Electronic Arts (left) and Ubisoft (Ubisoft Montreal studio shown; right) are examples of AAA companies in the video game industry.

In the video game industry, AAA (Triple-A) is an informal classification used to classify video games produced and distributed by a mid-sized or major publisher, which typically have higher development and marketing budgets than other tiers of games.[1] In the mid-2010s, the term "AAA+" was used to describe AAA type games that generated additional revenue over time, in a similar fashion to massively multiplayer online games, by using games-as-a-service methods such as season passes and expansion packs. The similar construction "III" (Triple-I) has also been used to describe high-production-value games in the indie game industry.

History

The term "AAA" began to be used in the late 1990s, when a few development companies started using the expression at gaming conventions in the US.[2] The term was borrowed from the credit industry's bond ratings, where "AAA" bonds represented the safest opportunity most likely to meet their financial goals.[3]

One of the first video games to be produced at a blockbuster or AAA scale was Squaresoft's Final Fantasy VII (1997),[4] which cost an estimated $40–45 million (inflation adjusted $73–82 million) to develop,[5][6] making it the most expensive video game ever produced up until then, with its unprecedented cinematic CGI production values, movie-like presentation, orchestral music, and innovative blend of gameplay with dynamic cinematic camerawork.[7] Its expensive advertisement campaign was also unprecedented for a video game,[8] with a combined production and marketing budget estimated to be $80–145 million (inflation adjusted $129–234 million as of 2020).[9][6] Its production budget record was later surpassed by Sega AM2's Shenmue (1999), estimated to have cost $47–70 million (inflation adjusted $73–109 million as of 2020).[10]

By the seventh generation of video game consoles (late 2000s), AAA game development on the Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 game consoles typically cost in the low tens of millions of dollars ($15m to $20m) for a new game, with some sequels having even higher total budgets – for example Halo 3 is estimated to have had a development cost of $30m, and a marketing budget of $40m.[11] According to a whitepaper published for EA games (Dice Europe), the seventh generation saw a contraction in the number of video game developing houses creating AAA level titles, reducing from an estimated 125 to around 25, but with a roughly corresponding fourfold increase in staffing required for game development.[12]

Triple-A titles produced during the late 1990s and early 2000s brought a shift towards more narrative-driven games that mixed storytelling elements with gameplay. The earlier widespread adoption of optical media from early-1990s had brought elements like cutscenes, and the advances in real-time 3D graphics in the mid-1990s further drove new ways to present stories; both elements were incorporated into Final Fantasy VII. With larger budgets, developers were able to find new innovative ways to present narrative as a direct part of gameplay rather than interspersed into pre-rendered cutscenes, with Half-Life one of the first of these new narrative games to nearly eliminate cutscenes in favor of interactive storytelling mechanisms.[13][14]

During the seventh generation, AAA (or "blockbuster") games had marketing at a similar level to high-profile films, with television, billboard and newspaper advertising; a corresponding increasing reliance on sequels, reboots, and similarly franchised IP was also seen, in order to minimize risk. Costs at the end of the generation had risen as high as the hundreds of millions of dollars – the estimated cost of Grand Theft Auto V was approximately $265m. The same conditions also drove the growth of the indie game scene at the other end of the development spectrum, where lower costs enabled innovation and risk-taking.[15]

At around the period of transition from seventh to eighth generation of consoles, the cost of AAA development was considered by some to be a threat to the stability of the industry.[16] Staffing and costs for eighth generation games increased; at Ubisoft, AAA game development involved 400 to 600 persons for open world games, split across multiple locations and countries.[17] The failure of a single game to meet production costs could lead to the failure of a studio – Radical Entertainment was closed by parent Activision despite selling an estimated one million units on console in a short period after release.[18][19] Triple-A games also began to lose uniqueness and novelty; a common trend were a range of "grey brown" first-person shooters that drew on the popularity of the Medal of Honor and Call of Duty series but did little to advance gameplay improvements.[20][21] Ubisoft game director Alex Hutchinson described the AAA franchise model as potentially harmful, stating he thought it led to either focus group-tested products aimed at maximizing profit, and/or a push towards ever higher graphics fidelity and impact at a cost of depth or gameplay.[22]

The limited risk-taking in the AAA arena and stagnation of new gameplay concepts led to the rise of indie games in the early 2010s, which were seen as more experimental. This also led to the creation of the "AA" market in the industry, larger studios that were not at the scale of AAA developers but had more experience, funding, and other factors to make them distinct from the smaller teams usually associated with indie studios.[21]

AAA game development has been identified as one environment where crunch time and other working pressures that negatively affect employees are particularly evident.[23][24]

In a 2023 report by the UK Competition and Markets Authority which blocked the proposed acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft it was stated that AAA games that were greenlit for a potential release in 2024 and 2025 received an average development budget of $200 million and up an increase from an average of a $50 million to $150 million from 2018.[25]

AAA+

In general use, the term "AAA+" (Triple-A-Plus) may refer to a subset of AAA games that are the highest selling or have the highest production values. However, there are at least two more specific meanings.

