Advanced Placement exams
Logo since 2017
AcronymAP
Developer / administratorCollege Board
Year started1952 (1952)
DurationMostly 2–3 hours[1]
Score / grade range1–5 (details)
Score / grade validityScores archived after 4 years, but remain valid[2]
OfferedYearly
Fee2024 exams (USD):[3]
  • $98 (US, Canada, DoDEA schools)
  • $128 (elsewhere)
  • $146 (AP Capstone)
Websiteap.collegeboard.org

Advanced Placement (AP)[4] is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board. AP offers undergraduate university-level curricula and examinations to high school students. Colleges and universities in the US and elsewhere may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain qualifying scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that academic discipline. For a high school course to have the designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum as specified in the Board's Course and Examination Description (CED). If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger.[5]

History

After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education.[6] The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan",[7] was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by four prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, and St. Paul's School —and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college-level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work.[8] The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955–56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin.

The College Board, a non-profit organization[9] based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955.[10] From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program.[11] It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher-level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities.[12] These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams.

In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.[13] Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses,[14] though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course.[15] Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.

As of the 2024 testing season, exams cost $98 each,[3] though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $36 per exam from College Board plus an additional $9 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state.

On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding.[16][17] However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011.

Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online.[18]

The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2022, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 520,771 students and the least taken AP exam was Italian Language and Culture with 2,194 students.[19]

In the 2022-2023 school year, College Board launched a pilot AP African-American Studies course. The course is currently acknowledged credit at about 75 colleges and universities, from Virginia Tech to Tuskegee University.[20]

AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days (two weeks).

Scoring

AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:[21]

  • 5 – Extremely well qualified
  • 4 – Well qualified
  • 3 – Qualified
  • 2 – Possibly qualified
  • 1 – No recommendation

The multiple-choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free-response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process, a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year.[22]

Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit.[23] Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score.[24] Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.

In addition, completing AP courses helps students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.[25]

Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams.[26][27] Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased.

Score reporting

Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service.[28] Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account[29] to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code[30] is assigned.

Exam subsidies

Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized the cost. The state of Florida reimburses school districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses.[31] The Los Angeles Unified School District, the Montebello Unified School District, the Hawaii Department of Education, New York City Department of Education, and the state of Indiana subsidize Examination fees in subjects of math, science, and English,[32] and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. Some school districts, such as Fairfax County Public Schools, will fully cover the cost of a limited number of exams, after which point the student must pay. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class.

Courses

There are currently 37 courses and exams available through the AP Program.[33]

Arts

English

History and Social Sciences

Math and Computer Science

Sciences

World Languages and Cultures

Recent and upcoming exam changes

2016–2017

  • AP World History
    • This exam will also undergo the same basic changes to the 2014-2015 United States History and 2015-2016 European History exams.[34]
      • Shortened multiple-choice section with 55 questions, accounting for 40% of the total exam score. These are reduced from 70 questions and 50% in previous years, respectively.
      • Four short-answer questions, however students are only required to answer one of the final two short-answer questions, in place of one of the long essays, accounting for 20% of the total exam score. These questions are given a 40-minute writing period.
      • Document-based question (DBQ) and the remaining long essay now account for 25% and 15% of the exam score respectively. New writing periods of 60 minutes and 40 minutes respectively are given instead of the combined 120-minute writing period for all three essays in previous exams.
  • AP Calculus AB
  • AP Calculus BC
    • Addition of limit comparison tests, absolute and conditional convergence, and the alternating series.

2018–2019

  • AP United States Government and Politics[35]
    • Section I (MCQ) will be extended from 60 questions in 45 minutes to 55 questions in 80 minutes. It will still count towards 50% of the total exam score.
      • The questions will feature greater use of scenarios and stimulus material.
      • The number of answer choices for each question will be reduced from five to four.
    • Section II (FRQ) will include four questions in 100 minutes (the same amount of questions and time as the previous exams). The section as a whole will be worth 50% of the total exam score. All four questions are weighted equally (each is worth 12.5% of the total exam score).
      • One will be a concept application question involving a political scenario.
      • One will be a quantitative analysis and interpretation question with a visual stimulus.
      • One will be a SCOTUS Comparison, a comparison between one case that is required knowledge outlined in the course and exam description, and the other not being of prior knowledge to the students.
      • One will be an argumentation essay requiring supporting evidence and reasoning.

