Abd al-Qadir Maraghi
عبدالقادر مراغه‌ای
Background information
Birth nameعبدالقادر غیبی مراغی
Bornmiddle of 14th
Died1435 AD
Instrument(s)Oud, Tar, Harp

Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi b. Ghaybi (Persian: عبدالقادر مراغی; middle of 14th – 1435 AD), was a musician and artist. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, he "was the greatest of the Persian writers on music".[1] According to Kubilay Kolukırık, Al-Maraghi is regarded as a "very important musician whose name is frequently mentioned in the development process of Turkic music history".[2] His works seem to have also played an important role in most related music of the Middle East.[3]

Life

Abd al-Qadir b. GHaybi al-Hafiz al-Maraghi was born in Maragheh, to a Persian family,[4][1][5][3] in the middle of the 14th century.[6] He had become one of the court minstrels of the Jalayirid Sultan al-Husayn around 1379. Under Sultan Ahmad Jalayirid, he was appointed the chief court minstrel. When Timur captured Baghdad in 1393, he was transported to Samarqand, which was the capital of the Timurid dynasty. In 1399, he was in Tabriz at the service of Timur's wayward son Miranshah. Abdl al-Qadir was blamed for the erratic conduct of Miranshah, and Timur acted swiftly in order to capture him. But Abd al-Qadir was forewarned and escaped to the Jalayrid court of Sultan Ahmad in Baghdad. Timur again recaptured Baghdad in 1401 and took Abd al-Qadir back to Samarqand. Abd al-Qadir became one of the brilliant men at the court of Timur's son, Shahrukh. In 1421, he also wrote a musical treatise (see below) for the Ottoman Sultan Murad II. He died in Samarqand in 1435.[7]

Works on music theory

Abd al-Qadir was proficient in music, poetry, and painting. This made him be a highly desired artisan amongst the courts of different dynasties. It was due to his musical talent that he was named by his contemporaries as the Glory of the past age.[1]

Abd al-Qadir is known for his four works on music theory. All three surviving works were written in Persian. His most important treatise on music is the Jami al-Alhan (جامع الالحان) (Arabic for Encyclopedia of Music), autographs of which are preserved at the Bodleian Library and the Nuruosmaniye Mosque Library in Istanbul. The first manuscript of this work was written in 1405 for his Nur al-din Abd al-Rahman and was revised by the author in 1413. The second manuscript was written in 1415, and carries a dedication to Sultan Sharukh of the Timurid dynasty.

The second major work of Abd al-Qadir is the Persian book Maqasid al-Alhan (Arabic for Purports of Music)(مقاصد الالحان). It was dedicated to the Ottoman Sultan Murad II.

A third treatise on music, the Kanz al-Tu.af (Treasury of Music) which contained the author's notated compositions, has not survived.

His last work, the Sharh al-Adwar (Commentary on the [Kitab al-Adwar] of Safi al-Din al-Urmawi) (شرح الادوار), is to be found in the Nuruosmaniye Mosque Library in Istanbul.

Linguistic significance

Abd al-Qadir Maraghi not only recorded songs in Persian Language, but also in Arabic, Mongolian, Turkish (Khatai, Chagatay) as well as various regional Iranian dialects (Fahlaviyyat) of Hamadan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Tabriz, and Rayy.[8] Thus his work gives us a better view of the regional dialects of Iran.

Four quatrains titled fahlaviyyat from Khwaja Muhammad Kojjani (d. 677/1278-79); born in Kojjan or Korjan, a village near Tabriz, recorded by Abd-al-Qader Maraghi.[8][9] A sample of one of the four quatrains from Khwaja Muhammad Kojjani

همه کیژی نَهَند خُشتی بَخُشتی

بَنا اج چو کَه دستِ گیژی وَنیژه

همه پیغمبران خُو بی و چو کِی

محمدمصطفی کیژی وَنیژه

.

Two qet'as (poems) quoted by Abd-al-Qader Maraghi in the dialect of Tabriz (d. 838/1434-35; II, p. 142).[8][9] A sample of one of these poems

رُورُم پَری بجولان

نو کُو بَمَن وُرارده

وی خَد شدیم بدامش

هیزا اَوُو وُرارده

Six Centuries, Six Years is a film made by a prominent filmmaker, Mojtaba Mirtahmasb which depicts a group of Iranian master musicians' efforts to identify, preserve, and record a collection of compositions by Abd al-Qadir Maraghi.[10] The film won several awards including the Best Documentary Film from 12th Action On Film (AOF) International Film Festival, L.A., USA, in 2016 and Best Documentary Film from 6th London Iranian Film Festival, UK, in 2015.[11]

Current Performances

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Farmer, H.G. "Abd al- Qadir b. GHaybi al-Hafiz al-Maraghi." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. <http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-0091%5B%5D>. quote:", the greatest of the Persian writers on music. Born at Marāg̲h̲a, about the middle of the 8th/14th century, he had become one of the minstrels of al-Ḥusayn, the Ḏj̲alāʾirid Sultan of ʿIrāḳ, about 781/1379."
  2. ↑ Kolukırık, Kubilay (2010). "ABDÜLKADiR MERAGi'NiN HAYATI, KİŞİLİĞİ VE MUSİKİ YÖNÜ". Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). Fırat University. 15: 227.
  3. 1 2 Donzel, E. J. van (1 January 1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4. Abd al-Qadir b. Ghaybi: the greatest of the Persian writers on music, whose works are of great importance in the history of Persian, Arabian, and Turkish music; d. 1435.
  4. ↑ Biran 2016, p. 146 note (52).
  5. ↑ Heinrich von Diez and his Eponymous Albums, David J. Roxburgh, Muqarnas, Vol.12, 1995, 127; "Ghaybi al-Hafiz al-Maraghi, the Persian musician and musical theorist who attended the court of Shahrukh after 1405..".
  6. ↑ "Abd al-Qadir Maraghi - عبدالقادر مراغه‌ایs". Iranian Film Festival. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  7. ↑ "Grandmaster of Turkish classical music Abd al-Qadir Maraghi". DAILY SABAH. 25 March 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 Dr. A. A. Sadeqi, "Ash'ar-e mahalli-e Jame' al-alHaann," Majalla-ye zaban-shenasi 9, 1371./1992, pp. 54-64/
  9. 1 2 Fahlaviyat in Encyclopedia Iranica by Dr. Ahmad Taffazoli Archived 2008-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Six Centuries, Six Years". Stanford Humanities Center. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  11. ↑ "Six Centuries, Six Years". Kara Film Studio. Retrieved 7 June 2023.

External References

Further reading

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