.[4]

The basic design concept was to produce a straightforward, easy-to-build and operate aircraft. Accordingly, both simplicity and ruggedness were stressed in the development process, leading to the adoption of manual flight controls, large flaps, and the incorporation of perforated airbrakes positioned on the fuselage sides. Aerodynamically, the L-29 was intentionally designed to possess stable and docile flight characteristics; this decision contributed to an enviable safety record for the type. The sturdy L-29 was able to operate under austere conditions, including performing take-offs from grass, sand or unprepared fields.[4] On 5 April 1959, the prototype XL-29 conducted its maiden flight, powered by a British Bristol Siddeley Viper turbojet engine.[2][4] The second prototype, which flew shortly thereafter, was instead powered by the Czech-designed M701 engine. The M-701 engine was used in all subsequent aircraft.

During 1961, a small pre-production batch of L-29s were evaluated against the Polish PZL TS-11 Iskra and the Russian Yakovlev Yak-30, the main rival submissions for the Warsaw Pact's standardised trainer. Shortly after the completion of the fly-offs, it was announced that the L-29 had been selected as the winner; according to aviation author John C. Fredrikson, this outcome had been highly unexpected and surprising to several observers.[1] Regardless of the result, Poland chose to continue to pursue the development and procurement of the TS-11; however, all of the other Warsaw Pact countries decided to adopt the Delfín under the agreements of COMECON.

During April 1963, full-scale production of the L-29 commenced; 3,600 aircraft were manufactured over a production run of 11 years. During its production life, several derivatives of the L-29 were developed, such as a dedicated, single-seat, aerobatic version, which was designated as the L-29A Akrobat. Another model, an armed reconnaissance version complete with multiple downwards-looking cameras installed in the rear cockpit position, referred to as the L-29R, was also under development; however, during 1965, the L-29R project was terminated.[4] Optional armaments could be installed upon some models, consisting of either a detachable gun pod or a pod containing up to four unguided missiles, which could be set upon hardpoints underneath each wing.

Design

The Aero L-29 Delfín was a jet-powered trainer aircraft, known for its straightforward and simplistic design and construction. In terms of its basic configuration, it used a mid-wing matched with a T-tail arrangement; the wings were unswept and accommodated air intakes for the engines within the wing roots. The undercarriage was reinforced and capable of withstanding considerable stresses. According to Fredriksen, the L-29 was relatively underpowered, yet exhibited several favourable characteristics in its flight performance, such as its ease of handling.[1] The primary flying controls are manually operated; both the flaps and airbrakes were actuated via hydraulic systems.[5]

Production aircraft were powered by the Czech-designed Motorlet M-701 turbojet engine, which was capable of generating up to 1,960lbf of thrust. Between 1961 and 1968, approximately 9,250 engines were completed; according to reports, no fewer than 5,000 of these engines were manufactured in support of the Delfín programme.[2][6] The student pilot and their instructor were placed in a tandem seating layout underneath separate canopies, the instructor being placed in a slightly elevated position to better oversee the student. Both the student and instructor were provisioned with ejection seats; these were intentionally interlinked to fire in a synchronised manner if either seat was deployed as to eliminate any possibility of a mid-air collision between the two ejector seats.[1][4]

During their late life, many L-29s were resold onto private operators and have seen use in the civil sector.[5] It has become common for various modifications to be carried out to convert the type for such use; these changes would commonly include the removal of military-orientated equipment (such as the gun sight), the replacement of the metric altimeters with Western counterparts, the addition of alternative radio systems, and new ejection seats. It was also routine for several subsystems, such as the oxygen system, to be disabled rather than removed.[5]

Operational history

L-29 Delfín ZK-SSU

In excess of 2,000 L-29 Delfins were ultimately supplied to the Soviet Air Force. Like the majority of Soviet-operated aircraft, it acquired its own NATO reporting name, "Maya."[4] In the trainer role, the L-29 enabled air forces to adopt an "all-through" training regime using only jet-powered aircraft, entirely replacing earlier piston-engined types.