2019–2020

  • As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the College Board announced that AP exams may be taken from home. The exams are modified to only cover approximately the first 75% of the course. For most exams, the exam is 45 minutes long and consists of one or two free-response questions that can be submitted typed or handwritten. The exams are open note, open book, and open Internet.[36]
  • AP Computer Science A[37]
    • Topics such as abstract classes and interfaces have been removed.
  • AP World History[38]
    • The course will now be split up into two different exams:
      • AP World History: Modern - It will cover world history from the year 1200 CE to the present.
      • AP World History: Ancient - This course will be released at a later, unspecified date.
    • The Exam format will remain the same.

2020–2021

  • AP Comparative Government and Politics[39]
    • Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will remain the same at 55 questions, but time for the section will increase from 45 minutes to 60 minutes. It will continue to be worth 50% of the total exam score.
      • Each question will now have 4 possible options instead of 5.
      • There will be 2 text-based sources followed by a few questions.
      • There will be 3 quantitative sources followed by a few questions.
    • Section II (Free Response): The number of questions will decrease from 8 questions to 4 questions. The time will also decrease from 100 minutes to 90 minutes. It will continue to be worth 50% of the total exam score.
      • Question 1: Conceptual Analysis
      • Question 2: Quantitative Analysis
      • Question 3: Comparative Analysis
      • Question 4: Argument Essay
  • AP Biology[40]
    • Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will be reduced from 69 to 60 questions. Grid-in questions will no longer be on the exam.
    • Section II (Free Response): The number of questions will be reduced from 8 to 6, but the time allocation for the section stays the same.
      • The two long questions will both focus on "interpreting and evaluating experimental results".
      • The section will have four short-answer questions.
  • AP English Language and Composition[41]
    • Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will be reduced from 52–55 to 45.
    • Section II (Free Response): The questions will now be scored with analytic rubrics.
  • AP Human Geography[42]
    • Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will be reduced from 75 to 60, with increased emphasis on analyzing quantitative and qualitative sources. The time allocation for the section remains the same.
    • Section II (Free Response): Each question will now be worth 7 points.
  • AP Computer Science Principles[43]
    • The Explore Performance Task will be replaced with some multiple-choice questions, and the College Board will be releasing a new Create Task.
  • AP Italian Language and Culture[44]
    • Section I (Multiple Choice): The 65 questions will now be split into two parts with nine sets total:
      • Part A will have 30 questions and be 40 minutes long.
      • Part B will have 35 questions and be 55 minutes long.

2021–2022

  • AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based
    • Units 8-10 have been removed from the AP Physics 1 curriculum as they are covered in AP Physics 2. [45]
      • Kinematics, dynamics, circular motion and gravitation, energy, momentum, simple harmonic motion, and torque and rotational motion are still covered. However: electric charge and electric force, DC circuits, and mechanical waves and sound have been removed.

2022–2023

  • AP Chemistry
    • Section I (Multiple Choice): Questions will now permit the use of a calculator. The number and type of questions, as well as the section's time allocation remains the same.

2023–2024

  • AP Precalculus
    • New course added with first testing term being May 2024. The exam has two sections: 40 multiple-choice questions on the first and four free-response questions on the second.[46]
  • AP World History: Modern
    • Scoring criteria for the DBQ and LEQ have changed.[47]

Recent exam information

AP Exam Taken by Subject 2019

Below are statistics from the 2022 exam cycle showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of 3 or higher, and the mean score. Students generally need a score of 3 or higher to receive credit or benefit.