The first describes AAA games with additional methods of revenue generation, generally through purchases in addition to the cost of the base game.[26] The desire for profitability has caused publishers to look at alternative revenue models, where players continued to contribute revenue after the initial purchase, either by premium models, DLC, online passes, and other forms of subscription.[16] In the mid 2010s large publishers began a focus on games engineered to have a long tail in terms of revenue from individual consumers, similar to the way MMO games generate income – these included those with expansion or season pass content such as with Destiny, Battlefield, and the Call of Duty series; and those which generated revenue from selling in-game items, sometimes purely cosmetic, such as Overwatch or League of Legends.[26] Titles of this type are sometimes referred to as "AAA+". In 2016, Gameindustry.biz described AAA+ games as products that "combine AAA production values and aesthetics with Software as a Service (SaaS) principles to keep players engaged for months or even years".[27]

AA (Double-A)

"AA" or Double-A games are mid-market video games that typically have some type of professional development though typically outside of the large first-party studios of the major developers; these may be from larger teams of indie developers in addition to larger non-indie studios. Double-A studios tend to range from 50 to 100 people in size.[28] A double-A development studio will typically be backed by a publisher but not fundamentally part of that publisher, and thus have somewhat more freedom to innovate and experiment compared to triple-A studios, though will still be constrained by specific risk-limiting targets and goals from their funding source. Double-A games generally tend to be priced lower compared to triple-A games. Examples of games considered to be double-A titles include PUBG: Battlegrounds and DayZ.[29]

As of 2022 game publishers and studios that are currently considered to be AA include Devolver Digital, Warhorse Studios, Obsidian Entertainment, Hazelight Studios, and PlatinumGames.[30]

III

"III" (Triple-I) has been used to refer to independently funded ("indie") games that meet an analogous quality level in their field; i.e., indie games that have relatively high budget, scope, and ambition;[31] often the development team includes staff who have experience working on full AAA titles.[32]

Examples of III games include Ancestors: The Humankind Odyssey, Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice, and The Witness.[32]

AAAA

Starting in 2020 leading up to the launch of the PS5 and the Xbox Series X, two studios started using the term AAAA (Quadruple-A) to describe upcoming games in development. Microsoft's studio, The Initiative, is working on its debut title Perfect Dark for Xbox that's self-described as being a AAAA game,[33] while Ubisoft announced Beyond Good and Evil 2 and Skull & Bones would both be AAAA games.[34] Despite the announcements, there is no agreed-upon definition for the term AAAA or what it entails. Olivia Harris of Screen Rant noted in September 2020 that "it hasn't been adopted by the game industry at large," adding that "perhaps it's just the latest self-aggrandizing buzzword conjured up to help games stand out in their incredibly competitive field."[34]