The Delfín served in basic, intermediate and weapons training roles. For this latter mission, they were equipped with hardpoints to carry gunpods, bombs or rockets; according to Fredrikson, the L-29 functioned as a relatively good ground-attack aircraft when deployed as such.[1] It saw several uses in this active combat role, such as when a number of Egyptian L-29s were dispatched on attack missions against Israeli ground forces during the Yom Kippur War of 1973. The type was also used in anger during the Nigerian Civil War of the late 1960s.[1] On 16 July 1975, a Czechoslovak Air Force L-29 reportedly shot down a Polish civilian biplane piloted by Dionizy Bielański, who had been attempting to defect to the West.[7]

The L-29 was supplanted in the inventory of many of its operators by the Aero L-39 Albatros.[4] The L-29 which was commonly used alongside the newer L-39 for a time. The type was used extensively to conduct ground attack missions in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War by Azeri forces. At least 14 were shot down by Armenian air-defences, out of the total inventory of 18 L-29s; the Azeri Air Force lost large amounts of its air force due to anti aircraft fire.[8]

On 2 October 2007, an unmodified L-29 was used for the world's first jet flight powered solely by 100 per cent biodiesel fuel. Pilots Carol Sugars and Douglas Rodante flew their Delphin Jet from Stead Airport, Reno, Nevada to Leesburg International Airport, Leesburg, Florida in order to promote environmentally friendly fuels in aviation.[9]

The L-29, much like its L-39 successor, has found use in air racing, some of which have been re-engined with the British Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojet engine.[10][11] From 10 September to 14 September 2008, a pair of L-29s took first and second place at the Reno Air Races. Both L-29s consistently posted laps at or above 500 miles per hour; former Astronaut Curt Brown took first place in "Viper," followed by Red Bull racer Mike Mangold in "Euroburner."[12]

Russia has claimed that it destroyed a pair of Georgian L-29s during the 2008 South Ossetia war.[13] On 18 January 2015, separatist forces in the War in Donbass claimed that they possessed an operational L-29.[14]

Operators

Current military operators

Georgian Air Force Aero L-29
Private Aero L-29C Delfin ES-XLP
Reconnaissance Delfín
Motorlet M701 turbojet engine
 Angola
National Air Force of Angola – 6 L-29s were in service as of 2022.[15]
 Georgia
Army Air Section - 4 L-29s were in service as of 2022.[16]

Former military operators

 Afghanistan
The Afghan Air Force operated as many as 24 from 1978 to as late as 1999.[17]
 Armenia
The Armenian Air Force
 Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force
 Bulgaria
Bulgarian Air Force operated 102 examples, delivered between 1963–1974, retired from service in 2002.
 Czech Republic
Czech Air Force[18]
The Chinese PLAAF L-29.
 People's Republic of China
PLAAF got 4 L-29s in 1968.
 Czechoslovakia
The Czechoslovak Air Force
 East Germany
East German Air Force
 Egypt
Egyptian Air Force[19] – withdrawn
 Ghana
Ghana Air Force[20]
 Guinea
Military of Guinea[21]
 Hungary
Hungarian Air Force[22]
Indonesian Air Force L-29 Delfin at Dirgantara Mandala Museum
 Indonesia
Indonesian Air Force[23]
 Iraq
Iraqi Air Force – Received 78 L-29s between 1968 and 1974. A number were converted to Unmanned aerial vehicles in the 1990s.[24] No longer operated
 Libya
Libyan Arab Republic Air Force 20 L29s recorded lost in 1987 during the final stages of the Chadian–Libyan conflict[25]
 Mali
Air Force of Mali – 6 in service as of December 2012.[26]
 Nigeria
Nigerian Air Force
 Romania
Romanian Air Force[27] – all the L-29s were retired in 2006
 Slovakia
Slovak Air Force – after dissolution of Czechoslovakia, 16 L-29 were given to newly independent Slovak Air Force.[28] They were withdrawn in 2003.
 Syria
Syrian Air Force[29]
 Uganda
Ugandan Air Force[30]
 Ukraine
Ukrainian Air Force[31]
 Vietnam
Vietnam People's Air Force
 United States
United States Navy[32]
 Soviet Union
operated as many as 2,000