2022 scoring results
Exam name Number of students Scored ≥3 (%) Mean score
2-D Art and Design 37,045 86.6 3.43
3-D Art and Design 5,377 73.6 3.12
Art History 20,970 61.5 2.99
Biology 237,338 67.9 3.11
Calculus AB 268,352 55.7 2.91
Calculus BC 120,238 76.9 3.68
Chemistry 124,780 54.0 2.73
Chinese Language and Culture 15,277 86.9 3.97
Comparative Government and Politics 20,949 70.5 3.14
Computer Science A 77,753 67.5 3.20
Computer Science Principles 134,651 63.5 2.91
Drawing 19,210 88.3 3.54
English Language and Composition 520,771 55.7 2.83
English Literature and Composition 339,401 77.9 3.31
Environmental Science 179,957 53.8 2.79
European History 80,152 58.9 2.95
French Language and Culture 19,554 71.6 3.16
German Language and Culture 4,450 65.5 3.13
Human Geography 221,815 53.2 2.70
Italian Language and Culture 2,194 70.5 3.26
Japanese Language and Culture 2,765 75.5 3.65
Latin 4,832 57.0 2.77
Macroeconomics 134,413 51.8 2.71
Microeconomics 84,386 59.0 2.93
Music Theory 15,594 61.9 3.03
Physics 1: Algebra-Based 144,526 43.3 2.47
Physics 2: Algebra-Based 17,842 69.7 3.14
Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 19,978 69.4 3.44
Physics C: Mechanics 46,301 73.4 3.41
Psychology 292,501 58.3 2.86
Research 26,947 82.7 3.30
Seminar 56,766 82.6 3.19
Spanish Language and Culture 155,931 81.7 3.54
Spanish Literature and Culture 23,009 64.2 2.91
Statistics 216,968 60.5 2.89
United States History 456,520 53.7 2.71
United States Government and Politics 298,118 48.2 2.57
World History 314,716 62.1 2.96
Total 4,762,347 * *

The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test.[48] On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam.[49]

One 2014 study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus.[50] A 2017 study found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams were found to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%.[51]

In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.

Criticism

Decreasing quality

Researchers have begun to question whether AP can maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth.[52] Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes.[53] Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.[52][54]

Passing scores and university credit

University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score.[55] Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities. Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.[56]

Website performance

Several users and developers have criticized the poor performance of AP classroom's website for being unresponsive and slow.[57]

Academic achievement

Researchers have since 2010 studied the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them."[58]

Two other studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement.[59] The largest study of this sort, with a sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables.[60] This led the authors to state that AP participation "is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses..."[60]: 414 

