Abe
安倍
Home provinceIga
Mutsu
Dewa
TitlesVarious
FounderPrince Ōhiko
Cadet branchesTsuchimikado family

The Abe clan (安倍氏, Abe-shi) was one of the oldest of the major Japanese clans (uji); and the clan retained its prominence during the Sengoku period and the Edo period.[1] The clan's origin is said to be one of the original clans of the Yamato people; they truly gained prominence during the Heian period (794-1185), and experienced a resurgence in the 18th century. Although Abe is also a very common Japanese surname in modern times, not everyone with this name is descended from this clan.

Origins and history

According to the Nihon Shoki, the Abe were descended from Prince Ōhiko, son of Emperor Kōgen.[2] They originated in Iga province (today Mie prefecture); Though the clan name was originally written as 阿倍, it changed to 安倍 around the 8th century. Though this origin is not positive, it is likely.

The northern region which would come to be known as the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa, was conquered by the Japanese sometime in the 9th century, and the native Emishi people there subjugated or displaced. While many provinces at this time were overseen primarily by a governor, Mutsu saw to the rise of independent families called gōzoku which administered local affairs. The Abe were appointed as "Superintendent of the Aborigines" ostensibly to control the local people who by now were a mix of Japanese immigrants and former Emishi tribesmen on behalf of the central government, but in reality the government in Kyōto simply did not have control over the region, and was recognizing this fact by appointing the Abe. The Abe for their part used their position to take control over the so-called six districts roku-oku-gun located in what is now central Iwate prefecture surrounding the Kitakami river. In time, they began to have disputes with the governor of Mutsu, an office held by a branch of the Fujiwara family, which erupted into violence in 1051.

The main reason given for the attack on the Abe was that they stopped paying taxes to Kyoto, and stopped contributing to the local government. The governors of Mutsu and the commander of Dewa fort combined their forces to attack the Abe, but were defeated. Desperate to quell this affront to their authority Kyōto appointed Minamoto Yoriyoshi as Chinjufu-shōgun. The position known as Chinjufu-shōgun, or "Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North", was traditionally given by the court as a temporary appointment to a courtier (typically of high rank) who was appointed as a national general to quell uprisings among the Emishi or Ebisu barbarians of northern Honshū. Increasingly, as military power became privatized, this position was rotated among a few clans.

In what has come to be termed the "Earlier Nine Years' War" (前九年合戦, Zenkunen kassen), Abe Yoritoki was killed, and his son Abe no Sadato defeated, by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi and his son, Minamoto no Yoshiie. This war broke the power of the Abe family, but in the prolonged fighting that took place the Minamoto would not have prevailed had it not been for the aid of another powerful family, the Kiyowara. The Kiyowara clan of nearby Dewa province, aided the Minamoto in defeating the Abe.[3][4]

Other Abe families

Though many other major figures throughout history have been called Abe, it is difficult to know which were related to the Abe clan of Iga and Mutsu. Abe no Nakamaro, a major court noble of the 8th century, for example, was from the town of Abe, near Nara, and derived his family name thus.

A family by the name of Abe also proved significant during the Edo period, serving successively in the post of Rōjū, or Elders, who advised the Tokugawa shōgun. Again, it is difficult to determine whether or not this line was directly related to the much earlier Abe clan, but it is of an importance itself nevertheless. Abe Tadaaki was the first to serve as Rōjū, holding the post from 1633-71. He was very likely a son or other direct relation to Abe Masatsugu (1569–1647) who served Tokugawa Ieyasu and fought under him at the decisive battle of Sekigahara. Other members of the Abe family would succeed Tadaaki to the post for much of the Edo period (1603–1867), ending with Abe Masahiro, who was chief of the Council of Rōjū at the time of the arrival of Commodore Perry.

Clan members of note

Genealogy

Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[5] Ōkuninushi[6][7]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[8]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[9]
Kotoshironushi[10][11] Tamakushi-hime[9] Takeminakata[12][13] Susa Clan[14]
1 Jimmu[15]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[15]Kamo no Okimi[10][16]Mirahime
2 Suizei[17][18][19][20][21][22] 2Isuzuyori-hime[20][21][22][16][23]Kamuyaimimi[17][18][19]
3 Annei[24][10][20][21][22]〔Ō clan[25][26]〕〔Aso clan[27]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[28][10]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[24][10]Ikisomimi no mikoto[24]Ame no Murakumo
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto[24]Amaoshio no mikoto
5 Emperor Kōshō[24][10][29]5Yosotarashi-hime[10]Okitsu Yoso
6 Emperor Kōan[10]Prince Ameoshitarashi[29]Owari clan
6Oshihime[10][29]〔Wani clan〕[30]
7 Emperor Kōrei[31][10][29][32] 7Kuwashi-hime[32]
8 Emperor Kōgen[33][32]8Utsushikome[33]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[31]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[34]Wakatakehiko
9Ikagashikome[lower-alpha 1] [36][37]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto[37]9 Emperor Kaika[33]Prince Ohiko[38]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto[37]10 Emperor Sujin[39][40]10Mimaki-hime[41]〔Abe clan〕[38]
Takenouchi no Sukune[37]11 Emperor Suinin[42][43]11Saho-hime[44]12Hibasu-hime[45]Yasaka Iribiko[46][47][48]Toyosukiiri-hime[49]Nunaki-iri-hime[31]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[50]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12 Emperor Keiko[43][45]14Yasakairi-hime[46][47][48]
Otoyo no mikoto
Futaji Irihime[51]Yamato Takeru[52][53]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[52][53]
14Emperor Chūai[52][53] [54]15Empress Jingū[55] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[55]16Nakatsuhime[56][57][58]
16Emperor Nintoku[59]

Notes

  1. ↑ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[35]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Meyer, Eva-Maria. "Gouverneure von Kyôto in der Edo-Zeit." Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine Universität Tübingen (in German).
  2. ↑ Asakawa, Kan'ichi. (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan, p.140.
  3. ↑ Sato, Hiroaki (1995). Legends of the Samurai. Overlook Duckworth. pp. 95–109. ISBN 9781590207307.
  4. ↑ Sansom, George (1958). A history of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. pp. 249–251. ISBN 0804705232.
  5. ↑ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  6. ↑ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  7. ↑ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  8. ↑ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  9. 1 2 The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  11. ↑ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  12. ↑ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  13. ↑ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  14. ↑ Tanigawa Ken'ichi 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  15. 1 2 Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  16. 1 2 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  17. 1 2 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  18. 1 2 ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  19. 1 2 "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  20. 1 2 3 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  21. 1 2 3 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  22. 1 2 3 Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  23. ↑ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  25. ↑ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  26. ↑ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  27. ↑ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  28. ↑ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  29. 1 2 3 4 Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  30. ↑ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  31. 1 2 3 Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  32. 1 2 3 "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  33. 1 2 3 Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  34. ↑ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  35. ↑ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  36. ↑ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  38. 1 2 Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  39. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
  40. ↑ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  41. ↑ "Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  42. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
  43. 1 2 Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  44. ↑ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  45. 1 2 Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  46. 1 2 "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  47. 1 2 Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  48. 1 2 Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  49. ↑ "Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  50. ↑ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  51. ↑ Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
  52. 1 2 3 Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 9781930782013.
  53. 1 2 3 Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
  54. ↑ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  55. 1 2 Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  56. ↑ 文也 (2019-05-26). "仲姫命とはどんな人？". 歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  57. ↑ 日本人名大辞典+Plus, 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版. "仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ↑ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  59. ↑ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

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