Civilian operators

An L-29 owned by the University of Iowa College of Engineering, used for research and testing
 Canada
  • Three private L-29s, operated by International Test Pilots School, Canada as Flight Test Training tools.[33]
  • Two private L-29s, operated by the ACER Cold War Museum. Ex-Bulgarian Air Force.[34]
  • Private L-29, operated by Waterloo Warbirds.[35]
 Czech Republic
  • Private L-29C, OK-ATS, Czech Jet Team Žatec – Macerka.[36] Plane crashed on 10 June 2012 due to pilot negligence, both pilot and passenger died.[37]
  • Private L-29, OK-AJW, Blue Sky Service Brno – Tuřany. [38]
 Denmark
  • One L-29C, OY-LSD owned by Lasse Rungholm, Niels Egelund (until 31.12.2015), Claus Brøgger and Kåre Selvejer.[39]
 New Zealand
 Russia
  • One civilian L-29 and one L-29 Viper operated by Feniks Aeroclub outside Moscow[41]
 Slovakia
  • One private L-29C, OM-JET, owned by Ján Slota[42]
  • One L-29, OM-JLP is owned by Slovtepmont Inc.[43]
  • Cpt. Jozef Vaško and col. Radomil Peca in retirement are owners of one L-29, OM-SLK [44]
 United States
  • Two are operated by the University of Iowa College of Engineering's Operator Performance Laboratory. Used as high dynamics flight research aircraft for development of pilot state characterization[45]
  • One L-29, N29CZ, is operated by World Heritage Air Museum, in Detroit, Michigan.[46]
  • One as an avionics high dynamics flight test aircraft at the Ohio University Avionics Engineering Center [47]

Accidents

  • On 18 August 2000, a privately owned L-29 was destroyed after it impacted with the water during an aerobatic display at the Eastbourne Airbourne Air Show, at Eastbourne, East Sussex, England. The pilot, a former member of the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Red Arrows display team, was killed with no visible signs of attempting to eject from the aircraft.[5]
  • On 18 September 2022, a privately-owned L-29 crashed while taking part in the Reno Air Races in Nevada, killing the pilot.[48]
  • On 12 November 2023, a privately owned L-29 also crashed during aerobatic maneuver at an Air show in Villa Cañas, Argentina, killing both pilot and co-pilot.[49]

Specifications (L-29)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72[50]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 10.81 m (35 ft 6 in)
  • Wingspan: 10.29 m (33 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 3.13 m (10 ft 3 in)
  • Wing area: 19.80 m2 (213.1 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 5.36:1
  • Airfoil: NACA632A217 at root, NACA 642A212 at tip
  • Empty weight: 2,280 kg (5,027 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 3,280 kg (7,231 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 962 L (254 US gal; 212 imp gal), provision for 2× 150 L (40 US gal; 33 imp gal) external tanks
  • Powerplant: 1 × Motorlet M-701c 500 turbojet, 8.7 kN (1,960 lbf) thrust

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 655 km/h (407 mph, 354 kn) at 5,000 m (16,400 ft)
  • Stall speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn) (flaps down)
  • Never exceed speed: 820 km/h (510 mph, 440 kn)
  • Range: 894 km (556 mi, 483 nmi) (with external tanks)
  • Endurance: 2 hr 30 min
  • Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 14.00 m/s (2,755 ft/min)

Armament

  • Guns: 2x 7.62mm machine gun pods on hardpoints
  • Hardpoints: 2
  • Rockets: 8× air-to-ground rockets
  • Bombs: 2× 100 kg (220 lb) bombs