Some researchers have questioned the validity of Advanced Placement scores or Advanced Placement as an effective form of positive reinforcement. It is argued that the pursuit of extrinsic reward is not an accurate reflection of intrinsic interest in course material. Many other criteria should also be employed to judge a student including standardized test scores, research experience, breadth and the level of courses taken, and academic-related extracurriculars performance. Writing honors thesis or semi-independent research in a subject may be more signal of interest or academic potential than achieving the label of "Advance Placement" student. There are also questions on the effectiveness of separating high-achieving students from their peers, in the form of Advanced Placement courses.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Exam Timing and Structure". AP Students. College Board. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  2. ↑ "I took AP Exams over four years ago. How do I send my old scores?". AP Students. College Board. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  3. 1 2 "AP Exam Fees – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  4. ↑ "AP Central". Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  5. ↑ "AP Course Ledger". AP Course Audit. University of Oregon. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  6. ↑ "A Brief History of the Advanced Placement Program" (PDF). College Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Historical Markers: Kenyon College". Kenyon College. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  8. ↑ Stanley N. Katz (March 10, 2006). "The Liberal Arts in School and College". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  9. ↑ About the College Board Archived December 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  10. ↑ The History of the AP Program Archived May 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  11. ↑ DiYanni, Robert (2008). "The History of AP Program". CollegeBoard.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  12. ↑ The Advanced Placement Program Archived May 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  13. ↑ Program Summary Report 2006 Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  14. ↑ AP Fact Sheet Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  15. ↑ AP: Frequently Asked Questions Archived June 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  16. ↑ de Vise, Daniel (April 4, 2008). "AP Language, Computer Courses Cut". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  17. ↑ Important Announcement about AP Italian Language and Culture Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  18. ↑ "AP Online Scores". Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ "African-American History Finally Gets Its Own AP Class". Time. August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  21. ↑ "About AP Scores – The College Board". apscore.collegeboard.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  22. ↑ "AP Central – Exam Scoring". College Board. March 14, 2017. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008.
  23. ↑ Understanding AP Exams Archived September 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from PathAspire.com
  24. ↑ Multiple-Choice Scores Archived September 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine from collegeboard.com
  25. ↑ "AP Program". College Board. September 7, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012., citing "Unpublished institutional research, Crux Research, Inc. March 2007."
  26. ↑ "Guess What? Taking AP Exams Just Got Easier". ParentDish. 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  27. ↑ Finnegan, Leah (August 11, 2010). "AP Eliminates Guessing Penalty On Tests". HuffPost. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  28. ↑ "Score Reporting Services". College Board. 2013. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Create a CollegeBoard Account". College Board. 2013. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  30. ↑ "List of 4-digit Institutional Codes, PDF" (PDF). Educational Testing Service. 2013. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Florida Early Learning-20 Education Code". Section 1011.62(1)(n), Title No. XLVIII of 2022. The Florida Senate.
  32. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ↑ "AP Central - Course Home Pages". apcentral.collegeboard.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  34. ↑ "AP World History Revisions - Advances in AP - The College Board | Advances in AP". advancesinap.collegeboard.org. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  35. ↑ "AP U.S. Government and Politics - Advances in AP - The College Board". advancesinap.collegeboard.org. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  36. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (March 18, 2020). "How will students take AP tests with schools closed? At home, College Board proposes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  37. ↑ "AP Computer Science A: Updates for 2019-20" (PDF). AP Central. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  38. ↑ "AP World History: Updates for 2019-20 | AP Central — The College Board". AP Central. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  39. ↑ "AP Comparative Government and Politics: Updates for 2019-20 | AP Central — The College Board". AP Central. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  40. ↑ "AP Biology Exam". AP Central. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  41. ↑ "AP English Language". AP Central. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  42. ↑ "AP Human Geography Exam". AP Central. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  43. ↑ "AP Computer Science Principles Curriculum Framework 2020-2021" (PDF). AP Central. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  44. ↑ "AP Italian Language and Culture Exam". AP Central. July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  45. ↑ "AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based – AP Students | College Board".
  46. ↑ "AP Precalculus Exam – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  47. ↑ "AP World History: Modern Exam – AP Central | College Board". apcentral.collegeboard.org. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  48. ↑ College Board (November 30, 2000). Access to excellence: A report of the commission on the future of the Advanced Placement Program (PDF). Author. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  49. ↑ Geiser, Saul; Santelices, Veronica. "The role of Advanced Placement and honors courses in college admissions". Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  50. ↑ Sadler, P. M.; Sonnert, G.; Hazari, Z.; Tai, R. (2014). "The role of advanced high school coursework in increasing STEM career interest". Science Educator. 23: 6.
  51. ↑ Warne, R. T. (2017). "Research on the academic benefits of the Advanced Placement Program: Taking stock and looking forward". SAGE Open. 7 (1): 9. doi:10.1177/2158244016682996.
  52. 1 2 Lichten, William (2000). "Whither Advanced Placement". Education Policy Analysis Archives. 8 (29): 29. doi:10.14507/epaa.v8n29.2000. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  53. ↑ Warne, R. T. (2017). "Research on the academic benefits of the Advanced Placement program: Taking stock and looking forward". SAGE Open. 7 (1): 215824401668299. doi:10.1177/2158244016682996.
  54. ↑ Lichten, William (2010). "Whither Advanced Placement--now?". In Sadler, P. M.; Sonnert, G.; Tai, R. H.; Klopfenstein, K. (eds.). AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press. pp. 233–243.
  55. ↑ Tireny, John (October 13, 2012). "AP Classes Are a Scam". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  56. ↑ Zimar, Heather (2005). "Universities Raise Standards for Earning Advanced Placement Credit". SEM Source: An Update on State of the Art Student Services (January 2005). Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  57. ↑ marcreif (June 22, 2022). "Pros and Cons of AP Classroom". fysicsfool. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  58. ↑ Hood, Lucy; Sadler, Philip M. (2010). "Putting AP to the Test: New research assesses the Advanced Placement program". Harvard Education Letter. 26 (May/June 2010). Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  59. ↑ Ackerman, Phillip; Kanfer, Ruth; Calderwood, Charles (2013). "High school Advanced Placement and student performance in college: STEM majors, non-STEM majors, and gender differences". Teachers College Record. 115 (10): 1–43. doi:10.1177/016146811311501003. S2CID 141871464.
  60. 1 2 Warne, Russell T.; Larsen, Ross; Anderson, Braydon; Odasso, Alyce J. (2015). "The impact of participation in the Advanced Placement program on students' college admissions test scores". The Journal of Educational Research. 108 (5): 400–416. doi:10.1080/00220671.2014.917253. hdl:10.1080/00220671.2014.917253. S2CID 146577291.

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