Other terms

The console video game industry lacks the equivalent of a B movie, made-for-TV, or direct-to-video scene. However, titles such as Deadly Premonition and Binary Domain have been dubbed "B games" due to developing cult followings or accruing significant amounts of critical praise despite widely acknowledged flaws, with critics often noting that such a game's ambitions in the face of budget limitations add to the game's charm (a trait common among B movies). Games like this are the exception and, when they are not critically well-received, are often referred to as "bargain bin" titles.[16] The term shovelware has also been used to describe games that are quickly made without great care for the quality of the product as to make easy sales to consumers, as a metaphor for shoveling material onto a pile. Licensed video game tie-ins for films often tend to be considered shovelware, for example.[35][36]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Steinberg, Scott (2007). The definitive Guide: Videogame Marketing and PR (1st ed.). iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-59543-371-1.
  2. ↑ Demaria, Rusel; Wilson, John (2002). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 0-07-222428-2.
  3. ↑ Bernevega, A; Gekker, A (April 2021). "The Industry of Landlords: Exploring the Assetization of the Triple-A Game". Games and Culture. 17: 47–69. doi:10.1177/15554120211014151.
  4. ↑ Parkin, Simon (11 April 2020). "Final Fantasy VII Remake – a triumphant return for Cloud Strife". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  5. ↑ "Essential 50: Final Fantasy VII". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  6. 1 2 "Final Fantasy 7: An oral history". Polygon. Jan 9, 2017. Retrieved Feb 2, 2018.
  7. ↑ Park, Gene (4 April 2020). "Perfecting Final Fantasy 7's legacy, as told by its creators". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Packer, Joseph; Stoneman, Ethan (2018). "Video Games and the Death-Denying Illusion of Agency". A Feeling of Wrongness: Pessimistic Rhetoric on the Fringes of Popular Culture. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-08315-5.
  9. ↑ Stanton, Rich (June 2, 2013). "Final Fantasy 7 retrospective". Eurogamer. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  10. ↑ Diver, Mike (2 May 2015). "Shenmue – discovering the Sega classic 14 years too late". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  11. ↑ Zackariasson, Peter; Wilson, Timothy L., eds. (2012). The Video Game Industry: Formation, Present State, and Future. Routledge. p. 4.
  12. ↑ Robinson, Andy (4 July 2013), "Triple-A console studios 'declined by 80% this gen', says EA exec", ComputerAndVideoGames.com, archived from the original on 8 July 2013
  13. ↑ Shirinian, Ara (January 26, 2010). "The Uneasy Merging of Narrative and Gameplay". Gamasutra. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  14. ↑ MacGregor, Jody (September 20, 2020). "22 years later, Half-Life's influence is still being felt". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Why video games are so expensive to develop", The Economist, 24 September 2014
  16. 1 2 3 "The State of Games: State of AAA", Polygon.com, 2 July 2012
  17. ↑ Weber, Rachel (28 February 2013), "On Reflections: First interview with the Ubisoft studio's new MD", GamesIndustry.biz
  18. ↑ Usher, William (2012), "AAA Games Could Lead to Mainstream Crash", CinemaBlend.com
  19. ↑ Usher, William (2012), "Radical Entertainment Goes Bust; Prototype Franchise Is No More", CinemaBlend.com
  20. ↑ Rath, Robert (November 8, 2012). "The Medal of Honor Curse". Escapist Magazine. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  21. 1 2 Pearce, Dan (July 2, 2021). "Opinion: 'Indie' Has Lost Its Meaning". IGN. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  22. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (8 March 2012), "Pursuit of AAA is a 'cancerous growth' – AC3 Dev", GameSpot, archived from the original on 9 March 2012
  23. ↑ Kerr, Chris (7 October 2016), "AAA game dev lifestyle is 'unwinnable,' says veteran game designer Amy Hennig", Gamasutra
  24. ↑ Strickland, Derek (22 January 2016), "Ex-Ubisoft dev reveals the grim reality of AAA games development", TweakTown.com
  25. ↑ Zollner, Amelia (2023-04-28). "Major Publishers Report AAA Games Can Cost Over a Billion to Make". IGN. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  26. 1 2 Fahey, Rob (25 November 2016), "Weak AAA launches are a precursor to industry transition", GamesIndustry.biz
  27. ↑ Fahey, Rob (9 December 2016), "Final Fantasy XV and The Last Guardian: The Last of their Kind", GamesIndustry.biz
  28. ↑ Styhre, Alexander; Remneland-Wikhamn, Björn (2021). "The video game as agencement and the image of new gaming experiences: the work of indie video game developers". Culture and Organization. 27 (6): 476–489. doi:10.1080/14759551.2021.1919893. S2CID 236633168.
  29. ↑ Hawley, Jake (June 24, 2021). "Crossplay will be the key to the $42B double-A market". VentureBeat. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  30. ↑ "The Best (mid-tier) AA games you can play in 2022". 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  31. ↑ Lemme, Bengt (23 January 2016), "The Triple-I Revolution", GameReactor.eu
  32. 1 2 Handrahan, Matthew (May 2, 2018). "An era of "triple-I" development is almost here". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  33. ↑ Grubb, Jeff (August 26, 2020). "The Initiative's first game — What's the so-called 'AAAA' studio making?". VentureBeat. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  34. 1 2 Harris, Olivia (September 9, 2020). "Ubisoft Insists On Calling Beyond Good And Evil 2, Skull & Bones 'AAAA' Games". Screen Rant. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  35. ↑ Wallace, Chris (5 August 2020). "Why indies are struggling to be seen on the Switch eShop". MCV.
  36. ↑ Kohler, Chris (5 March 2008). "Opinion: Why Wii Shovelware Is a Good Thing". Wired. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
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