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fredriksen 2001, p. 4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Selling to Eastern Europe." Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 13 June 1974. p. 174.
  3. ↑ "Prowling with Bob Lutz." Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Flying Magazine, October 1996. p. 67.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "L-29 DELFÍN." Archived 2017-10-29 at the Wayback Machine army.cz, Retrieved: 28 October 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "AAIB Bulletin No: 3/2001: Aerovodochody L29 Delfín, G-MAYA." Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Air Accidents Investigation Branch, Retrieved: 28 October 2017.
  6. ↑ "History." Archived 2017-10-29 at the Wayback Machine GE Aviation, Retrieved: 28 October 2017.
  7. ↑ Cameron, Robert. "New facts emerge about 1975 downing of Polish aircraft." Archived 2009-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Czech Radio, 14 April 2009.
  8. ↑ "Air War over Nagorniy-Kharabakh, 1988-1994". Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  9. ↑ Biello, David. "Biodiesel Takes to the Sky." Archived 2011-03-19 at the Wayback Machine Scientific American, 30 November 2007.
  10. ↑ "PRS – What it is like." Archived 2017-10-29 at the Wayback Machine racingjets.com, 22 June 2017.
  11. ↑ "National Championship Air Races 2016 Jet Qualifiers." Archived 2017-10-29 at the Wayback Machine airrace.org, Retrieved: 28 October 2017.
  12. ↑ Gibson, Robert “Hoot”. "2008 Reno Air Races." Archived 2017-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Plane & Pilot, 16 December 2008.
  13. ↑ Pike, John. "Georgia Air Force". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
  14. ↑ "YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
  15. ↑ Hoyle 2022, p. 12
  16. ↑ Hoyle 2022, p. 19
  17. ↑ "World Air Forces Historical Listings: Afghanistan". Worldairforces.com. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  18. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, pp. 53–54.
  19. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 56.
  20. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 59.
  21. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 62.
  22. ↑ "L-29 "DOLPHIN" JET TRAINER AIRCRAFT". reptar.hu. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  23. ↑ "INDONESIA PURCHASES NEW JET TRAINERS FROM CZECHOSLOVAKIA | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
  24. ↑ Vala Aviation News May 2003, pp. 355–357.
  25. ↑ K. Pollack, Arabs at War, Chapter 4.
  26. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 55.
  27. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, pp. 81–82.
  28. ↑ "Slovenské vojenské letectvo v roku 1993 a dnes v číslach a obrazoch. Blog - Jozef Culák (Blog.sme.sk)". Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  29. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 88.
  30. ↑ Rodney Muhumuza (15 July 2007). "Force Commander Tells His Life Under Amin". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  31. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, pp. 91–92.
  32. ↑ "Naval Air: Cruise Missile Pretenders". www.strategypage.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  33. ↑ "Aircraft – ITPS Canada". Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  34. ↑ "Our Aircraft." Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine ACM Warbirds of Canada.
  35. ↑ "Waterloo Warbirds". Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  36. ↑ "Czech Jet Team | Aircrafts [sic] | L-29 | History". Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  37. ↑ Dlouhý, Hynek (2013-05-21). "Delfín spadl loni u Žatce kvůli chybě pilota". Žatecký a lounský denik.cz (in Czech). Žatec. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  38. ↑ "L-29 Delfín (OK-AJW) | Blue Sky Service, s.r.o." www.blueskyservice.cz. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  39. ↑ "Danish register of civil aircrafts [sic] - OY-LSD - Aero L-29 Delfin". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
  40. ↑ "Soviet Star". Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  41. ↑ "Аэроклуб «Феникс»". Archived from the original on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  42. ↑ "Slota už vlastní aj stíhačku? - Pravda.sk". Archived from the original on 2009-05-31. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  43. ↑ "Novinky | Slovenské krídla s.r.o." Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  44. ↑ "Návrat Delfína: Lietadlo, ktoré malo byť dávno na vrakovisku, plní zvláštnu misiu | Život.sk". Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  45. ↑ "Operator Performance Laboratory." Archived 2010-11-13 at the Wayback Machine College of Engineering, University of Iowa. Retrieved: 19 June 2017.
  46. ↑ "Aero Vodochody L29." Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine World Heritage Air Museum. Retrieved: 19 June 2017.
  47. ↑ "Delfin L-29." Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University. Retrieved: 19 June 2017.
  48. ↑ Gaffney, Melissa (2022-09-18). "Pilot killed in single-engine plane crash at Reno Air Races: CEO". ABC News. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  49. ↑ "Fatal accidente aéreo en Villa Cañás: dos muertos al estrellarse un avión que realizaba acrobacias en una exhibición en Santa Fe" [Fatal airplane accident in Villa Cañás: two dead as plane crashed while performing aerobatics at an exhibition in Santa Fe]. Clarín (in Spanish). Santa Fe, Argentina. 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  50. ↑ Taylor 1971, p. 29.

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